please be seated. the physics of sound: what makes musical tones different? special lecture for the...
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![Page 1: Please be Seated. The physics of sound: What makes musical tones different? Special Lecture for the 2005 Year of Physics in coordination with the French](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649cf85503460f949c88ec/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Pleasebe
Seated
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The physics of sound:What makes musical
tones different?
Special Lecture for the 2005 Year of Physicsin coordination with the
French National Center for Scientific Researchand the
French Embassy in Washington DC
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Special Guests:
Michẻla Castellengo, Research Director, Musical Acoustics Lab, University of ParisHugues Genevoire, Research Engineer, Musical Acoustics Lab, University of ParisCharles Besnainous, Research Engineer, Musical Acoustics Lab, University of ParisJoseph Curtin, stringed instrument makerBenoît Rolland, bow makerSerge de Laubier, musician-researcher
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The Overtone Series
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Standing waves in a string
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The Overtone Series
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Standing waves in air columns
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The Overtone Series
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Standard electronic wave forms
• Sine wave
• Sawtooth wave
• Pulse train
• Triangular wave
• Square wave
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Fourier’s Theorem:Any complex wave can be“synthesized” by adding itsharmonics together with the
proper amplitudes and phases.
“Fourier synthesis” and “Fourier analysis”
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Fourier Synthesis
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Fourier SynthesisSawtooth wave
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Fourier SynthesisPulse train wave
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Fourier SynthesisTriangular wave
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Fourier SynthesisSquare wave
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Fourier Analysisor
Spectrum Analysis
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Sine Wave Spectrum
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Sawtooth Wave Spectrum
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Pulse Train Spectrum
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Triangular Wave Spectrum
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Square Wave Spectrum
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Analysis of
Musical Sounds
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Recorder Wave and Spectrum
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Violin Wave and Spectrum
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Crumhorn Wave and Spectrum
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Clarinet Wave and Spectrum
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Factors in Tone Quality1. Amplitudes of harmonics
2. Attack and decay transients
3. Inharmonicities
4. Formants
5. Vibrato
6. Chorus effect
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Vocal Formants
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Origin of Vocal Formants(~17.5 cm closed tube)
Frequency:
f1 = 500 Hz
f3 = 1500 Hz
f5 = 2500 Hz
Vocal range:
150-850 Hz
500-2500 Hz
1500-3500 Hz
Mode:
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Simple formant model
From Thomas D. Rossing, The Science of Sound, second edition
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Vowel formant production
Source: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hframe.html
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Vowel Formant Frequencies
From Donald E. Hall, Musical Acoustics, Second Edition
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TheSingersFormant
Averaged spectral energy distribution:Light: ordinary speechDark: orchestral accompanimentBrown: Good singer with orchestra
Johan Sundberg: The Acoustics of the Singing Voice; Sci. Amer., March 1977
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Sound Spectrograms
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Vocal Formant spectra
“OO”
“AH”
“EE”
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Vocal Spectrogram of Formants
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Voice and Synthesizer “wow”
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Matching vocal spectrograms
Kay Elemetrics, Computerized Speech Laboratory
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Helium Voice
Singing frequency remains the same
(vibration of vocal folds)
Formant frequencies rise because
She >> Sair
Why?
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Vowel formant production
Source: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hframe.html
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Speed of Sound in
Helium and Sulfur Hexafluoride
He SF6
M/Mair 1/7 4.6
Vs/S 2.6 0.5
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The EndThank you for your attention
We are on the web at
http://www.physics.umd.edu/lecdem/
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