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TRANSCRIPT
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Eco-driving
For a New Generation of Drivers
Please note that the driving school instructor may use a different presentation to teach this module.
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Outline of Module
▪ Definition and Objective of Eco-driving
▪ Potential Gain for the Environment
▪ The Big Picture
• Mode of Transportation
• Choice of Vehicle
• Vehicle Maintenance
▪ Appropriate Road Behaviours
• Rolling Resistance
• Aerodynamic Drag
• Acceleration Resistance
▪ Advantages of Eco-driving
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Definition and Objective of Eco-driving
▪ Eco-driving is a new approach to driving that
• reduces fuel consumption
• reduces environmental impact
• takes account of technological progress
• fosters road safety
▪ Objective: To encourage more energy- and safety-efficient driving
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Potential Gain for the Environment
▪ A compact vehicle that travels 20,000 km/year
• 1,700 litres of fuel
• 4 tonnes of GHGs
• The equivalent in volume to . . .
Potential gain . . .
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The Big Picture
▪ Efficient and Safe Trips
Choice of Vehicle
Road Behaviours
Passenger Vehicle
Vehicle Maintenance
Other Modes of Transportation
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Mode of Transportation
▪ Do you really need to use a passenger vehicle to get around?
• Other modes of transportation
▪ Walking, biking or other active transportation
▪ Public transit, like the bus or metro
▪ Carpooling
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Choice of Vehicle
▪ When purchasing a vehicle, the fuel consumption rate is something important to consider
▪ The fuel consumption rate is generally expressed as the number of litres required to travel 100 kilometres (L/100 km)
▪ The rate is available for two types of driving: city driving and highway driving
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Choice of Vehicle
▪ To find out a vehicle’s fuel consumption rate before you buy, read
• the Fuel Consumption Guide published annually by Natural Resources Canada
• the EnerGuide label on new showroom demonstrator vehicles
▪ These tools can be used to compare the energy consumption of vehicles
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Choice of Vehicle
▪ Choosing the right vehicle based on one’s real needs
• Vehicle size
• Engine cylinder capacity
• Transmission
• Accessories (watch weight)
• Hybrid technology
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Choice of Vehicle
▪ Fuel consumption rating (L/100 km)
City Highway
Compact 7.4 5.6
Mid-size 9.9 6.5
Crossover 15.9 10.8
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Vehicle Maintenance
▪ Advantages of a properly maintained vehicle
• Fuel and money savings
▪ Some components can cause overconsumption of fuel if they are improperly adjusted or defective
▪ The resale value of a well-maintained vehicle remains higher
• Protection of the environment
▪ A vehicle in good condition produces lesser quantities of gases that are harmful to health and the environment
• Improvement of road safety
▪ Risks of collision or loss of control are reduced
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Appropriate Road Behaviours
▪ Understanding the forces that influence a vehicle’s fuel consumption
▪ Getting into driving habits that reduce the effect of those forces
▪ Assessing the relationship between eco-driving and safe driving
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The Physical Reality: Forces at Work
▪ Main forces responsible for fuel consumption
Acceleration Resistance Aerodynamic Drag
Rolling Resistance
Driving (Engine)
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Understanding and Managing the Forces
▪ Where do the forces mainly act?
Ref.: Gillespie (1992)
City Highway
Rolling Aero Acceleration
Acceleration Resistance
Aerodynamic Drag
Rolling Resistance
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Example: Imagine pushing a vehicle that has run out of gas. The rolling resistance is the force required to keep the vehicle moving at a constant speed
Rolling Resistance
▪ The force that opposes the free rolling of tires
▪ Caused mainly by tire deformation and the contact patch (the portion of the tire in actual contact with the road)
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1. Choice of Vehicle
Rolling resistance is directly proportional to vehicle weight
3. Elimination of Unnecessary Weight
2. Monthly Adjustment of Tire Pressure
70% of all tires are under-inflated, by 15% on average.Ref.: Stock (2005)
How Can Rolling Resistance Be Reduced?
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Example: The force exerted on your hand when you put it out the window of the vehicle at 100 km/h
Aerodynamic Drag
•The resistance exerted on your vehicle by the air
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Speed
A 10 km/h head wind has the same effect as increasing vehicle speed by 10 km/h
Résistance aérodynamique
versus speed
0
200
400
600
800
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Vitesse (Km/h)
Fo
rce (
N)
Speed (km/h)
Aerodynamic Drag
Fo
rce (
N)
Aerodynamic Drag
50 km/h
4 X
25 km/h
100 km/h
16 X
1 X
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How Can Aerodynamic Drag Be Reduced?
▪ Reduce your speed and obey speed limits
• At 100 km/h, each extra km/h increases fuel consumption by 1%
▪ Remove a car top carrier when not in use
• By reducing the surface area, you improve Cx (the aerodynamic drag coefficient)
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Acceleration Resistance
▪ The force that opposes changes in vehicle speed
• It holds you back when you want to go faster
• It pushes you forward when you want to slow down
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Acceleration Resistance
▪ Acceleration resistance is proportional to vehicle weight
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Acceleration Resistance
▪ Accelerations are costly
City Highway
Rolling Aero Acceleration
They account for
– 60% of fuel consumption in city driving
– 28% of fuel consumption in highway driving
Ref.: Gillespie (1992)
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How Can Acceleration Resistance Be Reduced?
▪ Eliminate
• Increase following distance
• Anticipate traffic and slowdowns
• Try to maintain a constant speed
▪ Reduce
• Reduce your top speed between stops
• Accelerating from 0 km/h to 50 km/h consumes 4 times as much as accelerating from 0 km/h to 25 km/h
▪ Recover
• Slow down gradually over a long distance
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Acceleration Resistance
▪ Example 1
Speed
Distance
Eliminate
Reduce
Recover
A B
Eliminate, Reduce and Recover
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Acceleration Resistance
▪ Example 1
AB
Speed
Distance
Eliminate, Reduce and Recover
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Acceleration Resistance
▪ Example 2
Eliminate
Recover
A B
Slow down and increase following distance
Speed
Distance
Eliminate, Reduce and Recover
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Acceleration Resistance
▪ Example 2
A B
Eliminate, Reduce and Recover
Speed
Distance
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Other Behaviours
▪ Avoid waste related to needless idling
• To illustrate, a 2-litre engine consumes about 1.2 litres/hour - Ref.: Taylor (2002)
• When not in traffic, turning off the engine for a stop of more than 60 seconds
▪ Saves fuel
▪ Saves money
▪ Reduces GHG emissions
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Other Behaviours
▪ Starting in cold weather
• Use a block heater (2 hours before hitting the road) to save 10% to 15% over the first 20 kilometres
• 30 seconds is all it takes to adequately lubricate the engine
• Remove all snow from the vehicle and de-ice all windows
• Take it easy for the first few kilometres
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Advantages of Eco-driving
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Advantages of Eco-driving
▪ Reduced fuel costs
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Advantages of Eco-driving
▪ Benefits for the environment
• Reducing our ecological footprint
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Advantages of Eco-driving
▪ Lower maintenance costs
Brakes, tires and mechanics in general
$$$
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Advantages of Eco-driving
▪ Lower risks
• Reducing speed in urban areas
Ref.: Kloeden et al. (1997)Cuts risks in half
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Advantages of Eco-driving
▪ Safer driving
• Better anticipation of traffic
• Calmer driving
• More predictable driving behaviour
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Advantages of Eco-driving
▪ Comfort
• For the driver and passengers
▪ Smoother, one-step-ahead driving
▪ Less stress
▪ Fewer accelerations