pli 2014_cnp removal

8/10/2019 Pli 2014_cnp Removal

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PLI_WP_QH_CNP Removal

NUTRIENT REMOVAL(C, N, & P) FROMWASTEWATER

NUTRIENT REMOVAL GOAL:

Avoid eutrophication process in water bodies

EUTROPHICATION: Uncontrolled growth of algae inthe water bodies (Algal Bloom-ing).

Algaecell

N

P

C


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Anaerob conditionH2S, CH4,CO2 dll

NUTRIENT REMOVAL (C, N, & P)process:

Chemical

Biological

Phisical (especially for N)

C & N Removal chemically Oxidation

CxHyOn + O2 CO2 + H2O

NH4+ + 2 O2 NO3

- + 2H2O


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P removal precipitation methode usingCa(OH)2, AL(OH)3

5Ca++ + 4OH- + 3HPO4= Ca5OH(PO4)3 + 3H2O

Ca hidroxy apatite

Or precipitate as Aluminum Phosphate salt

(AlPO4):

Al(OH)3 + H3PO4 AlPO4 + 3H2O

Physical process to remove NH4+Ammonia Striping.

In water:

NH4+ + OH- NH3 + H2O

PRINCIPLE : Enlarge the water-air

boundary so that the transfer of gas fromthe liquid phase to the air takes placefollowing Henry's law.


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NUTRIENT REMOVAL BIOLOGICAL PROCESS

relatively more economical than those twoother process

No chemical added

Using microorganism activity in the water.

ORGANIC C REMOVAL C organic expressed in mg/l BOD, or COD, or TOC

C organic is a substrate and energy source formicroorganisms (m.o) in water

In aerobic conditions where oxygen concentration isnot a limiting factor of growth, the end result of organicC degradation are CO2 and water

CxHyOn + O2 CO2 + H2O + new cell

Under anaerobic conditions, the end result of gasesand water

CxHyOn CO2 + CH4 + H2O + new cell

m.o heterotrof aerob

m.o heterotrof anaerob


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Note:

The process of degradation of organic C underanaerobic conditions does not take in one process

The anaerobic process takes place in at least three(3) stages:

Hydrolysis:Hydrolyze complex organic compounds intosimpler organic compounds

Acidification:Simple organic compounds converted into volatileacids (acetic, formic, etc..)

Methanogenesa :Volatile acids are converted into methane gas,methane gas and direct synthesis of H2 and CO2

ae The gas formed in the anaerobic process is notlimited to CO2 and CH4, but also: H2 is formed at each stage of the process

together with CO2 gas

NH3 and H2S depending on the composition oforganic compounds that are decomposed

Whether aerobic or anaerobic process is moreeconomical to apply, highly dependent on theconcentration of organic compounds in the waterthat will be decomposed

According to Grady & Lim (1985): COD > 4000 mg/l, the anaerobic process is moreeconomical

COD < 4000 mg/l, the aerobic process is moreeconomical


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kWH/ton BOD

mg/l BOD in

treated wastewater

150 1500 2500

2500

2500

50

50+

_

Aerob

Anaerob

M. Henze et al, 1995

UNIT OPERATION in ORGANIC C REMOVAL

Various biological processes reactor havebeen developed for the removal of organic C: Growth system

Suspended growth reactor

oxidation pond

aerated lagoon

activated sludge:

- convensional

- oxidation ditch

- contact-stabilisation

- SBR (sequencing Batch Reactor)

- UASB (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket)


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Attached Growth Reactor

Trickling Filter

Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC)

Fluidized Bed Reactor

Baffled Channel Reactor

Submerged Filter

Flow in reactor:

CSTR (Completely Stirred Tank Reactor)

Activated sludge

Aerated lagoon

Fluidized Bed Reactor

Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC)

PFR (Plug Flow Reactor)

Trickling Filter Baffled Channel

UASB

Submerged Filter


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N REMOVAL

N in wastewater:

NH4+, NO2

-, NO3-, dan organic-N.

Along with the process of biodegradation of organiccompounds, N will be released into the water as :

NH3 if degraded anaerobically, in water will bedisassociate to NH4

+.

NH3 + H2O NH4OH NH4+ + OH-

NH4OH if degraded aerobically

N is one nutrient that is required in the formation of

the cell (algae and other m.o.)

Removal for N biologically takes place in two (2)phases, namely:

Nitrification conducted by autotrophs m.o.Nitrification also takes place in two stages, namely:

Nitrite formation, where NH4+ oxidized to

nitrite (NO2-) by Nitrosomonas sp.

2NH4+ + 3O2 2NO2

- + 2H2O + 4H+

Nitrate formation, where NO2- oxidized to

nitrate (NO3-) by Nitrobacter sp.

2NO2- + O2 2NO3

-

Nitrosomonas

Nitrobacter


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Denitrification is carried out by a group of facultativeheterotroph m.o. under anoxic conditions.

Denitrification process requires a source of organiccarbon. If methanol is used as a carbon source, thenthe denitrification reaction takes place as follows.:

6NO3- + 5CH3OH 3N2 + 5CO2 + 7H2O + 6OH

-

Note:

M.o. group autotroph growth rate is much slowerthan the group heterotroph .

In the process of aerobic biodegradation of organic

compounds, nitrification process will take placewhen the concentration of organic C has decreaseda lot, because autotrophs can not compete withheterotroph in the use of oxygen

denitrifier

Contn:

In operation unit for elimination of organic C inaerobic conditions with suspended growth reactor(activated sludge process and modifications),nitrification takes place if done advanced aeration(extended aeration). One of the advantages of thecontact-stabilization activated sludge process is thatthe process of nitrification is more effectively.

in stabilization pond/lagoon, nitrification take placein the maturation pond.

in the Trickling Filter, nitrification take place in the

deeper bed. in the RBC, nitrification take place after the third unit


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Cont:

In aerobic operating units, NH4 + is only converted

to nitrate and nitrite. So N has not disappearedfrom the waste water.

In biofilm reactor (RBC, trickling filter, etc..), If thebiofilm layer has been thickened, there is noaffordable O2 penetration. This layer becomesanoxic conditions so if in the top layer occurnitrification process, in the anoxic layer occurdenitrification process

biofilm

Supporting materialfor microbe growth

O2

O2O2O2

O2

O2

O2O2

P REMOVAL

P compounds in wastewater are in the form ofortho-phosphate (OP), poly phosphate (PP)

Poly Phosphate will be hydrolyzed into ortho-phosphate so that the majority of P in the waterthere is in the form of ortho phosphate

P removal is usually done chemically by precipitatedas aluminum phosphate or Ca hydroxyapatite

P is also a necessary nutrient for micro-organismsin the formation of the cell in the form of ATP and

ADP Microbial cells can also store excess P in the form

of Poly Phosphate in the vacuola as a backupsource of energy


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Reserves P will be used by microbes to obtain

energy when the microbes do not get a conventionalsource of carbon and energy so that microbialgrowth stalled. This is achieved by releasingreserves PP and hydrolyzed to the OP and releasedinto the water.

PP OP + energy

Andrearczyk (1979) found that:

The phenomenon of release of reserves PP bymicrobes to obtain energy can occur when microbesexperiencing stress conditions. Aerobic heterotrophwill experience stress if it is in anoxic conditions

hydrolisis

If the microbes then returned to normal conditions

(aerobic), microbes will take more OP in the waterand stored in the cell in the form of PP aspreparation in case of stress again. Thisphenomenon referred to as "luxury uptake".

Biological P removal performed with the principlesset out by Andrearzyk, by conditioning theheterotroph microbes to alternate between aerobicand anoxic condition

In aerobic conditions, heterotroph microbial willoxidize BOD in the water that produces CO2, H2O,and energy. Besides being used to form a new cell,the energy produced will be used to bring the OPfrom the water into the cells and stored in the formof PP. In aerobic conditions, the concentrations ofBOD and OP in the water will decrease.


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.

In anoxic conditions, microbe can not oxidize theBOD to obtain the required energy. Microbes willhydrolyze PP in the cell to form OP and release itinto the water in order to obtain the energy to takeon the organic carbon in the water for metabolism.

Microbes will survive in anoxic conditions until PPreserves in cells completely hydrolyzed. Underthese conditions the concentration of BOD in thewater will decrease, and the OP will increase.

If then the bacteria returned to normal conditions(aerobic, they will take the OP and save it as PP inthe cell in preparation if conditions are not favorable

entered again). Concentrations of BOD and OP inthe water will decrease.

INTEGRATED CNP REMOVAL

Integrated CNP removal process was developbased on Andrearzyck principle.

This principle only can be applied on suspendedgrowth system

First CNP Integrated process developed byBarden and Pho, and then known as Bardenpho.Published result showed that P removal exceeded

4-5 time higher than normal cell metabolism need.


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Wisjnuprapto et al. (1988) modify the Bardenpho

process with parameters value as follows.: detention time in aerobic reactor 1

dan aerobic 2, tda = 3 hour detention time in anaerobic reactor 1

dan anaerobic 2, tdan = 2,5 hour sludge age, c = 10 day MLSS in all reactor = 3.000 ppm

Removal efficiency: BOD : 94 - 96 %

N : 90 - 94 % P : more than 7 time cell metabolism

Wisjnuprapto et al. (1995) modify the contactstabilization process for CNP removal by addinganoxic tank after stabilization unit, parameter value: detention time in contact tank, tk = 2 hour, and

stabilization tank, ts = 4 hour detention time in anaerob tank, tdan = 2,5 hour sludge age, c = 10 day

Removal efficiency: BOD : 90 - 94 % N : 88 - 90 %

P : more than 6 time cell metabolism


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Aerated Lagoon

Activated Sludge


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Oxydation Ditch


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tangki kontak

tangki

stabilisasi

influen

clarifier

efluen

resirkulasi

lumpur

pembuangan lumpur

Scheme contact-stabilization (aerob)

Sequencing Batch Reactor


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Trickling Filter

Trickling Filter


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Trickling Filter

Rotating Biological Contactor


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Rotating biological contactor

Anaerobic Fluidized Bed Reactor


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Upflow Anaerobic Filter Reactor

4 Stage Bardenpho Process


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Resirkulasi lumpur

Resirkulasi efluen

clarifier

aerob anoksik aerob anoksik

Modified Bardenpho by Wisjnuprapto et

al. (1988)

kontak

stabilisasi

anoksik

clarifier

Resirkulasilumpur

modified contact-stabilization by Wisjnupraptoet al. (1995)


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Submerged Membrane Bioreactor

Process

BOD

OP

BOD +O2 energy +CO2 + H2O +

sel

PP

aerob anoksik aerob

BOD +O2 energy+ CO2 + H2O +

sel

PP

PP OP + energyhidrolIsa

BOD

P LUXURY UPTAKE

OP OP

BOD

P

BOD

OP

selPP

pli 2014_cnp removal

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