pluriannual experiences on biological control of the yellow spider … · 2013. 11. 20. ·...

Pluriannual experiences on biological control of the

yellow spider mite by phytoseiid mites (Acari:

Tetranychidae, Phytoseiidae) in Tuscan vineyards

S. Simoni1, F. Tarchi1, S. Guidi1, D. Goggioli1, E. Gagnarli1, P. Furlan1, P. Braccini2

1 CRA-ABP, Research Council for Agriculture - Research Centre for Agrobiology and Pedology,; 2

Phytopatologist, via F. Baracca, 146, 50127 Firenze, Italy

IOBC-WPRS Meeting of the Working Group on "Integrated Protection and Production in Viticulture“ October 13-17, 2013 - Ascona, Switzerland

Phytopatologist, via F. Baracca, 146, 50127 Firenze, Italy


Montalcino,

Val d’Orcia

Situation

- increased infestations of

Eotetranychus carpini in

organic and IPM vineyards

- in high quality wine producing

areas of central Tuscany

- economically important

- difficult to be solved especially

in organic vineyards


mid-June mid-July mid-October

contr

ol

rele

ase


• more favourable climatic conditions

• change in vineyards management

E. carpini population increase probably due

no presence of phytoseiids

or extremely low populations

status


Characteristics of selected vineyards

• mainly located on hills

• 5 -7 years old

• pruned according cord spur system

surface ranging from 0.5 to 1ha, 5,500 pl/ha

varietyPetit Verdot

varietyPetit VerdotSangiovese (cl. Sangiovese Grosso)

diseases control

- organic : sulfur, copper and AQ 10

- IPM : higher fungicide pressure, also synthetic products


2006-2011

• Data on release and monitoring of phytoseiids in vineyards in order to evaluate the achievement of the biological control of E. carpini;

• for 3 different phytoseiid species, theirestablishment on vine and suitability interm of phytophagous control and cost.

• longer term phytoseiid keep in


2009-2013

• longer term phytoseiid keep in vineyards:

• interaction with environment conditionsand/or used products.

Neoseiulus californicus the only commercialized

species found in the Mediterranean vineyards

Phytoseiids considered

Typhlodromus exhilaratus the most common

species in Tuscany vineyards

Kampimodromus aberrans everywhere

found on vine in Italy


Population doubling time at 25 °C on tetranychids

2.7 days

3.7 days

N. californicus T. exhilaratus K. aberrans

7.2 days

E. carpini4.1 days

prey


Release cost level cost was established, for each species, on the basis of its availability and its handling/rearing time before use

N. californicus• commercialized• easy to distribute

K. aberrans• needs to be found• donor branches need to be inspected• easy to be transferred

T. exhilaratus• not commercially available• not adapt to be transferred by pruned branches• reared in laboratory• hardly to distribute

low cost medium cost

high cost


General Linear Model (GLM) main effects and CATMOD by SAS program

First two years (2006-2007)

� E. carpini density

� year (2006/2007)

� variety (Sangiovese, Petit Verdot)

� cost (high, medium, low)

to evaluate if

o control success (ratio tetranychid/phytoseiid

1–20% dam. 1

Damage evaluation and score on the basis of damaged area (%) ( Kondo 2004)

21–40% dam. 2

0%damage 0

analysis

- Correlation with the selected species presence

- Dependence on release density

41–60% dam. 3 61–80% dam. 4 81-100% dam. 5

release density

the intensity of damage was expressed by means of the Kondo (2004) formula: 100*(1n+2n+3n+4n+5n)/(5*N)


• in the Montalcino/Val d’Orcia vineyards, as previously proved in North East

Italy, winter transfer of K. aberrans with pruned branches from donor

vineyards with phytoseiid high density seems the most convenient

strategy to control E. carpini

• a single high density release was sufficient to establish K. aberrans which

was able to maintain and increase its population limiting E. carpini outbreaks

I part concluding remarks

was able to maintain and increase its population limiting E. carpini outbreaks

until four years after the release also in hairy and hairless variety

• the next years it was possible to verify if also minimal releases, as performed

in some vineyards in 2008, will allow an establishment of the phytoseiid

sufficient to achieve long term tetranychid control.


• Non Target effects - the Achilles' heel of biological control?

Retrospective Analyses to Reduce Risk Associated with Biocontrol Introductions

- (Louda et al., Annual Review of Entomology, 48: 365-396)

• The activity of a selective BCA is confined to a narrow range

of specific pests

• In IPM, the process of developing the selectivity of a product

aims to maximize its specific effect against pests andaims to maximize its specific effect against pests and

diseases and minimize its effect on non-target organisms

Thus the selectivity/efficiency of a product is often

considered also on the basis of its harmlessness for

beneficial organisms


MaterialThe trials were conduted at 25°C, 70-75%

RH and 16:8 daylight on detached wine

leaf system.

Control: distilled water

E. carpini and K. aberrans collected insouth areas of Tuscany and maintainedin thermoclimatic controlled rooms atCRA-ABP (ex ISZA) mass rearing

The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria

bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. (Naturalis® coded

product) The fungus product (2.3x107

vital spores/ml) was applied at the

concentration suggested for field

application (80-120 ml/hl) by a nebulizer

(20 cm distant, mean emission

89.7µl/64cm2)


On the basis of Working Document o selectivity of Pesticides (IOBC, 2005)

Moderately harmfulharmful


Toxicity of B. bassiana to E. carpini females within 10 days from the treatment

48-72hs

25-48hs

within 24 hs

0 20 40 60 80 100

5-10day

72-96hs

mortality (%)


Can could these evidences - to be implented - be useful in control strategies?

Weekly environment RH level

A crucial and strict monitoring to determinethe best moment to applicate the fungus andto release the phytoseiid

- do K. aberrans detect the presence of B.

bassiana?

- more information on biomolecular tracking of

mechanisms involved in “entomopathogenic

treated plants”

- fungus strain can show difference in time in

conidia germination modality.


Usually, studies on spermatophores and their

number, as result of single/multiple mating, are

performed in laboratory, at constant temperature

and photoperiod.


Laboratory observations on duration of copulation and egg production of three Phytoseiidspecies fed on pollen (Castagnoli, Liguori, (1991), Simoni et al., 2011)

Endospermatophores

species Copulationduration

Number spermatop./spermatheca

(n females)

Meandiameter ofthe globular

part (µm)

Typhlodromusexhilaratus

243 mins(range 221-300)

1+1 (6n) 16.80±1.56

½ 1+1 (2n), 1+0 (5n) 15.02±3.21

¼ 1+0 (7n) 15.42±0.76


Neoseiuluscalifornicus

351 mins(range 280-408)

1+1 (6n), 1+0 (3n) 22.80±4.20

½ 1+1 (1n), 1+0 (5n) 23.89±3.80

¼ 1+0 (5n) 24.09±2.76

Neoseiuluscucumeris

380 mins(range 280-540)

1+1 (8n) 23.90±2.29

½ 1+1 (2n), 1+0 (3n) 23.00±0.86

¼ 1+0 (4n), 1+2 (6n), 1+3 (1n) 22.30±2.00

species Copulation duration Ovipositingfemales (%)

Typhlodromus exhilaratus Normal 100 (n=12)

½ normal 72.7 (n=11)

¼ normal 41.7 (n=12)

Neoseiulus californicus Normal 72.7 (n=11)

½ normal 36.4 (n=11)

¼ normal 33.3 (n=6)¼ normal 33.3 (n=6)

Neoseiulus cucumeris normal 87.5 (n=8)

½ normal 14.3 (n=7)

¼ normal 0.0 (n=7)

Male –female 24 h contact 83.3 (n=6)


10

20

30

40

T °

CT Mean T min T max

Three monthly records of temperature in the area of Siena (2010)

0

29-A

ug

08-S

ep

18-S

ep

28-S

ep

08-O

ct

18-O

ct

28-O

ct

07-N

ov

17-N

ov

27-N

ov

07-D

ec


In the different vineyards (i.e. different latitudes, altitudes, grape varieties) the samplings had to be performed 10-15 days before the leaf fall• temperature was registered in this period• historical data and yearly previous trends were evaluated• timely observations on phenological status of plants

The parameters registered were:

• the distribution of stages in the populations,

• the sex ratio,

• the presence/absence of spermatophores in spermathecae,

• their abundance.


On the whole, more than 6.000 phytoseiids were determined;

phytoseiids females represented about the 85% of the

specimens collected, 13% were males, 2% immatures.

Kampimodromus aberrans was the most represented

phytoseiid species, then Typhlodromus pyri and other 7

species less abundant.species less abundant.

Concerning presence/absence and number of

spermatophores, higher values were observed in K. aberrans

followed by Euseius stipulatus.


Applicatively :

- the knowledge of Autumn spermatophores population can be an efficient

tool to select /address the search of ‘donor’ vineyards

By forecast:

- that unfertilized females find as soon a male (active male).

- no interfence could happen (lackness in food, competition,- no interfence could happen (lackness in food, competition,

climatic conditions).

As the emergency and spreading of the yellow spider mite is earlier (for

the previous yearly infestations, previous absence of predators,

environmental conditions).


15

20

25

30

T mean T min T max

Daily mean minimum and maximum temperature registeres in Siena area in 2011, January, February, March, April.

-10

-5

0

5

10

31-D

ec

10-J

an

20-J

an

30-J

an

09-F

eb

19-F

eb

29-F

eb

10-M

ar

20-M

ar

30-M

ar

09-A

pr

19-A

pr

29-A

pr

T°C

Unfertlized fem.

Fertilized females


pluriannual experiences on biological control of the yellow spider … · 2013. 11. 20. ·...

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