pm—propositional model a computational psycholinguistic model of language comprehension based on a...
TRANSCRIPT
PM—Propositional Model
A Computational Psycholinguistic Model of Language Comprehension Based on a Relational Analysis of Written English
Jerry T. Ball, PhD
www.DoubleRTheory.com
Email: [email protected]
PM Overview
• Introduction• Historical & Theoretical Basis• The Representation of Propositional
Descriptions• The Representation of Object Descriptions• The Processing of Propositional and Object
Descriptions• Summary
Mental Box Real World
Linguistic Expression
Object, StateOr Event
Repn of LingExpression
Repn of RelatedLing Expressions sense
Repn of Prototype
Repn of Exemplar
Repn of Instance
sense
reference
Linguistic
Nonlinguistic
sense
|obj is hitting the books||obj hit the nail on the head||I hit obj||I hit the term||he is hitting obj||obj likes to hit obj|
|subj hit obj|
|subj verb obj|
|subj predicate|
|sentence|
|obj hit obj|
|obj pred obj|
|hitter hit hittee|
|agent hit patient|
|agent pred patient|
|proposition|
Linguistic Influences
• Cognitive Linguistics (Langacker; Lakoff)• Semantics & Cognition (Jackendoff)• Traditional Grammar (Jespersen; Quirk et. al)• Case Grammar (Fillmore)• Valency Grammar (Somers)• Functional Grammar (Dik)• TG & GB Theory (Chomsky)
Psychological Influences
• ACT-R (Anderson)
• Construction-Integration Model (Kintsch)
• Miller & Johnson-Laird
• Mental Models (Johnson-Laird)
• Clark & Clark; Clark & Haviland
• CAPS (Just & Carpenter)
Artificial Intelligence Influences
• Preference Semantics (Wilks)
• Conceptual Dependency Theory (Schank)
• Conceptual Structures (Sowa)
• SHRDLU (Winograd)
Propositional Descriptions
• Predicate
• Predicate Modifier
• Predicate Specifier
• Object Argument Description
• Propositional Argument Description
• Propositional Modifier
Propositional Forms
• Pred(Obj)
• Pred(Obj,Obj)
• Pred(Obj,Obj,Obj)
• Pred(Prophead)
• Pred(Obj,Prop)
• Pred(Prophead,Obj)
• Pred(Obj,Obj,Prop)
Propositional Form Samples
• [went(he)]
• [kissed(he,me)]
• [gave(he,me,it)]
• [unfortunately([went(he)]head)]
• [believes(he,[like(you,me)])]
• [by([kissed(he,me)]head,it]
• [told(he,me,[like(you,him)])]
Predicate Modification
• Pred{Predhead}(obj)
• Pred{Predhead}(Obj, +Obj)
Predicate Modification Samples
• [am{sad}(I)]
• [over{went}(he,it)]
Conjunctions
• Predconj(Prophead,Prophead)
• Predconj(Prophead,Prophead,…)
• Predconj{Predhead,Predhead}
• Predconj{Predhead,Predhead,…}
• Predconj {Pred-Modhead,Pred-Modhead}
• Predconj{Pred-Modhead,Pred-Modhead,…}
• Predconj{Pred-Spechead,Pred-Spechead}
• Predconj{Pred-Spechead,Pred-Spechead,…}
Conjunction Examples
• [and([like(I,you)],[like(you,me)])]
• [and{hit,kicked}(he,it)]
• [and{quickly,quietly}{went}(he)]
• [and{is,was}{sad}(he)]
Object Descriptions
• Term
• Function
• Function Modifier
• Function Specifier
• Object Description
Object Forms
• Func<Termhead> Term
• Func<Termhead,Term> Term
• Func-Mod{Funchead} Func
• Func-Spec<Termhead> Obj
• Func(Objhead) Obj
• Func(Objhead,Obj) Obj
Object Form Examples
• <old<man>head>
• <of<canhead,beans>>
• very{oldhead}func
• (the<man>head)
• (all(the<men>head))
• (in(the<man>head,the<park>)
Conjunctions
• Funcconj<Termhead,Termhead>• Funcconj<Termhead,Termhead,…>• Funcconj(Objhead,Objhead)• Funcconj(Objhead,Objhead,…)• Funcconj{Funchead,Funchead}• Funcconj{Funchead,Funchead,…}• Funcconj{Func-Modhead,Func-Modhead}• Funcconj{Func-Modhead,Func-Modhead,…}• Funcconj{Func-Spechead,Func-Spechead,…}• Funcconj{Func-Spechead,Func-Spechead,…}
Conjunction Examples
• (the<and<manhead,womanhead>>)
• (and(the<man>head,the<woman>head))
• (the<and{red,white}<flag>head>)
• (the<and{quickly,quietly}{flying}<bird>head>)
• (and{this,that}<occasion>head)
Processing
• Read Text from Left to Right
• Identify Word
• Activate Schemas for Word
• Select Activated Schema
• Integrate Activated Schema with Previously Activated Schemas
• Read Next Word
Processing
• Processor Learns Effective Processing Strategies• Limited Backtracking (Jump back to beginning)• Relational Lexical Items Set Up Expectations that
Drive Processing Mechanism (Lexically Driven)• No Separate Syntactic Analysis• No Top-Down Processing• No Overall Grammar• No Crucial Grammatical Unit Like Sentence
Processing• the the<T1>obj
• boy <boy>
• the<T1>obj + <boy > (the<boy>)
• likes likes(O1,O2)prop
• likes(O1,O2) prop + (the<boy>) likes(the<boy>,O2)
prop
• the the<T2> obj
• girl <girl>
• the<T2> obj + <girl> (the<girl>)
• likes(the<boy>,O2) prop + (the<girl>)
[likes(the<boy>,the<girl>)]
Processing an Object Desc• the the<T1> obj
• black black<Ta>term
• robed <robed<T2>term
• black<Ta>term + robed<T2>term black{F1}func + robed<T2>term
• black{F1}func + robed<T2>term black{robed}<T2>term
• judge <judge>• black{robed}<T2>term + <judge>
<black{robed}<judge>>• the<T1>obj + <black{robed}<judge>>
(the<black{robed}<judge>>)
Processing a Prop Desc
• he (he)• is is{PR1}• a a<T1> obj
• man <man>• a<T1> obj + <man> (a<man>)• is{PR1} + (a<man>)
is{(a<man>)pred}(O1) prop
• is{(a<man>)pred}(O1) prop + (he) is{(a<man>)pred}(he)
Processing a Prop Desc• he (he)• stopped stopped??• stopped + walking stopped{PR1} +
walking(O1)• walking(O1) + slowly walking(O1) +
slowly{PR2}pred
• walking(O1)prop + slowly{PR2}pred
slowly{walking}(O1)prop
• stopped{PR1} + slowly{walking}(O1)prop
stopped{slowly{walking}}(O1)prop
• (he) + stopped{slowly{walking}}(O1)prop
[stopped{slowly{walking}}(he)]