poison clouds- burmese

8/8/2019 Poison Clouds- burmese

1/56

tqyoihwdrrsm;tqdyfoifhwdrfrsm;jrermEkiiwi t}u;qk;jzpaom wuspausmur;ao; owKwi;prue;. oijrefrmEdkifiHwGif t}uD;qkH;jzpfaom wDuspfausmufrD;aoG; owWKwGif;pDrHudef;. oif


2/56

2011 ckESpfwGif xkwfa0onf?

qufoG,f&ef: [email protected]'f : www.pyo-org.blogspot.com

"mwfyHkrsm;tm;vHk;onf oD;oef@rlydkiftrnf azmfjyxm;jcif; r&Sdygu ytdk0f;vli,ftpnf;t&kH; (PYO) . rlydkif jzpfygonf?

ytk0;vi,tpn;t&H;ytdk0f;vli,ftpnf;t&kH; (PYO)(PYO) .ta=umi;.ta=umif;ytdk0f;vli,ftpnf;t&kH; (PYO) udk 1998 ckESpfwGif vli,frsm;udk pGrf;tm;jrifhwifay;jcif;tm;jzifh +idrf;csrf;aom/ w&m;r#wr_udktajccHonfh vl@abmif tzGJ@tpnf;opfw&yf wnfaxmifEdkif&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh pwif wnfaxmifcJhjcif; jzpfygonf? vGwfvyfaomt=urf;rzufonfh vli,ftzGJ@tpnf;wckjzpf+yD;/ jrefrmEdkifiHwGif +idrf;csrf;a&;/ w&m;r#wr_/ 'Drdkua&pD tcGifhta&;rsm;twGuf

&kef;uefv_yf&Sm;aeygonf?

ytdk0f;vli,ftpnf;t&kH; (PYO) onf 2009 ckESpf ZGefvwGif tem*wfudk vk,lzsufqD;jcif; trnf&onfh tpD&ifcHpm wapmifudk(2)ESpfausmf=umwGif jrefrmEdkifiH. t}uD;qHk; yif;yufoHowWKrdkif; ESifh trSwf 5 oHr%d puf&Hkae&mwdk@wGif avhvmokawoejyK+yD;xkwfjyefcJhygonf? ytdk0f;vli,ftpnf;t&kH;taejzifh TpDrHudef;ESifh tjcm;aom owWKwGif;rsm; wl;azmfaer_ tajctaeudk qufvufavhvmapmifh=unfhae+yD;/ &yf&Gmvlxk rsm;odk@ obm0ywf0ef;usifESifh vlr_a&;t& xdcdkuf oufa&mufvmEdkifr_rsm;udk ynmay;r_rsm;aqmif&Guf aeygonf?

csKpL vy&m;r ue,u. ta=umi;csKdpGL v_yf&Sm;r_ uGef,uf. ta=umif;2010 ckESpf azazmf0g&DvwGif csKdpGL v_yf&Sm;r_uGef,ufudk pwifzJG@pnf;&jcif;. &nf&G,fcsufrSm Xmaea'ocH aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;onfrdrdwdk@udk,fwdkifukd,fus obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;ukd umuG,fxdef;odrf;jcif;pGrf;&nf ydkrdktm;aumif;vmapa&; jzpfonf?csKdpGL a0g[m&onf ytdk0f;vlrsKd; bmompum;jzpf+yD; pdrf;vef;oef@&Sif;jcif;[k jrefrmvdk t"dy`g,f&onf?

qufoG,f&ef : [email protected]


3/56

rmwumrmwdume'ge;ed'gef;....................................................................................................................................... 5tusO;csKytusOf;csKyf................................................................................................................................ 7tyki; (1) jrermEkii. ausmur;ao;ok; vsypp"gwtm;xwpu&Hrsm;tydkif; (1) jrefrmEdkifiH. ausmufrD;aoG;oHk; vSsyfppf"gwftm;xkwfpuf&kHrsm;................................................. 9

obm0&if;jrpf u,f0aomfvnf; pGrf;tifcsKd@wJhqif;&Jaeonfh jrefrmEdkifiH .................................... 10 jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd ausmufrD;aoG;owWKwGif;rsm; ........................................................................... 11

jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd t"du ausmufrD;aoG;odkufrsm;jyZ,m; ............................................................. 12wDuspf ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;ESifh vSsyfppf"gwftm;ay;puf&Hk pDrHudef;ajrykH ........................................ 14ausmufrD;aoG; avmifpmoHk; v#yfppfpuf&HkwGif xkwfvGwfrltqifhrsm;jyZ,m; .............................. 15

jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd ausmufrD;aoG; avmifpmoHk; a&aEG;aiG@vSsyfppf"gwftm;ay;puf&Hkrsm; .......................... 15jrefrmEdkifiH. ta&S@awmiftm&S t}uD;qkH;ausmufrD;aoG;puf&kHpDrHudef; ........................................ 15

tyki; (2) wuspausmur;ao; prue;tydkif; (2) wDuspfausmufrD;aoG; pDrHudef;......................................................................................... 1616wDuspfaus;&GmESifh ywf0ef;usifa'orsm; .............................................................................

19txufbDvl;acsmif; ...................................................................................................... 19tif;av;uef .............................................................................................................. 20wDuspfausmufrD;aoG; pDrHudef;ESifh tif;av;uefajrykH .............................................................. 21wDuspfausmufrD;aoG;owWKwGif; ....................................................................................... 22wDuspfausmufrD;aoG;owWKwGif;ESifh puf&kHpDrHudef;jyajrykH.......................................................... 25&if;ESD;jrSyfESHolrsm; .......................................................................................................... 25wDuspfausmufrD;aoG; avmifpmokH;a&aEG;aiG@ v#yfppf"gwftm;ay;puf&kH ...................................... 26a'ocHjynfolrsm;twGuf avmifpmpGrf;tiftajctae

.... .......................................................

27wDuspfv#yfppfpuf&kHrS "gwftm;udk yif;yufoH&nf}udKpuf&kHodk@ ay;ydk@&ef&Sdjcif; ................................. 27tyki; (3) a'ocjynorsm;Eih obm0yw0e;usitay: qd;usK;oua&muaprrsm;tydkif; (3) a'ocHjynfolrsm;ESifh obm0ywf0ef;usiftay: qdk;usKd;oufa&mufapr_rsm; ................................. 2929

t"rR a&$@ajymif;apjcif; .................................................................................................. 30ajrodrf;,ljcif; ............................................................................................................. 34a'ocHvlxktwGuf tEW&m,f&Sdapaom v#yfppfpufcg;ywfu; .................................................. 35ajr,mrsm;wGif pdkufysKd;&ef jy\emjzpfvmjcif; ..................................................................... 36tvkyfvufrJh rsm;jym;vmjcif; .......................................................................................... 37

avxknpfnrf;r_a=umifh usef;rma&;udk xdckdufapjcif;.............................................................

39ausmufrD;aoG;jymqdkonfrSmtb,fenf;? ............................................................ 41puf&kHrsm;rD;cdk;aiG@rsm;a=umifh tufqpfrdk;jzpfay:apjcif; .............................................. 42

ta&S@awmiftm&S&Sd t}uD;rm;qHk; ausmufrD;aoG;avmifpmoHk; v#yfppfxkwfpuf&HkrS oifcef;pm ........... 43a&npfnrf;jcif;ESifh a&&Sm;yg;vmjcif;.................................................................................. 44toHqlnHr_rsm; ............................................................................................................ 46,Ofaus;r_ zsufqD;cH&jcif;rsm; .......................................................................................... 46

e*k;Eih t}uycsursm;ed*Hk;ESifh t}uHycsufrsm;................................................................................................................. 4949usrf;udk;

..................................................................................................................

50aemufqufwJG (1) ........................................................................................................ 53aemufqufwJG (2)........................................................................................................ 54


4/56

4


5/56

e'ge;ed'gef;jrefrmEdkifiHwGif txifu&jzpfaom tif;av;uef. a&a0a&vJ a'owGif wnf&Sdaeonfh wDuspfaus;&GmonfEdkifiH. t}uD;qHk; ajrrsufESmjyiftyGifh ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;}uD;ESifh t}uD;qHk; ausmufrD;aoG;oHk; v#yfppfxkwfpuf&Hkwnf&S daeygonf? ,cktcg ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;rS xGufvmonfh ajrpmyHk}uD;onf &Gm&Sd vlaetdrfrsm;xuf

jrifhrm;ae+yD;/ ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;rS azmufcGJr_ t&Sdefrsm;a=umifh &Gm&Sd apwDwpfqlvnf; yusysufpD;cJh&+yDjzpfygonf? &Gm&Sd a&acsmif;rsm;rSmvnf; npfax;vmae+yD; oHk;Ir&Edkifonfh tajctaewGif &Sdaeygonf? &Gm&SdpdkufysKd;ajr {u&maygif;rsm;pGmudkvnf; odrf;qnf;cHcJh&+yD;/ ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;teD;&Sd &Gm (2)&GmrSm avsmfa=u;[lIvkHavmufpGm &&Sdjcif; r&SdbJ twif;tusyf ESifxkwfajymif;a&$@apjcif; cHcJh&ygonf? aus;&Gmvlxkrsm; onf olwdk@b0tay: t}uD;tus,f xdcdkufysufpD;aponfhwdkif TpDrHudef;ESifh ywfoufI wpHkw&mr# ajymqdk ydkifcGifh r&Sd=ubJ/olwkd@a&&Snf }uKHawG@&rnfh usef;rma&; xdcdkufoufa&mufr_rsm;ESifh ywfoufI rod&SdEdkif=ubJ &Sdaeygonf?

jrefrmEdkifiHonf emwm&Snf avmifpmpGrf;tif csKd@wJhr_ESifh }uHKawG@ae&aomfvnf;/ ,ckwdkif tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;odk @ avmifpmpGrf;tif tajrmuftrsm; xkwfvkyfa&mif;csaeqJ jzpfygonf? vuf&SdwGif EdkifiH. v#yfppfpGrf;tifxkwfvkyfr_ 3 r#ud k ausmufrD;aoG;rS xkwfvkyfae+yD;/ Todk @ xkwfvkyfvdkufonfh v#yfppfpGrf;tiftrsm;pkud k tjcm;owWKwGif; vkyfief;rsm;/ pufr_Zkefrsm;wGif toHk;csae=uaeygaomfvnf; vlaetdrfrsm;wGiftoHk;csEdkifjcif; r&Sd=uyg? &Srf;jynfe,f ta&S@ydkif;rS ausmufrD;aoG;rsm;udk xdkif;EdkifiHodk @ wifydk@&ef vsmxm;aqmif&Gufae+yD;/ Tvsmxm;csufrsm;t& jrefrmEdkifiH awmifydkif;wGif xdkif;EdkifiHu OD;aqmifvkyfudkifrnfh t}uD;qHk;pufr_Zkefwckudk wnfaqmuf&ef&Sd+yD;/ ta&S@ awmiftm&SwGif t}uD;qHk; ausmufrD;aoG;oHk; v#yfppfpuf&Hk}uD;rSaeI v#yfppfpGrf;tif axmufyHh&ef jyifqifr_rsm;vnf; &Sdaeygonf?

jrefrmEdkifiHonf EdkifiHwGif;&S d tjcm;aom ausmufrD;aoG;odkufrsm;udk wl;azmfxkwfvkyf&efvnf; jyifqifae+yD;/

tjcm;ausmufrD;aoG;oHk; v#yfppfpuf&Hkrsm;vnf; wnfaqmuf&ef tpDtpOf&Sdaeum wDuspfausmufrD;aoG;wGif;a=umifh cHpm;ae&onfh tawG@t}uHKudk rD;armif;xdk;wifjy today;&ef ta&;}uD;vmygonf? ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;rsm;tEW&m,fudk }uHKawG@&rnfh &yf&Gmvlr_ todkuft0ef;wdk@taeESifh ausmufrD;aoG;rdkif;rsm; oabmobm0udk em;vnfoabmaygufapEdkif+yD;/ wd k@bmom rdrdudk,fudk rdrdwd k@ umuG,fr_rsm; aqmif&GufEdkif=uap&ef&nf&G,fygonf? wcsdefwnf;rSmyif jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;rsm;wGif &if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_rsm; vkyfudkif=urnfh/tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;rS pD;yGm;a&;ukr%Drsm;taeESifhvnf; jrefrmjynfolrsm; Todk@pDrHudef;rsm;a=umifh cHpm;epfem&rnfh vlr_a&;/ obm0ywf0ef;usif xdcdkufepfem&r_rsm;udk od&Sdvmaprnf jzpfonf?

5


6/56

6


7/56

tusO;csKytusOf;csKyf(1) jrefrmEdkifiHonf avmifpmpGrf;tif &if;jrpf aygu,f0aomfvnf;/ tkyfcsKyfaeonfh ppftpdk;&onf Tt&if;

tjrpfrsm;udk xkwf,la&mif;xkwfae+yD;/ jynfolrsm;rSrl emwm&Snf avmifpmpGrf;tif csKd@wJhr_ cHpm;ae=u&ygonf? Todk@aom ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;rsm;tygt0if obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm;udk tjrwfxkwf toHk;csae

r_a=umifh }uD;pGmaom a'ocHvlxk &yf&Gmrsm;tay: vlr_a&;/ obm0ywf0ef;usifxdcdkufepfemr_rsm; &Sdae+yD;/Todk @aom pDrHudef;rsm;wGif &if;ESD;jrKyfES H vkyfudkifae=uonfh ukr%Drsm;rSmvnf; xdcdkufepfem&onfh&yf&Gm vlxkrsm;tay: wm0ef,l wm0efcHr_ vHk;0r&Sdoavmuf jzpfaeygonf?

(2) jrefrmEdkifiHwGif t}uD;pm; ausmufrD;aoG;odkuf (16)ck &Sdygonf? 4if. pkpkaygif; ausmufrD;aoG;wefoef;aygif; (270) ausmff&Sdygonf? wDuspf ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;onf jrefrmEdkifiH. t}uD;qHk; tyGifhpepfausmufrD;aoG;wGif; jzpf+yD;/ ae@pOf ausmufrD;aoG; wefcsdef 2000 cef@ xkwf,laeygonf?

(3) wDuspf ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;ESifh ausmufrD;aoG;avmifpmoHk; v#yfppfpuf&Hkonf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif txifu&tif;av;uef. a&a0a&vJ a'owGif wnf&Sdaeygonf? tif;av;uefonf ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm;toif;twGufyif wefzdk;xm;&rnfh ae&mwcktjzpf owfrSwfxm;&m jzpfygonf? ausmufrD;aoG;rdkif;ESifhv#yfppfpuf&Hkwdk@rS xGufvmonfh tnpfta=u;rsm;onf bDvl;acsmif;twGif;odk @ pD;0ifaeaomfvnf;/,ckwdkif tif;av;ueftay: TpDrHudef;rsm;a=umifh xdcdkufepfem&yHk avhvmr_rsm;udkvnf; vlod&Sif=um;xkwfjyefjcif; r&Sdao;yg?

(4) ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;rS &&Sdvmonfh ukef=urf;rsm;udk jrefrmEdkifiH. t}uD;qHk; wDuspfausmufrD;aoG;avmifpmoHk;v#yfppfpuf&Hkodk@ ydk@aqmifonf? Tv#yfppfpuf&HkrS wESpfv#if ausmufrD;aoG; 640000 wef toHk;yae+yD;/

v#yfppf 120 r*~ g0yf tm;jzif h 600 *dkuf*g0yf em&Doef;aygif;udk (Gigawatts hour) xkwfvkyfEdkifygonf?tqdyfoifhaponfh ausmufrD;aoG;jymr_Hrsm;onf ae@pOfESifhtr# wefcsdef 100-150 cef@ xkwfvkyfaeygonf?Tpuf&HkrS xkwfvkyfvdkufonfh v#yfppftrsm;pkudk &k&Sm;ESifh tDwvDukr%Drsm;u aqmif&GufvnfywfaernfhoH&dkif;puf&Hkodk@ ay;ydk@toHk;csaprnf jzpfonf?

(5) ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;ESifh puf&Hkudk w&kwfEdkifiH trsKd;om; t}uD;pm;pufr_vkyfief; aumfydka&;&Sif; (ChinaNational Heavy Machinery Corporation - CHMC) u (2002 ckESpf) pwifI vnfywfaqmif&GufaecJh+yD;/ jrefrmEdkifiHrS {'iftkyfpk ukr%DESifh &Srf;&dk;re*g; ukr%Dwdk@u zufpyfaqmif&Gufae=uygonf?

(6) pDrHudef;teD;wGif &Sdaeonfh &Gm (2)&Gmjzpfaom vdkifcg;ESifh awmifydk@v aus;&Gmrsm;udk TpDrHudef;rsm;twGuftwif;tusyf a&$@ajymif;apcJh+yD;/ pdkufysKd;ajr {u 500 ausmfudk odrf;,lcJhygonf? v,fpdkufysKd;vkyfudkifae=uonfh rdom;pkrsm;rSm ESifxkwfcHcJh=u&+yD;/ ajr,mqHk;&_H;cJh&onfhtwGufa=umifh iwfrGwfqif;&Jvm=u&+yD;vuf&SdrSm xif;ckwfa&mif;ae=u&onf? tcsKd@rSm tjcm;a'orsm;odk@ a&=unf&m jrufEk&modk@ a&$@ajymif;xGufcGmoGm;=u&onf? ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;rS azmufcGJr_ wkefcgonfht&Sdefa=umifh a'o&Sd bk&m;apwDvnf;yusysufpD;cJh&onf?

7


8/56

(7) avxkESifh a&xknpfnrf;r_a=umifh pdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;ESifh ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;rS A[dky+yD; (5)rdkif ywf0ef;usifwGif aexdkif=uol vlOD;a&aygif; 12000 ausmf. usef;rma&;udk xdcdkufapygonf? aemufqHk;vltrsm;pkrSm Tae&mrS a&$@ajymif; xGufcGm=u&awmhrnf jzpfygonf? ,cktcg a'ocH 50 ausmfrSmta&jym;,m;,Hr_ a0'emrsm; cHpm;ae=u&ygonf?

(8) ytdk0f;vli,ftzJG@ESifh csKdpGLtzJG@wdk@ taejzifh 2010 ckE Spf azaz:0g&DvrS pwifI TpDrHu def;rsm;.oufa&mufxdcdkuf epfemapr_udk pwifavhvmcJhygonf? TpDrHudef;}uD;rsm;wGif yg0ifvkyfudkifae=uonfhtpdk;&rsm;ESifh ukr`%Drsm;udk vkyfief;rsm; &yfqdkif;ay;&efESifh bufpHk obm0ywf0ef;usif/ vlr_a&;ESifhusef;rma&; xdcdkuf epfemEdkifr_tay: pHkprf;ppfaq;r_rsm; yvkyfyg&ef awmif;qdktyfygonf? rdrdwdk@tzGJ@taejzifhwdkufwGef;vdkonfrSm aus;&Gmvlxkrsm; taeESifhvnf; pmcsKyfpmwef;rsm;udk rdrdwdk@ od&Sdem;vnfjcif; r&SdbJvufrSwf ra&;xdk; ay;=uyg&efESifh &yf&Gmvlxk. toufarG;0rf;ausmif; vkyfief;rsm;ESifh obm0&if;jrpfrsm;udktEW&m,fjzpf xdcd kufaprnfh acgif;yH kjzwf tjrwfxkwfr_rsm;ESifh tusifhysufjcpm;r_rsm;udk qef@usifuef@uGuf=uyg&ef wdkufwGef;vdkygonf?

8


9/56

tyki; (1)jrermEkii. ausmur;ao;oH; v#ypp"gwtm;xwpu&Hrsm;


10/56

obm0&i;jrp u,0aomvn; pr;ticsK@wJqi;&Jaeonh jrermEkiiobm0&if;jrpf u,f0aomfvnf; pGrf;tifcsKd@wJhqif;&Jaeonfh jrefrmEdkifiHjrefrmEdkifiHonf wdkif;&if;om; vlrsKd;aygif;pHk rSDwif;aexdkifonf h EdkifiHwckjzpf+yD; vlOD;a& 59 12 oef; &Sdygonf?1vlOD;a& 70 ausmfonf v,f,mpdkufysK d;a&;vkyfief;udk rS Dcd ktm;xm;ae&onfh toufarG;0rf;ausmif;

vkyfief;jzpfonf?2

jrefrmEdkifiHudk 1962 ckESpfrS pwifI ppftm%m&Sifpepfjzifh tkyfcsKyfvmcJhonf? ,ckwdkif ppfwyfutm%mudk qufvufcsKyf udkifxm;qJ&Sd+yD;/ 2010 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv (7) &ufae@u usif;ycJhonfh a&G;aumufyGJwGifppfwyfudk ausmaxmufaemufcH yxm;onfh jynfaxmifpk}uHhcdkifa&;ESifh zGH@z;a&;ygwD}uD;u tEdkif&cJhonfqdkaomfvnf;/ rJrormr_rsm; tus,ftjyef@ &SdcJhonf[k pGyfpGJajymqdkae=uonf?

jrefrmEdkifiHonf pGrf;tifavmifpm aygu,f0aomfvnf;/ EdkifiH.vlxkrsm;rSm =um&SnfpGm avmifpmpGrf;tifqif;&JcsKd@wJhjcif;udk cHpm;ae&onf? t"dutm;jzifh xif;/ rD;aoG;ESifh obm0 avmifpmrsm;udkom pGrf;tiftwGuft"duxm; toHk;yae=u&onf? tkyfcsKyfaeonf h ppftpdk;&u EdkifiHwum ukr%Drsm;ESifh avmifpmpGrf;tifrsm;wifydk@a&mif;cs&ef pmcsKyfrsm; csKyfqdkcJh+yD;/ tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm; jzpfonfh w&kwf/ b*Fvm;a'h&S f/ xdkif;ESifh tdENd,EdkifiHrsm;odk @ avmifpmpGrf;tif wifydk@a&mif;csaeonf?3 txl;ojzifh obm0"mwfaiG @ uJhodk @aom obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm; wifydk@a&mif;csI wdkif;jynfbmodk @ +yD;cJhonfh q,fpkESpftwGif; aiGtajrmuftrsm; 0ifaeapaomfvnf;/ EdkifiHw0Srf;&Sd usef;rma&;ESifh ynma&; pepftwGuf aumif;pGm toHk;csjcif; r&Sdyg? urBmay:wGif usef;rma&;/ynma&;yHhydk;r_ tedrfhusqHk;ESifh tqdk;qHk; tajctae wnf&Sdaeygonf?

owWKwGif;rsm; wl;azmfjcif;/ opfxkwfvkyfjcif;ESifh a&umwm a&tm;v#yfppf vkyfief;rsm; wnfaqmufjcif; pojzifhobm0t&if;tjrpfrsm; xkwf,loHk;pGJaer_a=umifh a'ocH&yf&Gmvlxkrsm;tay: }uD;pGm xdcdkufepfem apygonf?rlvuwnf;u rajyrvnfjzpfaeonfh wdkif;&if;om;a'orsm;wGif ydkI ydyuQrsm; }uD;xGm; vmapygonf?

jrefrmEdkifiHwGif w&m;Oya'enf;us tkyf csKyfr_uif;rJhaeonfhtwGufa=umifh Todk@aom pDrHudef;}uD;rsm;wGifvma&muf&if;ESD;jrKyfESH=uaom ukr%Drsm;rSm epfem&onfh a'ocHvlxkrsm;tay: wm0ef,l wm0efcHr_tvsOf;r&SdbJpdwfwdkif;us aqmif&GufaeEdkif=uygonf? odk@twGufa=umifh TpDrHudef;}uD;rsm;rS }uD;rm;pGm vl@tcGifhta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;ESifh toufarG;0rf;ausmif; qHk;&_H;apr_rsm; jzpfapum/ 'kuQonfrsm; xGufajy;&r_/ jrefrmEdkifiHe,fpyfudkjzwfausmfI tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;wGif tvkyftudkifrsm; vma&muf&SmazG&ef axmifaomif;ESifhcsDaomvli,frsm; ajymif;a&$@tajccs&r_wdk@ESifhvnf; wdkuf&dkufywfoufaeygonf? odk@twGufa=umifh a'otwGif;wGifvlukeful;r_ jzpfay:ap&efESifh vltrsm;tjym;ydkI xdcdkufepfemzG,f ta=umif;rsm; jzpfapygonf?

jrefrmjynf&Sd jynfoltrsm;pkonfza,mif;wdkifrD;udkom tm;xm;ae&qJ

10


11/56

jrermEkii&d ausmur;ao;owKwi;rsm;jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd ausmufrD;aoG;owWKwGif;rsm;jrefrmEdkifiH owWKwGif;0ef}uD;Xme azmfjyxm;csuft& jrefrmEdkifiHwGif t"duausmufrD;aoG;odkuf}uD; xGuf&SdEdkifonfhae&m (16)ck &Sdonf? ausmufrD;aoG;rsm;. pkpkaygif;u,f0r_ wefcsdefoef;aygif; 270ausmf &Sdonf?

txl;ojzifh qyfbpfwlrdeyfpf(Sub-bituminous)

tqifh&Sd ausmufrD;aoG;rsm; jzpf+yD;/ EdkifiH. ajrmufydkif;a'orsm;wGiftxl;ojzifh wnf&Sdaeonf? (azmfjyyg Z,m;udk =unfhyg?)

ausmufrD;aoG;owWKwGif; pDrHudef;rsm;udk owWKwGif;0ef}uD;Xme vufatmuf&Sd trSwf (3)owWKwGif;vkyfief;XmeupDrHaqmif&Guf+yD;/ jynfwGif;-EdkifiHjcm; ukr`%Drsm;ESifh zufpyfvkyfudkifonf? 2011 ckESpfwGif owWKwGif;0ef}uD;Xme. azmfjycsuft& jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd ausmufrD;aoG; owWKwGif;vkyfief;rsm;udk EdkifiHawmfydkifftaejzifh 28 vkyfudkifrnfjzpf+yD;/ zufpyfvkyfief;rsm;jzifh 43 87 udkaomfvnf;aumif;/ jynfwGif;ukr%Drsm;u 5332 udkaomfvnf;aumif; xkwfvkyfoGm;rnf jzpfonf?4 Tvkyfief;rsm;onf EdkifiHw0Srf;&Sd ausmufrD;aoG;odkuf 82ae&mwGif cGJI vkyfudkifrnf jzpfonf?5

EdkifiHjcm;ukr`%Drsm;ESifh zufpyfvkyfudkifaeonfh vkyfief;rsm;wGif tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;odk@ ausmufrD;aoG; wifydk@a&mif;cs jcif;rsm;vnf; wGJI yg0ifaeonf? Oyrmtm;jzifh- xdkif;EdkifiHonf jrefrmEdkifiHrS ausmufrD;aoG;trsm;qHk; 0,f,lwifoGif;aom EdkifiHjzpfonf? xdkif;ukr%Dwckjzpfonfh p&bl&D ausmufrD;aoG; ukr%DvDrdwuf(Saraburi Coal Co., Ltd.) onf weoFm&Dwdkif;&Sd armhawmif ausmufrD;aoG;odkufudk xkwfvkyfwl;azmf&efESifhxdkif;EdkifiHodk@ wifydk@a&mif;cs&ef cGifhycsuf &xm;onf? &Srf;jynfe,f ta&S@ydkif;&Sd rdkif;ckwf (rdk;ukwf) a'orSausmufrD;aoG;rsm;udkvnf; xdkif;EdkifiHod k@ wifydk@a&mif;csrnfyif jzpfonf? ausmufrD;aoG; t&if;tjrpfrsm;udkwjcm;aomEdkifiHjcm;zufpyf &if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_rsm;jzif h vnfywfvkyfudkifaeonf h pDrHudef;rsm; (Oyrm- rHk&Gma=u;pif

awmifowWKrdkif; odk@r[kwf yif;yuf oHr%d&nfupuf&Hk) wdk@wGif avmifpmtjzpf toHk;y&efvnf; xkwf,l=uonf?(ausmufrD;aoG;avmifpmoHk; puf&kHrsm;tcef;wGif =unfhyg?) ausmufrD;aoG;udk pufr_Zkefrsm;odk@ wifydk@onfhtwGufa=umif hvnf; jrefrmEdkifiHrS xkwfcJ h+yD;aom ausmufrD;aoG;rsm;ud k omrefjynfolrsm; oHk;pGJEdkifrnfavmrod&SdEdkifay? jrefrmjynfolwdk@rSm emwm&SnfozG,f avmifpmpGrf;tif csKd@wJh &Sm;yg;r_/ jywfawmufr_rsm; }uKHawG@cHpm;ae=u&ygonf?

11


12/56

pOpO wnae&mwnfae&m r@e,rd@e, jyne,-wki;jynfe,f-wdkif; weoe;aygi;wefoef;aygif; ausmur;ao;ausmufrD;aoG;trsK;tpm;trsKd;tpm;1 yvlZm0g acsmif;qHk uav;0-armfvdkuf ppfudkif; 89 00 qyf-bpfwlrdeyfpf

2 uav;0 uav;0 ppfudkif; 87 78 qyf-bpfwlrdeyfpf

3 "g;aoG;ausmuf wrl; ppfudkif; 33 91 qyf-bpfwlrdeyfpf

4 r[lawmif uEMD ppfudkif; 0 80 vpf*Edkuf

5 ausmufwHcg; ewfarmuf rauG; 0 54 qyf-bpfwlrdeyfpf

6 jrefeD aygif rauG; 0 25 qyf-bpfwlrdeyfpf

7 oif;aygif cifOD; ppfudkif; 0 08 vpf*Edkuf

8 u@yif aumvif; ppfudkif; 0 03 qyf-bpfwlrdeyfpf9 vG,f*s,f rdk;armuf ucsif tajrmuf

trsm;&Sdae-

10 wDuspf yifavmif; &Srf; 20 20 vpf*Edkuf

11 aus;oD;rHpH aus;oD;rHpH &Srf; 37 007 qyf-bpfwlrdeyfpf

12 erR vm;&d_; &Srf; 2 80 vpf*Edkuf

13 qefavmif(qefavm)

oDayg &Srf; 1 60 vpf*Edkuf

14 tif;yif uavm &Srf; 0 22 qyf-bpfwlrdeyfpf

15 armhawmif weoFm&D weoFm&D 3 60 qyf-bpfwlrdeyfpf

16 odrfawm(aumhrjyif;) weoFm&D weoFm&D 2 00 qyf-bpfwlrdeyfpf

ppaygi;pkpkaygif; 277 81277 81&Srf;jynfe,f ta&S@ydkif;&Sd rdkif;ckwf (rdk;ukwf) a'orS awG@&Sdonfh ausmufrD;aoG;odkufudk azmfjyxm;onfh t"du

ausmufrD;aoG;odkuf}uD; (16) ckwGif yg0ifazmfjyxm;jcif; r&Sdaomfvnf; jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd t"du ausmufrD;aoG;odkuf}uD;wckjzpfonf[k od&Sd&ygonf?

yw0e;usi tnpnr;apqH; jzponh ausmujzp&yui; (ausmur;ao;)ywf0ef;usif tnpfnrf;apqHk; jzpfonfh ausmufjzpf&kyfuif; (ausmufrD;aoG;)ausmufrD;aoG;onf vGefcJhonfh ESpfoef;ESifhcsDonfh umvu aygufzGm;&Sifoef+yD;/ aoqHk;cJhaom opfyiftuif;tusefrsm;rS jzpfay:vmonfh &kyfuif;avmifpmjzpfonf?8 ausmufrD;aoG;onf umbGef"mwf trsm;qHk;yg0ifaom &kyfuif;avmifpmjzpf+yD;/ obm0"mwfaiG@ESif h,SOfv#if avmifpmpGrf;tif ,lepfcsif;twlwlxkwfv$wfay;v#ifaomfrS umbGef'dkifatmufqdk'f"mwf (CO2) 70 txd ydkI avmifu|rf;xkwfv$wfonf?9

TumbGef'dkifatmufqdk'f"mwf rsm;onf vlom;rsm;. usef;rma&;udk xdcdkufapEdkif+yD;/ obm0ywf0ef;usifazmufjyefysufpD;ap&ef ta=umif;vnf; rsm;pGm jzpfapEdkifygonf?

jrermEkii&d t"u ausmur;ao;oku}u;rsm;jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd t"du ausmufrD;aoG;odkuf}uD;rsm;6(jrermtpk;& azmjyxm;csut&)(jrefrmtpdk;& azmfjyxm;csuft&)

12


13/56

vyie;ur%D (o&d&or#)vkyfief;ukr%D (od&Sd&or#) owKwi; w;azmrowWKwGif; wl;azmfr_tajctaetajctaexGef;oGif/ xl;opfESifh trSwf(3)owWKwGif;0ef}uD; Xme

wl;azmfxkwfvkyfae

trftD;pD wl;azmfxkwfvkyfae

trSwf(3)owWKwGif;0ef}uD;Xme/{&m0wD jrpfjymBamboo Result Co. Ltd.

wl;azmfxkwfvkyfae

&Srf;&dk;re*g;/ at'iftkyfpk/a&$oHvGif

wl;azmfxkwfvkyfae

trSwf (3)owWKwGif;0ef}uD; Xme

atoHk;vHk;tifwmae&Sife,f

wl;azmfxkwfvkyfae

wl;azmfxkwfvkyfae

p&bl&D/ trftD;pD

yw0e;usi tnpnr;apqHk; jzponh ausmur;ao; (vp*Eku)ywf0ef;usif tnpfnrf;apqHk; jzpfonfh ausmufrD;aoG; (vpf*Edkuf)ausmufrD;aoG; t"dutm;jzifh (4)rsKd; &Sdonf? rmuspfaom teufa&mif tifo&mqdkuf ESifh bpfwlrdeyfpf(anthraciteand bituminous) rSonf aysmhaom tndKa&mif ausmufrD;aoG;rsm; qyf-bpfwlrdeyfpf ESifh vpf*Edkuf(bituminousand lignite) txd &Sdonf?10 aysmhI tndKa&mif&Sd aom vpf*EdkufausmufrD;aoG;onf ausmufrD;aoG;rsm;tm;vHk;teuf ywf0ef;usif tnpfnrf;apqHk; jzpfonf? avmifpmpGrf;tif w,lepfxkwfvkyfor#wGif

tjcm;ausmufrD;aoG;rsm;xuf umbGef'dkifatmufqdk'ff trsm;qHk; xGufaponf? vpf*Edkuf ausmufrD;aoG;rsm;onftjcm;ausmufrD;aoG;rsm;xuf pmv#if tvdktavsmuf avmifu|rf; aygufuGJapwwfonf?

13


14/56

xe;wyi (270 r*g0y)+yD;pD;rnfhcsdef- 201314

vkyfief;&Sif- xl;x&dwf'def;ukr%DESifhw&kwfukr%DwckjzpfonfhHuaneng Lancangjiang

Hydropower Co., Ltd

v#yfppf"gwftm;- tenf;qHk; v#yfppf"gwftm;200 r*~g0yfukd &efukefrSm&Sdonfh pufr_Zkef (3)ckodk@ydk@aqmifrnf?15

rki;cw (369 r*g0y)rdkif;ckwf (369 r*~g0yf)+yD;pD;rnfhcsdef- w&m;0ifrxkwfjyefao;vkyfief;&Sif- w&m;0ifrxkwfjyefao;v#yfppf"gwftm;- xdkif;EdkifiHajrmufydkif;

csif;&dkifc&dkifodk@ ydk@

aqmifrnf?17

xm;0, (4000 r 6000 r*g0y)xm;0,f (4000 rS 6000 r*~g0yf)1818+yD;pD;rnfhcsdef- w&m;0ifrxkwfjyefao;vkyfief;&Sif- xdkif;ukr%Dwckjzpfonfh

tDwvH-xdkif;ukr%D/(w&kwf-udk;&D;,m;-*syefwdk@vnf; pdwf0ifpm;aejcif;)

v#yfppf"gwftm;- oHr%dpuf&Hk/ pGrf;tiftaxmuftyHypPnf;taqmuftHkrsm; yg0ifonfhxkxnf}uD;rm;onfh pufr_

ZkeftwGuf toHk;yrnf?

aumaomi; (6 r*g0y)aumhaomif; (6 r*~g0yf)tao;pdwfxkwfazmfa=unmjcif;rawG@&Sdao;ay?20

&euewki; (540 2 r*g0y)&efukefwdkif; (540 2 r*~g0yf)xGufvmrnfh v#yfppf"gwftm;rsm;udkrnfonfhtwGuf toHk;yrnfukd vlod&Sif=um;w&m;0ifrxkwfjyefao;ay?16

jrermEkii. ausmur;ao;oH; v#ypp"gwtm;ay;pu&Hprue;jyajryHjrefrmEdkifiH. ausmufrD;aoG;okH; v#yfppf"gwftm;ay;puf&kHpDrHudef;jyajrykHuav;0 (600 r*g0y)uav;0 (600 r*~g0yf)+yD;pD;rnfhcsdef- w&m;0ifrxkwfjyefao;

vkyfief;&Sif- xGef;oGifowKwGif;ukr%DESifhw&kwfukr%Dwckjzpfonfh

China Guodian Corporation12

v#yfppf"gwftm;- EdkifiHjcm;ukr%D vkyfudkifonfhrHk&Gma=u;eDowWKwGif;vkyfief;odk@ydk@aqmifrnf?13


15/56

jrermEkii&d ausmur;ao; avmipmok; a&aE;ai@ v#ypp"gwtm;ay;pu&krsm;jrefrmEdkifiH&Sd ausmufrD;aoG; avmifpmoHk; a&aEG;aiG@ v#yfppf"gwftm;ay;puf&Hkrsm;jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ausmufrD;aoG; avmifpmoHk;I v#yfppfxkwfaom puf&Hkrsm;ukd ordkif;wGif &SdcJhzl;ygonf? +Adwdo#udkvdkeD tkyfcsKyfpOfumvY (30) r*~g0yf xkwfvkyfEdkifonfh puf&Hkudk &efukefr@ tvHkwGif wnfaqmufxm;cJhzl;onf?Tpuf&Hk udk 1990 ckESpfwGif ydwfcJhonf? 2008 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEdkifiH. v#yfppf"gwftm;udk ausmufrD;aoG;avmifpmrS3 32 ud kom oHk;I xkwfvkyfonf?11 od k@aomfvnf; Txkwfvkyfr_rsm;rSm vlaetdrfoHk;twGufr[kwfbJ

tjcm;owWKwGif; vkyfief;rsm;wlazmfa&;wGif qufI toHk;cs&efom jzpfonf? jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ausmufrD;aoG;avmifpmjzifh xkwfrnfh puf&Hkrsm;rS v#yfppfrsm;udk jynfwGif;&Sd EdkifiHjcm;ukr%Drsm; &if;ESD;ryfESHonfh pDrHudef;rsm;ESifhpufr_Zkefrsm;odk@ axmufyhHay;&ef pDpOfxm;jcif;jzpfonf? odk@r[kwf tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHrsm;odk@ v#yfppfpGrf;tifwifydk@a&mif;cs&ef jzpfonf? (ajryHkudk =unfhyg?)

jrermEkii. ta&@awmitm& t}u;qk;ausmur;ao;pu&Hprue;jrefrmEdkifiH. ta&S@awmiftm&S t}uD;qkH;ausmufrD;aoG;puf&kHpDrHudef;xdkif;EdkifiH aqmufvkyfa&; ukr%D}uD;wckjzpfonfh tDwmvsHxdkif;ukr%D(Italian-Thai Development Plc.) onf2010 ckESpf Edk0ifbmvwGif xm;0,fa&eufqdyfurf; aqmufvkyf&eftwGuf jrefrmtpdk;&ESif h oabmwlpmcsKyf

vufrSwfa&;xdk;cJ hygonf? TtpDtpOfwGif ta&S@awmiftm&S. t}uD;qHk; ausmufrD;aoG;avmifpmoHk;v#yfppfpuf&Hk (4000 r*~g0yf) udk wnfaqmuf&ef tpDtpOf yg0ifygonf?TtpDtpOfudk qENjyr_rsm;/ w&m;&Hk; &ifqdkif&r_rsm;a=umifh tcsdef=umjrifhzifhav;aecJh&onfh xdkif;EdkifiH qdyfurf;r@jzpfonfh &ma,mif; (Rayong)&Sd arwWmzGwf ausmufrD;aoG; avmifpmoHk; v#yfppfpuf&Hk. tr_&Sdaeonfh=um;rS taumiftxnfazmfvmjcif; jzpfonf? xm;0,fwGifTpuf&Hkwnfaqmufr_onf xdkif;wdk@twGuf yd kI oabmawG@p&mjzpfonf? ta=umif;rSm obm0ywf0ef;usif apmifh=unfhavhvmaeolrsm;.rsufaphatmufrS uif;vGwfrnf jzpf+yD;/ jrefrmppftpdk;&vnf; TpDrHudef;ESifhywfoufvmonfh ajr,mrsm;ay:wGif aexdkifonfh a'ocHrsm;ukdvG,fulpGm ESifxkwfEdkifaoma=umifh jzpfygonf?19

ausmur;ao; avmipmok; v#ypppu&kwi xwvwr tqihrsm;ausmufrD;aoG; avmifpmoHk; v#yfppfpuf&HkwGif xkwfv$wfr_ tqifhrsm;v#yfppfxkwfvkyf&ef ausmufrD;aoG;udk toHk;csonfhtcg a,bk,stm;jzifh udk }udwfI bGdKifvmtdk;jzifhavSmfonfh ',ftdk;xJwGif avmifu|rf;apygonf? owWKrD;td k; xJrS tylonf bdGKifvmtwGif;rS a&udk a&aEG;aiG@tjzpf ajymif;aponf? a&aEG;aiG@jzifh wmbdkifrsm;udk vnfywfapI xdk@aemuf *sifea&wmrsm;rS v#yfppfudkxkwfv$wfay;onf? ausmufrD;aoG;avmifpmoHk; v#yfppfxkwfpuf&Hkrsm;onf a&aEG;aiG@tm;oHk;pufrsm; jzpf=uonf?ausmufrD;aoG;udk owWKrD;tdk;twGif; avmifu|rf;aponfhtcg tqdyfoifhapaom npfnrf;ypPnf;rsm; pGef@xkwfonf?wdk@udk ausmufrD;aoG;jymr_efrsm;[k ac:+yD;/ te,fjyefusaponf? (ausmufrD;aoG; jymr_efrsm;ta=umif;udk

=unfhyg?) rD;tdk;xJrS xGufvmaom rD;cdk;aiG@rsm;udk aumif;uifodk@ rD ;cdk;acgif;wdkifrSwqifh xkwfv$wfonf? TrD;cdk;aiG@rsm;wGif tqdyfoifhaponfh "mwfaiG@rsm;yg0if+yD;/ vlwdk @. usef;rma&;udk xdcdkufap+yD; tufqpfrdk;tjzpf jyefI&GmoGef;aponf?

wnfaqmufrnfh xm;0,fausmufrD;aoG;oHk;v#yfppfpuf&HktwGuf pDrHudef; tpDtpOfjyZ,m;

15


16/56

tyki; (2)wuspausmur;ao;prue;


17/56


18/56

wDuspf&Gmtjyifu i&kwfpdkufcif;

wDuspfteD;wGif i&kwfoD;vSrf;ae=uyHk


19/56

wuspaus;&mEih yw0e;usia'orsm;wDuspfaus;&GmESifh ywf0ef;usifa'orsm;vlOD;a& 3000 cef@aexdkifonfh wDuspfaus;&Gmonf awmif}uD;-yifavmif;-aejynfawmf um;vrf;r}uD;ay:wGifwnf &SdI/ &Srf;jynfawmifydkif; yifavmif;r@e,ftxJwGif wnf&Sdygonf? onftif;av;uef. taemufawmifzuf(13) rdkiftuGm/ uavmr@. awmifzuf (22) rdkiftuGmwGif wnf&Sdygonf? uavmESifhtif;av;uefonf

EdkifiHjcm;c&D;oGm;rsm;twGuf vnfywfp&m ae&mrsm; jzpfygonf? wDuspfaus;&Gmvlxk trsm;pkrSm &Srf;/ ytdk0f;/awmif&dk;/ Armwdkif;&if;om;rsm; jzpfonf? trsm;tm;jzifh Ak'


20/56

Yuzo Uda

ti;av;uetif;av;ueftif;av;uefonf jrefrmEdkifiH. 'kwd,t}uD;qHk; a&csKduef jzpf+yD;/ EdkifiHjcm;{nfhonf trsm;qHk; oabmusESpfcuf

vnfywf&m ae&mvnf; jzpfonf? ,if;uefudk ta&S@awmiftm&SEdkifiHrsm; toif; (tmqD,H) . xdef;odrf;&rnfhtarGtESpfO,smOfrsm; pm&if;wGifvnf; xnhfoGif;xm;onf? tif;om;wHigrsm;. xl;jcm;onfh ajcaxmufwzufjzifhavSavSmf[efa=umifhvnf; xif&Sm;onf?

tif;av;uefwGif obm0ZD0owWrsKd;uGJrsm; u,f0pGm wnf&SdaeonfrSmvnf; txl;wefzdk;xm;=uonf? urBmay:wGif rnfonfhae&mrS rawG@&Sd&aom ig;rsKd; (9) rsKd;udkvnf; tif;av;uefwGifom aygufzGm;aexdkif=uonfudk awG@&Sd=u&onf?24 ,if;uefwGif iSufrsKd;pdwfrsm;vnf; pHkvifaygu,fvSonf? rSwfwrf;rsm;t& iSufrsKd;pdwf (254) rsKd;aexdkifonfudk awG@&Sd&onf?25 tif;av;uefa'owGif aus;&Gm (800) cef@ wnf&Sdaexdkifae+yD;/ pkpkaygif; vlOD;a&

170000 cef@ rSDwif;aexdkif=uonf?

tifav;uefonf jrpfacsmif; 29 ckpD;0ifaeonfhteuf bDvl;acsmif;ESifh oef;awmifacsmif; (uavmacsmif;)/erfhuwfacsmif;wdk@onf tif;av;uefxJodk @ t"dupD;0ifonf h jrpfacsmif;rsm; jzpfonf?26 bDvl;acsmif;0onftif;av;uef&Sd ig;rsKd;rsm; txl; rSDwif;aexdkif=u&m ae&mrsm;teufwpfae&m jzpfonf?27

tif;av;uef. a&rsufESmjyif zHk;v$rf;r_{&d,mESifh a&. t&nftaoG;rSm wjznf;jznf;csif; ,kwfav#mhusqif;aeum/txl;ojzifh a&ay:u|ef;arsmrsm;&Sd pd kufysK d;a&;vkyfief;wGif "mwkaA' ajr=oZmrsm;ESif h yd k;owfaq;rsm;

toHk;yaer_ a=umifh jzpfonf?

28

2010 ckESpf aEG&moDwGif ESpf (50) wGif; a&rsufESmjyif tedrfhqHk;txd usIqdk;&Gm;pGm crf;ajcmufvmcJhonf?29 a&xknpfnrf;r_ydkvmjcif;ESifh a&rsufESmjyifusqif; crf;ajcmufvmjcif;a=umifhtif;av;uef. tem*wfESifh ywfoufI rsm;pGm ar;cGef;xkwfzG,f &Sdaeonf?

20


21/56

wuspausmur;ao; prue;Eih ti;av;ueajryHwDuspfausmufrD;aoG; pDrHudef;ESifh tif;av;uefajrykH

21


22/56

wusp ausmur;ao;owKwi;wDuspf ausmufrD;aoG;owWKwGif;wDuspf ausmufrD;aoG;owWKwGif;onf jrefrmEd ki fiH. t}uD;qHk;tyGif hausmufrD;aoG;wGif; jzpf+yD; ae@pOf ausmufrD;aoG; wef 2000 cef@ xkwfvkyfaeygonf? t"du ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;rSm ajray: tyGif h wl;azmfxkwfvkyfjcif; jzpf+yD;/ onfajrrsufESmjyif 500 {u txd us,f0ef;+yD; qufvufcsJ@xGif&efvnf; &Sdygonf?

xdk@tjyif ausmufrD;aoG;yrm% tenf;i,fudkvnf; ajratmufvd_%facgif; pepfjzifh wl;azmfxkwfvkyfaeygonf?Tvd_%facgif;rsm;rSm pdkufcif;rsm;atmufwGif (4) rDwm tus,f wGif;rsm;jzihf wl;azmfxkwfvkyfaejcif; jzpfonf?

ajrrsufESmjyif tyGifhpepf ausmufrD;aoG;owWKwGif;


23/56

ajrrsuEmjyi tyihowKw;azmjci;ajrrsufESmjyif tyGifhowWKwl;azmfjcif;2002 ckESpfwGif wl;azmfr_ud k ajrrsufESmjyiftyGifhpepfjzifhh pwifpDpOfcJhonf? puf,EW,m;}uD;rsm;jzifh opfyifrsm;/+cHKykwfrsm;udk &Sif;vif;ypf+yD;/ ajrjyif tay:,Hv$mudk z,f&Sm;ypfcJhonf? Tvkyfief;pOfwGif rsm;pGmaom pdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;rsm; ysufpD;=u&onf? xdk@aemuf tvkyform;rsm;u 'dkif;erdkuf,rf;udk toHk;yI ajrudk azmufcGJ+yD;/ tyGifh

usif; yvkyfypfonf? aygufuGJwkefv_yfr_rsm;a=umifh ajrrsm; yusukefonf? TaygufuGJr_rsm;. wkefcgtm;a=umifhwDuspf aus;&Gm&Sd tdrfrsm;/ taqmuftOD;rsm; tufuGJukef=u&onf?

tcsutvursm;tcsuftvufrsm;wusp ajray:tyih ausmur;ao;w;azmjci;wDuspf ajray:tyGifh ausmufrD;aoG;wl;azmfjcif;pwif &SmazGawG@&Sdr_ 1989 ckESpf

ajrrsufESmjyiftyGifhpepfjzifh wl;azmf&efpwifjyifqifjcif;

2002 ckESpf

xGuf&SdEdkifaom ausmufrD;aoG;yrm% 20 7 wefoef;aygif;30

ausmufrD;aoG;zkH;vGrf;rl yrm% 544 {u

ausmufrD;aoG; trsKd;tpm; vpf*EdkufESifh qyf-bpfwlrdeyfpf31

wl;azmfr_pepfajrrsufESmjyif tyGifhowWKrdkif;ESifh ajratmufOrifvd_ifacgif;jzifh wl;azmfjcif;

ae@pOf xkwf,lonfh yrm% wae@v#if ausmufrD;aoG; 1 750 rSonf 2 000wef

ausmufrD;aoG;odkuf wnf&Sdaer_ yrm% t&Snf 2 rdkifcef@ESifh teuf 6 ayrS 69 aytxd?32

ausmufrD;aoG;udk toHk;yyHk

ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;rS wpfrdkifcJG tuGmwGif &SdaomwDuspf ausmufrD;aoG; avmifpmoHk; a&aEG;aiG@v#yfppf"gwftm;ay;puf&Hkodk@ x&yfum;rsm;jzifhwifydk@onf? xdk@tjyif (6)uDvdkAdGK@ (conveyer belt)

pufcg;ywf}udK;jzifhvnf; wifydk@onf?wl;azmfa&;wGif &if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_ yrm% tar&duefa':vm 10 oef;


24/56

ajratmu Orijzih w;azmjci;ajratmuf Orifjzifh wl;azmfjcif;ajrrsufESmjyiftyGifhpepfjzifh wl;azmf&ef rpDpOfrSDu/ jrefrmppfwyfrS ppfom;rsm;uaemifw&m;ESifh wDuspf&Gm teD;&Sd a'ocHrsm;. v,fajrrsm;atmufwGif ajratmufOrifrsm;jzifh pwifI wl;=uonf? &Gmom;rsm;onf ppfom;rsm;udk a=umuf&GH@aoma=umifhrnfolwOD;ur# apm'urwuf&J=uay? &Gmom;rsm;onf Armppfom;rsm;.+cdrf;ajcmufrludk cH&onfhtjyif v,f,majrrsm;yg zsufpD;apjcif;udk cHcJh=u&onf?xdk@aemuf jrefrmEdkifiHtv,fydkif;rS tvkyform;rsm; ac:aqmifvm+yD;/ Orifrsm;jzifh

ausmufrD;aoG;rsm; wl;azmfxkwfvkyf=uonf? vufzufcif;rsm;ESif h pyg;cif;rsm;atmuf&Sd ausmufrD;aoG;a=umrsm;udk ajratmufOrifpepfjzifh wl;azmf=u+yD; &vmonfhausmufrD;aoG;rsm;udk v,fuGif;,muGif;rsm; ab;ygwf0ef;usifwGif yHkxm;=uonf?xdk @a=umif h ajrqD"mwf ysufpD;ap+yD; aemufxyf oD;ES Hpd kufysK d;a&;vkyfudkif&eftajctaevnf; ,dk,Gif;ysufpD;vmap awmhonf? ,ae@umvwGif ajratmufOrifjzifh ausmufrD;aoG;wl;azmf xkwf,laejcif;udk yef;wefaus;&Gm apwD. ajrmufzuf/z&mh+zdef;aus;&Gm ta&S@zuf/ aemifw&m;r@. ta&S@zufESifh aqmif;ajymif;&GmteD;wGifwl;azmf aqmif&Gufae =uonf?

ajratmufvd _i f* lowWKr d ki f ;pep fonfv,fuGif;rsm;udk ysufpD;apjcif;


25/56

wDuspfausmufrD;wGif; pDrHudef;twGuf {'ifukr%Dqdkif;bkwf

&i;ED;jryEHorsm;&if;ESD;jryfESHolrsm;TausmufrD;aoG;wGif;udk rlvu w&kwfEdkifiH trsKd;om; t}uD;pm;pufr_vkyfief; aumfydka&;&Sif; (China NationalHeavy Machinery Corporation - CHMC)ESifh &Srf;&dk;re*g; ukr%D33/ trSwf(3) jrefrmhowWKvkyfief;Xme/ a&$oHvGifukr`%D/ ta&S@zsm;zGH@z;a&;ukr%D/ {'iftkyfpkukr`%D/ at0rf;ukr`%DESifh txl;a'o(6) pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wdk@upmcsKyfcsKyfqdkcJhonf 34? wl;azmfxkwfvkyfr_ (2)ESpf cef@t=umwGif/ a&$oHvGif/ at0rf;ESifh txl;a'o (6)pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;wdk@u pDrHudef;vkyfief;rS tjrwfr&&Sdaoma=umifh pmcsKyfrS jyefvnfE_wfxGufoGm;=uonf? xdk@tjyif2010 ckESpf {+yDvwGif &Srf;&dk;re*g;ukr%Du . tpk&S,f,mrsm;udk {'iftkyfpk ukr%Dodk @ jyefvnf v$Jajymif;

a&mif;csonf[laom aumvm[vrsm;vnf;& S dc J honf? od k @aomfvnf; Towif;E Si f hywfoufI w&m;0if twnfycsuf&,lEdkifjcif;r&Sdyg?35 w&kwfEdkifiH CHMCukr`%DtifwmeufpmrsufESmwGifazmfjy xm;csufrsm;t& Tukr%Du jrefrmEdkifiHwGif ajray:tyGifhrdkif;wl;azmfjcif; vkyfudkifaeonf[k azmfjyxm;onf? odk @aomfvnf; ukr`%DpmcsKyfoufwef;wdk;r_ESifh aemufxyftajctaersm;udktwnfyEdkifjcif; r&Sdyg?

wuspausmur;ao;owKwi;Eih pu&Hprue;jyajryHwDuspfausmufrD;aoG;owWKwGif;ESifh puf&kHpDrHudef;jyajrykH


26/56

wusp ausmur;ao;avmipmok; a&aE;ai@ v#ypp"gwtm;xwpu&wDuspf ausmufrD;aoG;avmifpmoHk; a&aEG;aiG@ v#yfppf"gwftm;xkwfpuf&kHwDuspfpuf&Hkonf jrefrmEdkifiH. wpfckwnf;aom ausmufrD;aoG; avmifpmoHk; v#yfppf"gwftm;xkwfpuf&Hkjzpfygonf? 2001 ckESpf pufwifbmvwGif ppftpdk;&. 'kwd,OuU AdkvfcsKyfarmifat;u Ta'oodk@a&muf&Sdvm+yD; puf&Hkwnfaqmuf&ef ae&ma&G;cs,fay;cJhygonf? a'ocH wyfzGJ@rsm;udkvnf; a'owGif; pdkufysKd;ajr{u 100 ausmfudk odrf;,l&eftwGuf trdef @ay;cJhygonf? av#mfa=u; wjym;wusyfrS jyefvnfay;tyfcJhjcif;r&Sdyg? w&kwfEd kifiH. (CHMC) ukr`%DESif h jrefrmEdkifiHrS {'iftkyfpk ukr`%Dwdk@u pGrf;tif0ef}uD;Xme.}uD;=uyfr_atmufwGif puf&Hkudk pwifwnfaqmufcJh=uygonf? 2002 ckESpf pufwifbmvwGif puf&HkudkpwifwnfaqmufcJh+yD;/ 2005 ckESpf {+yDvwGif wnfaqmufr_ +yD;qHk;cJhyg onf?36

Tpuf&HkwGif 60 r*~g0yf&Sd wmbdkif (2)vHk; yg0if+yD;/ ESpfpOf v#yfppf"mwftm; 600 *sD*g0yf em&Doef;aygif; (Gwh)xkwfay;Edkifygonf? ESpfpOfausmufrD;aoG; 640000 wefudk (1)rdkifcJGuGma0;onf h wDuspfvSsyfppf"gwftm;xkwfpuf&Hkodk@ ydk@aqmifay;onf?37 xGuf&Sdvmonfh v#yfppf"mwftm;rsm;udk uavm&Sd r[m"mwftm;cGJpuf&Hkodk@ wifydk@cJhonf? rZdrowif;Xme. tqdkt& v#yfppf"mwftm; 65 r*~g0yfudk yif;yuf oH&nfupufodk@ ay;ydk@rnf[k od&onf?(Z,m;wGif =unfhyg)?38 Tv#yfppfpuf&HkrS xGuf&Sdvmonfh "mwftm;rsm;udk .teD;&Sd e*g;bdvyfajrpuf&Hkodk@wifydk@ay;aeonf[kvnf; od&Sd&onf?39 wDuspfv#yfppf"mwftm;ay;puf&HkrS xGuf&Sdvmonfh v#yfppfudk obm0t&if;tjrpfrsm; ydkrdkxkwfvkyf toHk;cs zsufqD;rnfh ukr%D rsm;xHodk@yif qufvufaxmufyHhay;OD;rnf jzpfonf?

wusp ausmur;ao; avmipmok; v#ypp"gwtm;pu&HwDuspf ausmufrD;aoG; avmifpmoHk; v#yfppf"gwftm;puf&kH tcsutvursm;?tcsuftvufrsm;?v#yfppf "mwftm;ay;puf&Hkvkyfudkifaeolrsm;

w&kwfEdkifiH trsKd;om; t}uD;pm;pufr_vkyfief; aumfydka&;&Sif; ukr%D(CHMC)/ jrefrmEdkifiHrS at'iftkyfpk ukr%D/jrefrmv#yfppfpGrf;tm; vkyfief; (MEPE)

&if;ESD;jrKyfESHr_wefzdk; yrm% tar&duefa':vm 42 93 oef;40

v#yfppfxkwfvkyfr_ yrm%120 r*~g0yf? ESpfpOf v#yfppf"mwftm; 600 *spf*g0yfem&Doef;aygif;udk xkwfvkyfay;Edkifonf?

ESpfpOfokH;pGJaomausmufrD;aoG;yrm% wESpfv#if ausmufrD;aoG; 640000 wef41

ae@pOfausmufrD;aoG;jymxkwfvkyfr_yrm% 100 rS 150 wef42

a&aEG;aiG@twGuf&,lokH;pGJaoma& tif;av;uefxJodk@ pD;0ifaom txufbDvl;acsmif;/

26


27/56

a'oc jynorsm;twu avmipmpr;ti tajctaea'ocH jynfolrsm;twGuf avmifpmpGrf;tif tajctaeTv#yfppf pDrHudef;rSaeI wDuspfaus;&Gm jynfolrsm;twGuf v#yfppf"mwftm;wcsKd @ axmufyHhay;aomfvnf;/aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;. ajr,mrsm;ESifh toufarG;0rf;ausmif; vkyfief;rsm; qHk;&_H;ysufpD;=u&ygonf? ,cktcg [email protected];rma&;twGufyif tEW&m,f &Sdvm+yD jzpfonf? ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;u wjznf;jznf; csJ@xGifvmonfhtwGuf

a=umifh &Gmajymif;a&$@ay;&ef tajctae jzpfvmaeygonf? odk@twGufa=umifh tcsdefwdk v#yfppf"mwftm; axmufyHhay;r_rSm rnfodk@enf;ESifhr# toHk;0ifEdkifzG,f ta=umif; r&Sdawmhay?

[dkykef;r@&Sd aq;&HkrSmvnf; v#yfppf tuef@towfESifhom/ tcsdefydkif;jcm;+yD; &&Sdygonf? awmif}uD;r@&Sd aq;&HkrSmvnf;cGJpdwfuko&eftwGuf udk,fydkifrD;pufudk oHk;ae&ygonf? Ttzdk;tcrsm;twGuf vlemrsm;u xyfrHI ay;aqmif=u&jyefygonf? TtcsdefwGif yif;yuf oH&nfupufESifh [dkykef;-awmif}uD;t=um;&Sd EdkifiHjcm;om;rsm;. pmcsKyfjzifhvkyfudkifaeonfh =uufarG;jrLa&; +cHrSmrl/ wDuspf v#yfppfpuf&HkrSxGufvmaom "mwftm;udk uavm r[m"mwftm;vdkif;puf&HkcGJrS wqifh ae@pOf (24) em&D v#yfppf &&Sdaeygonf?

wusp v#ypppu&kr "mwtm;uk yi;yu o&nupuok@ ay;yk@&e &djci;wDuspf v#yfppfpuf&HkrS "mwftm;udk yif;yuf oH&nfupufodk@ ay;ydk@&ef &Sdjcif;jrefrmEdkifiH. 'kwd,t}uD;qHk; oH&dkif;odkufudk &Srf;jynfe,f r@awmf awmif}uD;ESifh (10) uDvdkrDwmtuGm/wDuspfESifh (40) rdkif tuGm&Sd yif;yufawmifwGif wl;azmfrnf jzpfygonf? ToH&dkif;wGif; wl;azmfxkwfvkyfr_a=umifh vlaygif; 7000 ausmf tdk;tdrfajymif;a&$@ tajcysuf jzpf=u&rnf jzpf+yD;/ awmifwckvHk;vnf;zzsufypfI ysufpD;&rnf jzpfonf? yif;yufwGif {&mr oH&nfupuf&Hk}uD;udk wnfaqmufae+yD;/ tus,ftjyef@ajymqdkae=uonfh aumvm[vrsm;t& oH&dkif; omru/ ,la&eD,H owWK&dkif;yif awG@&Sdxm;onf[kvnf;qdk=uygonf? puf&Hk wnfaqmufa&;pDrHudef;twGuf pdkufysKd;ajr{u 7000 cef@udk odrf;,lcJh+yD;/ puf&Hkudk w&m;0if

yif;yuf trSwf (5) oHr%dpuf&Hk[k ac:qdkygonf?oHpuf&kHvkyfief;rsm; vnfywf&eftwGuf wDuspfv#yfppf"mwftm; puf& H kr S xGuf& S dvmaomv#yfppf 65 r*~g0yfudk toHk;yrnf[k od&ygonf?yif;yuf puf&kHwnf&Sd&mae&m. ta&S@awmifbufrd ki ftenf;i,fwGif vufeufud ki fwd kufyG Jrsm;qufvuf jzpfy Gm;aeqJ a'ovnf; jzpf&mpuf&HkvHk+cHKa&;twGuf uif;vSnfh=uol jrefrm

ppfwyfrS ppfom;rsm;u 2009 ckESpfESifh 2010 ckESpf/azaz:0g&DvESihf pufwifbmvwGif &Gmom;rsm;udkESdyfpufnOf;yrf;jcif;ESifh zrf;qD;owfjzwfjcif;rsm;usL;vGefcJh=uygonf? yif;yuf oHpDrHudef;onf &k&Sm;/tDwvD ESifh jrefrmukr`%Drsm; zufpyfaqmif&Gufae=uygonf?43 &Sr f; jynfe,f tv,fyd ki f ;& S daus;oD;rHpH ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;u yif;yufpuf&Hk.vdktyfrnfh ae@pOfausmufrD;aoG; 13000 wefudk

(75) ESpf=um wifydk@ay;rnf jzpfonf?

44

aqmufvkyfaeqJ yif;yufoH&nf}udKpuf&kH

27


28/56

v,form;rsm;ESifh uav;i,frsm;onf npfnrf;aoma&rskm;ESifh rjzpfraexdawG@ae&ykH


29/56

tyki; (3)a'ocjynorsm;Eihobm0yw0e;usitay:qd;usK;oua&muaprrsm;


30/56

ukr%D}uD;awG rvmcifwkef;u &Gmuvlwdkif;qDrSm EGm;vSnf;eJ@ u|JEGm;awG &Sd=uw,f? olwdk@udk au|;arG;zdk@vnf; ylp&m rvdkbl;? olwdk@twGufvnf; tpm;taomufpm;usufawG aygw,f? usaemfwdk@ ae&ma&$@ajymif;zdk @ cdkif;cH&awmh usaemfwdk @ pdkufysKd;ajrawG qHk;&_H;&ovdk/ tck u|JEGm;awG au|;arG;zdk@vnf; tpmraygawmhbl;? ydk&Sm;vmw,f? usaemfwdk@vnf; &SdwJh u|JEGm;awG xkwfa&mif;ypf=u&w,f?(awG@qkHar;jrefjcif;trSwf-2)

t"r a&@ajymi;apjci;t"rR a&$@ajymif;apjcif;ausmufrD;aoG; pDrHudef;a=umifh aus;&Gm (2)&Gm a&$@ajymif;cH&+yD;/ ,cktcg tjcm;olrsm;rSmvnf; twif;tusyf

a&$@ajymif;ESifxkwfcH&rnfh +cdrf;ajcmufr_ESifh }uHKawG@ae&onf? ta=umif;rSm ausmufrD;aoG;rdkif;rS pGef@ypfypPnf;rsm;pkyHk&m ae&monf wjznf;jznf; us,fjyef@vmae+yD;/ ,ck owWKwGif;u rnfr#txd qufvufcsJ@xGifaernfudkvnf;rnfolur# rod &SdEdkif=uay?

awmiyk@v aus;&mawmifydk@v aus;&Gmtdrfajc (24)vHk;&Sdonfh awmifydk@vaus;&Gmudk ausmufrD;aoG;wGif; pwifwl;azmf&ef jyifqifonf h umv2003 ckESpfwGif aus;&Gm tkyfcsKyfa&;tzGJ @ (&,u) u twif;tusyf ajymif;a&$@ap&ef ESifxkwfcJhygonf?xdkESifxkwfcH&olrsm;. jyefvnfae&mcsxm;a&;twGuf ulnDyHhydk;r_vkHavmufa&; wpHkwckr# axmufyHhay;jcif;

r&Sdyg? avsmfa=u;aiGvnf; rqdkpavmufom &ygonf? &&Sdxm;aom jyefvnfae&mcsxm;a&; c&D;p&dwfrsm;udkvkHavmufpGmjyefumrdap&ef/ tcsKd@&Gmom;rsm;u rlv&Gma[mif;ESifheD;onfh ae&mwGifyif aexdkif=uygonf?a&$ajymif;cH&onfh &Gmom;trsm;pkonf ,cktcg &Gma[mif;. ta&S@zuf awmifukef;ay:wGif aexkdif=uygonf?a'ocH tm%mydkifrsm;u ,ckaus;&Gmopfudk jrpdrf;awmif[k emrnfay;xm;=uaomfvnf;/ &Gmom;rsm;u,ciftrnf awmifydk @v[kom qufvufwif;cHI ac:qdkae=uygonf? ,cktcg ausmufrD;aoG;rdkif;rS pGef@ypfypPnf;rsm;ESifhajrpmrsm; awmifvdkyHkI csJ@xGifvmae+yD; &GmopfESifh eD;vmaoma=umifh &Gmopfonfvnf; =um&SnfrcHbJ xyfrHa&$@ajymif;&zG,f &Sdaeygonf?

usaemfwdk@ ajymif;a&$@aewkef;u wcsKd@ trsKd;orD;awG idk&vGef;vdk@ arharsmukef=uw,f? ajymif;a&$@+yD;awmhvaygif;tawmf=umawmh vlawGvnf; awGa0pdwf"mwfusukef=uw,f? olwdk@hajrawGvnf; qHk;+yD?bmqufvkyf&rSef;vnf; rodawmhbl;?(awG@qkHar;jrefjcif;trSwf-2)

30


31/56

'wcgawm 'ae&mu a&@om;&wmxupm&i usaem aoyJ aovku awmr,?'Dwcgawmh 'Dae&mu a&$@oGm;&wmxufpm&if usaemf aoyJ aovdkuf awmhr,f?tJ'Dwkef;u rdk;&moDaygh? usaemfwdk@ u olwdk@udk arwWm&yfcHw,f? ajymif;a&$@&r,fh tpDtpOfudk aemufqkwfay;zd k@? 'gayr,fh olwdk @u usaemfwdk@tqdkywmudk y,fcsw,f? ukr%Dajymwmu tckpDrHudef;udk csufcsif;taumiftxnfazmf&r,f? usaemfwdk@ a&$@&r,faygh? ajymif;a&$@tajccspOfumvrSm usaemfwdk@tcuftcJ jy\

emawG trsm;}uD; }uHK&w,f? rdk;&GmxJrSmyJ usaemfwdk@tdrfudk zsuf&w,f? vrf;awGuvnf; AGufxaeawmhusaemfwdk@ypPnf;awG wae&muae wae&mudk a&$@&ifodyfcufw,f? olwdk@ay;wJh avsmfa=u;u tdrfwtdrfudktrsm;qHk; 150000 usyf (tar&duefa':vm 150) yJ? i,fwJhtdrfqdk&if&wmydkenf;w,f? tJ'DaiGuae&mopfudk a&$@zdk@ c&D;p&dwfeJ@awmifravmufbl;? rdk;&moDxJrSm usaemfwdk@udk twif;tusyf a&$@cdkif;awmhusaemfwdk@vnf; tdrfopfawG jyefraqmufEd kif=ubl;? wJavmufaqmuf +yD; tJonfwJrSmyJ ae=u&w,f?ukr`%Duawmh aq;cef;/ pmoifausmif;eJ@ pm=unfhwdkuf aqmufay;r,fvdk@ uwday;w,f? 'gayr,fhtJonfuwdawGu tcktcsdeftxdawmh jzpfrvmao;bl;? olwdk@u a&wGif;wl;ay;r,fajymw,f? 'gayr,fhvkyfay;wmu t&ifa&wGif;a[mif;udk jyefjyifay;&HkyJ? wcsKd@ajymwmuawmh usaemfhwdk@ ae&mxyfa&$@&OD;r,f

ajymw,f? 'gayr,f h 'Dwcgawmh 'Dae&mu a&$@oGm;&wmxufpm&ifusaemfaoyJ aovdkufawmhr,f?(awG@qkHar;jrefjcif;trSwf-4)

vkicg;aus;&mvdkifcg;aus;&Gm2003 ckESpfwGif vlOD;a& 200 cef@&Sdonfh vdkifcg;aus;&Gmonfvnf; wDuspf ausmufrD;aoG;rdkif; xkwfvkyfonfhukr%DrS a&$@ajymif;cdkif;jcif; cH&ygonf? Tukr%Drsm;u &Gmom;rsm;udk ajymif;a&$@a&;twGuf rnfonfhtaxmuftyHhrS axmufyHhay;jcif; ryyg? teD;tem; aus;&Gmrsm;jzpfonfh wDuspf/ jyifomaus;&Gmvlxkrsm;ua&$@ajymif;&ef cdkif;apcH&onfh vdkifcg;aus;&GmrS vlxkrsm;udk wDuspfaus;&Gm.f bkef;}uD;ausmif;teD;wGif ae&mcsay;

ulnD=uygonf? wDuspfESifh om,mukef;aus;&Gm vlxkrsm;rS ydkifaomajr,mrsm;udk a'ocHtm%mydkifrsm;uodrf;,l=u+yD; vdkifcg;aus;&Gm om;rsm;udk ae&mcsay;jcif;jzpfonf?

ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;rsm;a=umifh wDuspfaus;&Gm epfjrKyf&awmhrnf jzpfaejcif;wDuspfaus;&Gm&Sd ausmufrD;aoG;odkufudk rlvu tm%myd kifrsm; wdkif;wmpOfu wDuspfaus;&Gm. w0ufcef@yg0ifaeygonf? odk@aomfvnf; wDuspfaus;&GmrS bkef;awmf}uD;u ta&S@ydkif;wdkif; ppfXmecsKyf (&wc) &Sd tm%mydkifrsm;odk@arwWm &yfcHonfhtwGuf wDuspfaus;&Gmudkrl rajymif;a&$@apcJhyg? odk@aomfvnf; ,cktcg owWKwl;azmfaeonfh ae&mrSm &GmESifh 40 rDwmr#om a0;ygawmhonf? &Gmvlxkrsm;rSm avxknpfnrf;jcif;/ a&xknpfnrf;jcif;/toHqlnHjcif; '%frsm;udk ae@pOfESifhtr# cHpm;ae=u&um odk@twGufa=umifh r=umrDyif twif;tusyf ajymif;a&$@cH&zG,f &Sdaeygonf?

tnpta=u; pe@yprrsm;u wk;csJ@vmaejci;tnpfta=u; pGef@ypfr_rsm;u wdk;csJ@vmaejcif;ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;rS pGef@ypfypPnf;rsm; awmifvdkyHkvmum/ vlOD;a& (400) cef@ aexdkifaom om,mukef;aus;&GmteD;odk @ wjznf;jznf; eD;uyfvmaeygonf? pGef@ypfypPnf;rsm;rSm xkxnf}uD;rm; rsm;jym;vGef;+yD; ,cktcgawmifvdkyHkI &Gmxufyif jrifhrm;aeygonf? ("mwfyHkudk =unfhyg?) rdk;&moDwGif rdk;t}uD;tus,f &GmoGef;onfhtcgTpGef@ypfypPnf; tyHk}uD;uyusum &GmudkydEdkifonf h tEW&m,fvnf; &Sdaeygonf? a'ocHtm%mydkifrsm;u&Gmom;rsm;udk ESifxkwf&ef t&ifuwnf;u t}udrfaygif;rsm;pGm u;pm;cJhygonf? yxrwGif rdom;pk tenf;i,fudkom a&G@ajymif;&eftrdef @ xkwfcJhonf? odk@aomfvnf; aus;&Gmu nD!Gwfaeaoma=umifh a&$@ajymif;ay;&efjiif;qefcJh=uonf?

31


32/56

ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;rS pGef@ypfajrpmykH}uD;onf awmifydk@vaus;&Gm vlaetdrfrsm;xuf ydkjrifhrm;aejcif;/

vsyfppf"gwftm;xkwfpuf&kHudk om,mukef;&GmrSjrifawG@&ykH


33/56

v,f,majrrsm;ay:wGif vGrf;rdk;vmonfhausmufrD;aoG;owWKrdkif;rS ajrpmykH. teD;wGif pdkufcif;udka&yufjzef;ay;aeonfh a'ocHwpfOd;

ajrrsufESmjyiftyGifhpepfjzifh rdkif;wl;azmfrla=umifh wDuspf&Gm. v,f,majrrsm;ysufpD;&onfhykH


34/56

tck v#yfppfpuf&Hkwnfxm;wJh ae&muawmh t&ifwkef;u usaemfwdk@ wDuspf&Gmom;awG&J@ v,fajrae&mawGjzpfw,f/tJ'D ajrawGu pdkufysKd;a&;twGuf odyfaumif;w,f? wESpfvH k; &moDpm oD;ESHawGudk uufovdkpd kufysK d;vdk@&w,f? tck v#yfppfxkwfwJh puf&Hkudk tpdk;&u ydkifawmh olwdk@u usaemfwdk@ajrawGudkavsmfa=u;ray;bJ odrf;,l=uw,f? tck awmh vkyfpm;zdk@ bmajruGufrS r&Sdawmhbl;? usaemfhrdef;ru rdom;pkudkau|;Edkifatmifqdk+yD; ajrmufydkif;aps;u [if;oD;[if;&GufawG 0,f+yD;/ awmifydkif;aps;rSm jyefa&mif;ae&w,f?(awG@qkHar;jrefjcif;trSwf-3)

pdkufcif;.tpGef;wGif awG@&aom vsyfppf"gwftm;xkwfpuf&kH

ajror;,jci;ajrodrf;,ljcif;ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;ESifh v#yfppfxkwfpuf&Hkonf wDuspf/ awmifyd k@v/ jyifom/ vdkifcg;/ yifrSDukef; aus;&Gmrsm;rSpdkufysKd;ajr {u 200 ausmfudk odrf;,lum toHk;jyKae=uygonf? &Srf;&dk;re*g;ESifh a&$oHvGifukr%Drsm;u a'ocHtm%mydkifrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;I v,form;rsm;udk zdtm;ay; +cdrf;ajcmufum/ olwdk@. v,fajrrsm;udk aps;aygaygESifh0,f,lcJh=uygonf? tcsKd@v,fajrrsm;udk owWKwGif;0ef}uD;Xmeu ajAmifyif &,lcJh=uygonf? olwdk@. pdkufysKd;ajrrsm;r&Sd=uaoma=umifh/ v,form;rsm;rSm olwdk@. u|JEGm;rsm;udk a&mif;cs&um/ ,cktcg iwfrGwfae=u+yD jzpfygonf?

usaemfwdk@u t&if(5){uavmufyHkrSefpdkufw,f? ukr%DawG rvmcifwkef;u ESpfpOfqdkovdk v,fuxGufwJhqefpyg; tydk&Sdw,f? tpm;taomuftwGufqdk&if ylp&mrvdkbl;? qef&dwfodrf;+yD;wJh tcsdefrSmqdk&ifusaemfwdk@u tmvl;/ c&rf;csOfoD;/ tjcm;[if;oD;[if;&GufawG pdkufw,f? usaemfwdk@ ESpfpOfusyf300000avmuf0ifaiG (a':vm 300 cef@) &Sdw,f? olwdk@u usaemfwdk@udk avsmfa=u;ay;wmu w{u usyf30000yJ (a':vm 30 r#- &moDra&G;a&&&SdaomajruGuf) yJ? 'DavmufaiGenf;enf;eJ@ usaemfwdk@ bmoGm;vkyfvdk@&rSmvJ? tckawmh olwdk @u usaemfwdk@ajrawGudk ae@a&m nyg wl;ae=u+yD? usaemfhrSm ajr&Sdwmu 'Dae&mrSmyJ? wjcm;ae&mvnf; r&Sdbl;? tckawmh usaemfwkd@rSm bmrSpm;p&m r&Sdawmhbl;? aemufESpfqdk&ifusaemfhv,fvnf; pdkufEdkifawmhrSm r[kwfbl;? tckv,fajrawGqDu ESifxkwfwJh rdef@ olwdk@ay;xm; +yD;+yD?(awG@qkHar;jrefjcif;trSwf-4)

34


35/56

tcawm usaemwd@rm bmr pm;p&m r&dawmb;tckawmh usaemfwkd@rSm bmrS pm;p&m r&Sdawmhbl;ukr%Du usaemfwdk @ pdkufysKd;ajrawGudk ausmufrD;aoG;owWKwGif; pDrHudef;twGufodrf;,lawmh olwdk@uaus;&Gm tm%mydkifawGeJ@ aygif;vkyf=uw,f? olwdk@u &Gmom;awGudk twlpkcdkif;+yD;awmh vlwdkif;qDuvufrSwfxdk;ay;zdk @ awmif;qdkw,f? vlawGu olwdk@bmtwGufa=umifh vufrSwfxdk;ay;vdkuf&w,fqdkwm

rod=ubl;? vlwdkif;u vufrSwfxdk;+yD;wJhtcgrSmawmh tck&Gmom;awGydkifwJh ajrtm;vHk;[m ukr%DuydkifoGm;+yDajymw,f? ajrw{uudk usyf 20000 (tar&duefa':vm 20 cef@-rdk;&moDom a&&aomajruGuf) yJjyefavsmfay;r,fajymw,f? vlawGu tifrwefwkefv_yf=u+yD; wcsKd@qdk&if&ifbwfxk+yDidk,dk atmf[pf=uw,f?wcsKd@awGuawmh aiGu odyfenf;awmh bmrSvkyfvdk @r&bl;? r,lbl;vdk @ qHk;jzwf=uw,f? tm%mydkifawGuawmh aysmf=uw,f? olwdk@uawmifajymvdkufao;w,f? cifAsm;wdk@ ydkufqHr,l&ifusaemfwdk@u ajrawmiftvum; &ao;owJhAsm;? (awG@qkHar;jrefjcif;trSwf-4)

ajr,mrsm;twGuf rjzpfpavmuf avsmfa=u;aiGr#om ay;tyfaomfvnf;/ v,fajrrsm;rSm &dk;&mpOfvmt&

r#a0oHk;pGJae =uaoma=umifh &Gmom;rsm;rSm a0cGJr& jzpf=u&ygonf?

yxr olwdk@usaemfwdk@udk avsmfa=u;ay;wkef;u usaemfwdk@u bmvkyf&rSef; rodbl;? bma=umifhvJqdkawmhb,fajruGufu b,folydkifrSef; rod=ubl;? usaemfwdk@ ,Ofaus;r_rSmu usaemfwdk@u ajrawGudk uav;awGudk/ajr;awGudk cGJa0ay;xm;wm? usaemfwdk@rSm ajrb,favmufqdkwm tuef@towf&Sdwmr[kwfbl;? (awG@qkHar;jrefjcif;trSwf-9)

a'ocvxtwu tE&m,&dapaom v#ypppucg;ywu;a'ocHvlxktwGuf tEW&m,f&Sdapaom v#yfppfpufcg;ywfu;ausmufrD;aoG;owWKwGif;rS ukef=urf;rsm;udk v#yfppfxkwfpuf&Hkodk@ 15 rdkif &Snfvsm;aom c&D;udk cg;ywfu;pepfjzifhydkaqmifygonf? Tpufcg;ywfu; vnfywf&ef v#yfppf 6 uDvdkAdk@vf v$wfxm;ygonf? tu,fI u|J-EGm;rsm;a=umifh cg;ywfu; ysufpD;/ rvnfywfEdkif jzpfvmygu wd&dp>mefydkif&Sifudk ta&;,lrnf[k a=unmxm;onf?Txkwfjyefa=unmr_ ycJ honfhtcsdefrSpI a'ocHjynfolrsm;rSm olwdk@. tdrfarG;wd&dp>mefrsm;jzpfonfhu| JE Gm;rsm;ud k uGi f ;rsm;xJod k @v$wfIrausmif;&Jawmhyg? ausmufrD;aoG;rsm; o,faqmifonf h pufcg;ywfu;udk trd k;tkyf rd k;xm;

aomfvnf; pdkpGwfaeaom ajrrsm;o,faqmifonfh pufcg;ywfu;udkrltrdk;tkyfxm;jcif; r&Sdyg? v#yfppfv$wfxm;onfh pufcg;ywfu;onf&yf&Gmvrf;rwav#muf tyifoGm;ae+yD;/ uav;rsm;/ c&D;oGm;rsm;ESifhtdrfarG;wd&p>mefrsm;udk tEW&m,f&Sdapygonf?

35


36/56

w&m;Oya' pk;rk;a&; r[waom Oya'w&m;Oya' pdk;rdk;a&; r[kwfaom Oya'jrefrmEdkifiH owWKwGif; Oya' (1994) wGif owWKwGif; vkyfudkifaqmif&Gufolonf ajr,mydkifqdkifolxHrS pDrHudef;rpwifrDS cGifhycsuf &,l&rnf[k azmfjyxm;onf? odk@aomfvnf; wDuspfwGifrl Ttwdkif; aqmif&GufcJhjcif;r&Sdyg? aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;udk rnfodk@jzpfysufrnf[k vHk;0today;cJhjcif; r&Sdovdk/ rnfodk@ jzpfysufaeonfudkvnf;em;vnfoabm aygufEdkifjcif; r&Sd=uyg? xdk@tjyif tm%mydkifrsm;. +cdrf;ajcmufr_udkvnf; }uHKawG@ae=u&ygonf?

atmufazmfjyyg pmom;onf Oya' tcef; 5/ tydk'f 14 rS aumufE_wfxm;jcif; jzpfygonf?0ef}uD;Xme. tkyfcsKyfpDrHr_atmufwGif&Sdaom {&d,mY odk@r[kwf wGif;xGufowWK &if;jrpfodkuf r[kwfonfhae&m/ odk@r[kwf ausmufjrufausmrsm;wGif owWKwGif; wl;azmfxkwfvkyf&ef cGifhycsuf &&Sdxm;aomolonfpdkufysKd;xkwfvkyfa&;twGuf odk@r[kwf ydkifqdkifcGifh/ toHk;cscGifhESifh aexdkifcGifh cGifhycsuf odk@r[kwf tvm;wltcGifhta&;rsm; cHpm;&&Sd+yD;aom woD;yk*~v vlyk*~dKvfrsm;/ odk@r[kwf tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&GufI

odk@r[kwf oabmwlnDcsuf &+yD;rSom Tajrudk qufcH&,lcGifh/ odk@r[kwf v$Jajymif;vufcH,lcGifh &Sdonf?[k azmfjyxm;onf?45

wyifeufwnf;rSmyif 1996 ckESpf/ jrefrmEdkifiH owWKwGif;Oya't& owWKwGif;wl;azmfxkwfvkyfcGifh &&Sda&;twGuf obm0ywf0ef;usif umuG,fapmifha&Smufrnfhta&; tpDtpOfudk wifjy&rnf[k azmfjyxm;onf?TOya'. tcef; (p) wGif atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyxm;onf?

obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m Oya'udk rjyXmef;&ao;aomfvnf; t}uD;pm;owWKwGif; wl;azmfr_ pDrHudef;rsm;

tm;vHk;taeESifh obm0ywf0ef;usif xdcdkufr_qdkif&m tuJjzwfppfaq;r_(EIA)udk olwdk@. vkyfief;jzpfEdkifajcavhvmr_rsm;Y wpdwfwydkif;taeESifh xnfhoGif;aqmif&Guf&ef vdktyf+yD;/ EdkifiHjcm;ukr`%Drsm;taeESifhurBmhb%f. pHowfrSwfcsufrsm;jzpfap/ odk@r[kwf wdk @. EdkifiHwGif vufcHusifhoHk;aeaom pHowfrSwfcsufrsm;xuf redrfhaom taetxm;jzifhjzpfap vdkufemaqmif&Guf&ef vdktyfygonf?46

obm0ywf0ef;usif xdcdkufEdkifr_qdkif&m ppfaq;tuJjzwfcsufudk vltrsm;od&SdEdkifatmif rxkwfjyefaoma=umifhwDuspf ausmufrD;aoG;owWKwGif;vkyfief;twGuf obm0ywf0ef;usifudk rnfodk@ umuG,fwm;qD;&rnf[lonfhtpDtpOfudk owWKwGif;0ef}uD;Xmeodk@ wifjyrnf- rwifjyrnfudk od&SdEdkif&ef ta=umif; r&Sdyg?

ajr,mrsm;wi pkuysK;&e jy\emjzpvmjci;ajr,mrsm;wGif pdkufysKd;&ef jy\emjzpfvmjcif;ausmufrD;aoG;owWKwGif;wGif ajrrsufESmjyiftyGifh wl;azmfxkwf,ljcif; enf;pepfudk toHk;yaoma=umifhpuf,EW,m;}uD;rsm;jzifh pdkufysKd;ajrrsm;udk (24)em&D umvywfvHk; zsufqD;ypfouJhodk@ &Sdaeygonf? ukr%Drsm;uausmufrD;aoG;udk ajratmuf Orifpepfjzifhvnf; xkwfvkyfaeaoma=umifh aemifw&m;aus;&GmwGif vufzufcif;rsm;atmufrS wl;azmfxkwfvkyfae=uygonf? olwdk@u (4)ayywfvnf usif;rsm;udk ajratmufwGif wl;I ausmufrD;aoG;

xkwf,laeaoma=umifh aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;rSm ajryusrnfh ta&;udk pdk;&drfae=u&ygonf?

36


37/56

v,fuGif;teD;wGifykHxm;aomausmufrD;aoG;

wl;azmuf&&Sdonfh ausmufrD;aoG;rsm;udk wGif;ab;ESifh v,fajruGufrsm;ay:wGif puf&Hkodk@ rydk@aqmifrDY jzpfovdkyHkxm;=uygonf? ausmufrD;aoG;rsm;a=umifh ajrqD. t&nftaoG;udk ysufpD;ap+yD;/ ausmufrD;aoG;yHkrsm;uv,fuGif;rsm;wGif;odk @ a&pD;0ifr_udk ydwfqdk@aeapygonf? a&vrf;a=umif;rsm;teD;wGif tnpfta=u;a&rsm;ESifhjymrsm;/ pGef@ypfypPnf;rsm;ud k pkyHkxm;=uonfhtwGuf/ tnpfta=u;rsm; yg0ifaeonfha&u ajrqDudk zsufqD;

ypfygonf?

tckusaemfhv,fxJrSm ajrawG xGef,ufzdk@ odyfrmw,f? bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkawmh ukr%Du ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;rSxGufonfh a&awGudk wDuspfacsmif;xJ vJGxJvdk @ jzpf&w,f? rdk;&moDrSmawmh a&awGu v,fxJ 0ifvm+yD;/ausmufrD;aoG; tenfawG v,fxJwifusefcJ hw,f? tJovdk ausmufrD;aoG;tenfawGa=umif h ajrawGutifrwefrmvm+yD;/ xGuf,ufvdk@ rjzpfEdkifatmifjzpfvmw,f? (pyg;)txGufvnf; usqif;vmw,f?(awG@qkHar;jrefjcif;trSwf-7)

tvyvurJ rsm;jym;vmjci;tvkyfvufrJh rsm;jym;vmjcif;aus;&Gm (6)&Gm&Sd v,form;rsm;xHrS ajr,mrsm;udk odrf;qnf;&,lcJh+yD;aemuf olwd k@. toufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf tjcm;enf;vrf;rsm;udk &SmazG=u&ygonf? tcsKd@aom v,form;rsm;udk owWKwl;azmfr_ra&mufvmao;onfh odrf;,lxm;aom ajr,mrsm;ay:wGif qufI vkyfudkifcGifhay;aeqJ jzpfaomfvnf;/ [email protected]*wftwGuf pdk;&drfaomu jzpfae=u&ygonf?

ukr%Drsm;u TausmufrD;aoG;owWKwGif;a=umifh a'ocHjynfolrsm;udk tvkyftudkifrsm; zefwD;ay;rnf[k um;0gae=uygonf? odk@aomfvnf; pDrHudef;wckvHk;wGif vl 500 cef@udkom tvkyftudkif cef@xm;ae&mcsxm;Edkifjcif; &Sd+yD;/axmifESifhcsDaom v,form;rsm;rSm oufarG;0rf;ausmif;vkyfief;rsm; aysmufqHk;ukef&ygonf? ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;ESifh

v#yfppf"gwftm;xkwfpuf&Hk&Sd vkyfom;trsm;pkrSm a'ocHvlxkrsm; r[kwf=uyg? a'ocHtenf;pkonfom x&yfum;armif;olrsm;tjzpf vkyfudkifcGifh &=uygonf?

qufvuf&SifoefEdkif&eftwGuf rdom;pkrsm;u opfyifrsm;udk ckwfvSJI xif;tjzpf a&mif;pm;ae=u&ygonf? odk@twGufa=umifh usef&Sdaeao;onfh obm00ef;usifud k ydkI ysufpD;apygonf? trsKd;orD;rsm;u [if;oD;[if;&Gufa&mif;I tvkyftudkif 0ifaiG&&Sdap&ef u;pm;=uaomfvnf;/ i,f&G,fol vli,frsm;rSm tjcm;wyg; a'orsm;odk@a&$@ajymif;I tvkyftudkif &SmazGae=u&ygonf?

37


38/56

vuf&Sd&Gm;om;rsm;onf opfyifckwf+yD;xif;acGa&mif;=u&jcif;

a'ocHvlxkrsm;rSm aiG0ifvrf; usqif;vmonfhtwGufa=umifh uav;rsm;udk ausmif;xm;Edkifjcif;vnf; r&Sdawmhyg?olwdk@rdom;pkudk qufvufau|;arG;Edkifatmif uav;rsm;u rdbrsm;ESifhtwl tvkyfvkyfudkifae=u&ygonf?odk@r[kwfygu armifESrrsm;udk xdef;ausmif;ay;&jcif;/ tdrftvkyfrsm; ulnDvkyfudkifay;&jcif;rsm; aqmif&Gufae=u&ygonf?

ukr%Du usaemfwdk@&Gm (yifrSDukef; aus;&Gm) taemufzufrSm &SdaewJh pdkufysKd;ajrawGtm;vHk;udk odrf;,lvdkufw,f? 'gayr,fhvnf; &Gmom;awGudkawmh tJ'DajrawGay:rSm owWKwl;azmfr_ ra&mufvmciftxd tvkyfvkyfcGif h qufyxm;w,f? t&ift&m&Sdwkef;u b,f&Gmom;udkrS ajroHk;cGif h ay;wmr[kwfbl;? 'gayr,fht&m&Sdtopfuawmh ajr,mudk toHk;ycGifhay;w,f? olwdk@u ajrudk toHk;ycGifh ay;ayr,fhvnf; tcsdefra&G;jyefzsufqD;Edkifwma=umif h usaemfwd k@u ajr=oZmawG bmawGxnf h+yD; roHk;csif =ubl;? ajr=oZmrygawmhoD;ESHawGvnf; txGufusvmw,f? +yD;cJhwJhESpfu usaemfwdk@rSm qeftydktv#H t+rJ&SdaecJhw,f? usaemfwdk@wcgwavqdk&if qefudkaiGydkaiGv#H&zdk@ jyefawmifxkwfa&mif;Edkifao;w,f? aemufESpfqdk&ifawmh tJ'DajrrSmusaemfwdk@udk olwdk@quf+yD;vkyfudkifcGifh ay;awmhr,frxifbl;? tckawmh usaemfxif;ckwfa&mif;pm;ae&w,f?a&S@av#mufckwfp&m tyifawG r&Sdawmhbl;qdk&ifbmqufvkyf&rSef;awmifrodawmhygbl;?(awG@qkHar;jrefjcif;trSwf-9)

usaemfwdk@ &Gm&dk;wav#muf(om,mukef; aus;&Gm)rSm a&aumif;a&oef@eJ@ a&ay;ajrmif;pepfaumif;aumif;&SdcJhw,f? tckawmh toufarG;0rf;ausmif;r_ vkyfzdk@qdk&ifvnf; tckvkyfudkifp&m ajrqdkvdk@ r&Sdawmhbl;?tJ'gtjyif ausmufrD;aoG;rS ajrpmyHkawGu wjznf;jznf;pkvmvdkufwm &Gmem;udk eD;eD;vmaew,f?usaemfwkd@ bmqufvkyf&rSef;vnf; rodawmhbl;? usaemfwdk@ajrawGudkvnf; odrf;oGm;awmh usaemfwdk@bmrS qufvkyfpm;p&m rusefawmhbl;? udk,fhudk,fudk b,fvdkquf&yfwnf&rSef;vnf; rodawmhbl;? wae@

xufwae@ ausmufrD;aoG;owWKwGif;u xGufvmwJh ajrpmawGeJ@ usaemfwdk@ajr,may:rSm zdk@xm;awmhajr,mukefawmhr,f? usaemfu pdkufysKd;zdk@ajrudk b,frSm oGm;&Sm&rSef;vnf; rodawmhbl;? tm;vHk;ausmufrD;aoG; owWKwGif;u ajrawGeJ@ zdk@ukef+yD? usaemfvkyfp&m tvkyfwckyJ usefawmhw,f? awmifa&S@jcrf;rSmxif;ckwf+yD; a&mif;pm;&HkyJ? usaemfh&GmrSm wjcm;tvkyfvnf; r&Sdbl;? usaemfvnf; tvkyfr&Smwwfawmhbl;?(awG@qkHar;jrefjcif;trSwf-5)

38


39/56

avxnpnr;ra=umih use;rma&;uk xcduapjci;avxknpfnrf;r_a=umifh usef;rma&;udk xdckdufapjcif;wae@wmvHk; x&yfum;rsm;jzifh ausmufrD;aoG; ydk@aqmifaeonfhtwGufa=umifh rD;cdk;/ zkefr_ef@rsm; xGuf&Sdum a'ocH

jynfolrsm;twGuf avxknpfnrf;r_ cHpm;&apygonf? Tzkefr_ef@rsm;u a&t&if;tjrpfrsm; &Sd&mae&mrsm;/ tdrfrsm;/[if;oD;[if;&Gufcif;rsm;ay:wGif usI tenfxdkifapygonf? odk@twGufa=umifh vlwdk@. usef;rma&;twGufvnf;tEW&m,f &Sdaeygonf? awmifydk@vaus;&GmrS uav;rsm;onf wDuspf&GmwGif ausmif;wuf&eftwGuf ae@pOfESifhtr#owWKwl;azmfaeonfhae&mudk jzwfoef;oGm;ae&ygonf? olwdk@u zkefr_ef@awm}uD;udk jzwfoef;oGm;&+yD;/ rdk;&moDwGifAGufxaeaom vrf;a=umif;wav#muf jzwfoef;ausmif;wufae=u&ygonf?

ausmufrD;aoG;owWKwGif;rS xGuf&Sdvmaom ajrpmrsm;udk jyifomESifh awmifydk@v &GmESpfckt=um;/ puf&Hk.ta&S@zufwGif pGef@ypfxm;ygonf? xdk&GmxufjrifhaomajrpmyHk}uD;rS zkefr_ef@rsm;onf avESifhtwl &GmxJodk@

usa&mufvmojzifh &Gmom;rsm;twGuf usef;rma&;xdcd kufapygonf? v#yfppfpuf&kHwGif pkyH kxm;aomausmufrD;aoG;rsm;u wcgw&Htvdktav#muf xaygufuGJI qdk;&Gm;aom "mwfaiG@rsm; avxkxJ xkwfv$wfwwfygao;onf? xdk@tjyif ausmufrD;aoG;avmifpmoHk; "mwftm;ay;puf&HkrS jy'g;/ q,fvDeD,rf/ tmqif;epf ponfh"mwfrsm; avxJxkwfv$wfwwfa=umif;vnf; avhvm od&Sd&ygonf? T"mwfaiG@rsm;onf vlwdk@. usef ;rma&;ESifhobm0ywf0ef;usiftwGuf tvGefqdk;&Gm;pGm xdcdkufapygonf?

wcgwavrSm puf&kHem;u ausmufrD;aoG;awG odkavSmifxm;wJh ae&mrSm ausmufrD;aoG;awGu ol@bmomx+yD; rD;xavmifwwfw,f? tJovdk rD;avmif&if"mwfaiG@awG xGufvmwm tawmfteH@qdk;w,f? tJ'DteH@

awGu um;wm,mudk rD;avmifwmxufawmif teH@qdk;ao;w,f? teD;tem;u &GmawGud k tJ'DtaiG@awGu aveJ@o,fvm+yD; wcsKd@&GmawGqdk&ifaevdk@r&avmufatmif jzpf&w,f? tEW&m,fuif;r,fxifwJhae&m a&$@+yD;ae=u&w,f?(awG@qkHar;jrefjcif;trSwf-11)

+yD;cJhonfhESpfrSpI v#yfppfpuf&Hk teD;tem; w&Gm+yD;w&GmrS vlxkrsm;onf ta&jym;,m;,Hr_'%f cHpm;=u&ygonf? ,cktcgteD;tem;&Gmrsm;rS vlOD;a& 50 cef@onf ta&jym; ,m;,Hr_ jy\emcHpm;ae=u&ygonf? ("mwfyHkudk =unfhyg) odk@aomfvnf; TpDrHudef;udkvkyfudkifae=uonfh ukr%Drsm;taejzifh jynfolrsm;cHpm;ae&onfudkvSnfh =unfhjcif;/ ulnDay;jcif; r&Sdyg?

39


40/56

xdk@tjyif ausmufrD;aoG;owWKwGif;ESifh v#yfppfxkwfpuf&Hk teD;w0dkuf&Sd [if;oD;[if;&Guf pdkufcif;rsm;tay:ausmufrD;aoG;zkefr_ef@rsm; usa&mufzHk;tkyfvmonf? aumfzDxkyfrsm; ysufpD;&onfhtwGuf v,form;rsm;uukr%Dodk @ apm'u wufajymqdkonfhtcg/ ukr%Du v,form;ESifh ajymqdk&ef jrefrmppfwyfrS Adkvf}uD;wOD;udk

apv$wfcJhygonf? olu ydk;owfaq;awG [if;oD;[if;&GufawGtay: wifaeawmhvnf; aq;+yD; pm;=u&wmyJ?tJovdkyJ cifAsm;wdk@ aumfzD xkyfawGtay: ausmufrD;aoG; r_efawG wifaewm[mvnf; jy\em bmrS r&Sdygbl;[kajymqdkvmcJhonf?

ukr%Du iSm;&rf;xm;onfh usef;rma&;0efxrf; wOD;om &SdyHk&+yD;/ Toluom teD;tem; &yf&Gmrsm;twGufygwm0efxrf;aqmif&ygonf? odk@aomfvnf; aus;&GmvlxkwOD;u ajymqdk&mwGif T0efxrf;cef@tyfxm;jcif;rSmvnf;[efjyom jzpfonf[k qdkygonf?

'DrSm ppfwyfu usef;rma&;0efxrf; wa,mufyJ&Sdw,f? olu AdkvfrSL;vm;/ Adkvf}uD;vm; qdkwmawmhusr arhae+yD? wcgwavrSm olu &GmawGudkoGm;+yD; usef;rma&; vdkufppfaq;ay;w,f? ukr`%Du=unfhaumif;&HkjzpfatmifiSm;xm;wmyJ? wu,fawmh tJ'Dolu bmrS usef;rma&;ukor_awG vkyfay;wmr[kwfygbl;? olwdk@ ukr%DtwGufvuQ%mpHkatmifxm;&&Hkyg [k qdkcJhonf?(awG@qkHar;jref;jcif;-15)

ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;ESifh v#yfppfxkwfpuf&Hka=umifh usef;rma&;tay: a&&Snf xdcdkufoufa&mufr_ rsm;pGm&SdEdkif+yD;/vmrnfhESpf umvtenf;i,fwdkifatmif jy\ema&m*gvuQ%mrsm; azmfjyvdrfhOD;rnf r[kwfyg? odk@r[kwfaemifrsKd;qufwdkifrSvnf; jy\emrsm; jzpfay:vmEdkifygonf? TtpD&ifcHpm a&;om;&eftwGuf csOf;uyfcJhaomtpdk;&cef@ usef;rma&;0efxrf;url Ta'ocHrsm;. tajctaeudk azmfjyaqG;aEG;&ef olwdk@udk vkyfydkifcGifhray;xm;a=umif; ajymqdkygonf?

ausmur;ao;owKwi;Eih v#yppxwpu&kr tvyorm;rsm;. use;rma&; tajctaersm;ausmufrD;aoG;owWKwGif;ESifh v#yfppfxkwfpuf&HkrS tvkyform;rsm;. usef;rma&; tajctaersm;tvkyform;rsm;taeeSifh xdcdkuf'%f&m&r_ESifh usef;rma&;twGuf tmrcHpepfrsm; rcHpm;Edkif=uyg? tvkyform;rsm;uolwdk@. ESmacgif;ESifh yg;pyfrsm;udk tvkyfvkyfaepOf &dk;&dk;t0wfjzifhom ydwfqdk@ umqD ;=u&ygonf? touf&SL&cufcJaoma=umifh rwyfqifbJ xm;olrsm;vnf; &Sdygonf? olwdk@udk aoG;ppf&ef wvw}udrf vdktyf+yD;/ tu,fItvkyf orm;rsm;wGif tom;0g tonf;a&mifa&m*g awG@&Sdygu xdkolrsm;udk csufcsif; tvkyfzwfypfwwfygonf?ukr%Du aemufxyf tpm;xdk;0efxrf;wOD; xyfrHcef@tyfavh &Sdonf? ytdk0f;vli,frsm;tzGJ@u avhvmawG@&Sd&&mY2000 ckESpfrSpI ajryusr_a=umifhaomfvnf;aumif; vkyfief;cGifwGif rawmfwqr_ rsm;pGm&SdcJhygonf? z&mh+zdef;aus;&GmteD;rS tvkyform; (5)OD;ESifh aemifw&maus;&GmrS ta&S@zufrS vl(7)OD;rSm Todk@jzifh aoqHk;cJh&ygonf?

40


41/56

ausmur;ao;jymrersm;jzih a'ovr;uk ci;jci;ausmufrD;aoG;jymr_efrsm;jzifh a'ovrf;udk cif;jcif;vkyfief;pwif vnfywfpOf yxrESpfwGif v#yfppfxkwfpuf&HkY xGuf&Sdvmaom tqdyfoifhaponfh

jymr_efrsm;ESifh tnpfta=u; pGef@ypfypPnf;rsm;udk ausmufrD;aoG;rdkif;rS pGef@ypfxm;onfh tyHkrsm;ESifhtwl a&maESmyH kygonf? TpGef @ypfypPnf;rsm;rSm vlae&Gmrsm;ESi f h tawmfeD;uyfaeygonf?r=umao;cifESpfrsm;wGif Tjymr_efrsm;udk a'ocHvrf;rsm;ay:wGif cif;apygonf? ausmif;oGm;&onfhuav;rsm;/ vkyfief;cGifoGm;&onfh v,form;rsm;/ aps;oGm;&olrsm;rSm ae@pOfESif htr# Ttqdyfoifhjymr_ef@rsm;rS jy'g;/ cJ/ tmqif;epf"mwfrsm;ESifh xdawG@ae&ygonf? Tjymr_efrsm;rS tqdyf"mwfonf ajratmufa&udkyg tqdyfoifhapEdkifygonf? (ausmufrD;aoG;jymr_efrsm;ta=umif;udk =unfhyg?)

ausmur;ao;jymqdonrmtb,en;?ausmufrD;aoG;jymqdkonfrSmtb,fenf;?4747ausmufrD;aoG;jymr_ef@rsm;qdkonfrSm v#yfppfpuf&HkwGifausmufrD;aoG;udk avmifu|rf;aponfhtcg usef&pfaeonfh tnpfta=u;pGef@ypfypPnf; jzpfonf? Tjymr_ef@rsm;udk pkyHkI tyHkvdkufaomfvnf;aumif;/ odkavSmif&muefrsm;wGi faomfvnf;aumif; xnf h =uonf?TausmufrD;aoG; jymr_e f @rsm;wGi f tqdyfoif h"mwfuaeaom jy'g;"mwf/ cJ/ tmqif;epf"mwfrsm;yg0ifae=uonf? tyGif hxm;aom jymr_eftyHkrsm;

od k @r[kwf Tjymr_e frsm;ud k x&yfum;jzi f h y d k @aqmifjcif;a=umifh avxkxJodk@ zkefr_ef@rsm;tjzpfa&muf& S doGm;aponf? Tjymr_e fr sm;ud k vl.tqky ftwGi f ;od k @vnf; touf& SLr dE d ki fap+y D ; /yef;em&ifusyf a&m*g cHpm;&apEdkifonf? jymr_efrsm;wGifwnfaqmufxm;onfh "mwfuypPnf;rsm;onfa&ESifhvnf; xdawG@Edkif+yD;/ ajratmuf a&ausmrsm;ESifhausmufrD;aoG;wGif tnpfta=u;rsm; pkyH k&mESif heD;aom ae&mrsm;wGif aomufoHk;a& t&if;jrpfrsm;udktqdyfoifhapEdkifonf?

41


42/56

pu&Hrsm;. r;ck;ai@rsm;a=umih tuqprk;jzpay:apjci;puf&kHrsm;. rD;cdk;aiG@rsm;a=umifh tufqpfrdk;jzpfay:apjcif;4848tufqpfrdk; qdkonfrSm tmumorSaeI tufqpfypPnf;rsm;udk enf;vrf;rsKd;pHkjzifh usqif;vmr_udk azmfjyonfh+cKHiHk oHk;aom a0g[m& jzpfygonf? ausmufrD;aoG; avmifpmoHk; puf&Hkrsm;rS qmvzm'dkifatmufqdk'f (SO2)ESifh Edkufx&dk*sifatmufqdk'frsm; (NOX) udk xkwfv$wfygonf? T"mwfaiG@rsm;onf tufqpfrdk;&Gmap&eft"dujzpfapaom tmedoif &Sdonf? v#yfppfxkwfpuf&Hk rD;cdk;acgif;wdkifrS rD;cdk;rsm;ESifhtwl qmvzm'dkifatmufqdk'f(SO2) ESifh Edkufx&dk*sifatmufqdk'frsm; (NOX)rsm; xkwfv$wfvdkufonfhtcg T"mwfaiG @rsm;u tmumo&Sd

a&/ atmufqD*sif/ tjcm; "mwkypPnfrsm;ESifh xdawG@ "mwfy=uygonf? xdk@aemuf tufqpfj'yfaygif; trsKd;rsKd;udkjzpfapygonf? (yHkwGif azmfjyxm;onfud k =unf hyg?) T"mwfaygif;rsm;onf urBmajray:udk tufqpfrdk;tjzpfjyef&Gmvmonfhtcg Tj'yfaygif;rsm;u a&uefrsm;ESifh acsmif;rsm;udkvnf; tufqpftjzpf ajymif;vJaponf?tyifrsm;ESifh opfawmrsm;udk ysufpD;aponf? vltrsm;. usef;rma&;udk txl;'kuQ jzpfaponf? rD;cdk;acgif;wdkifwGif(Scrubber) [k ac:onfh avxk npfnrf;r_ xdef;odrf;a&;ypPnf; wyfqifxm;ygu puf&HkrS qmvzm 'dkifatmufqdk'fxkwfv$wfr_ av#mhenf; usqif;aponf? odk@aomfvnf; wDuspf&Sd puf&HkwGif TypPnf;ud&d,m wyfqifxm;jcif;&Sd-r&Sdudk rod&yg?

42


43/56

rJarmrJarm(MaeMoh)ta&@awmitm&&d t}u;rm;qH; ausmur;ao;avmipmok; v#yppxwpu&r oice;pmta&S@awmiftm&S&Sd t}uD;rm;qHk; ausmufrD;aoG;avmifpmoHk; v#yfppfxkwfpuf&HkrS oifcef;pm4949xdkif;Ed kifiH ajrmufydkif;&S d rJarmh ausmufrD;aoG;avmifpmoHk; v#yfppfxkwfpuf&H krSm ta&S@awmiftm&Sa'owGiftrsKd;tpm;xJY t}uD;rm;qHk; puf&Hkwck jzpfonf? Tpuf&HktwGuf ausmufrD;aoG;udk ajray:tyGifh

owWKwl;azmfpepfjzif h xkwfvkyf+yD;/ puf&H ktwGuf wae@v#if wefcsdef 40000 axmufyHhay;&ygonf? puf&HkrSpkpkaygif;pGrf;tif 2625 r*~g0yf(MW)xkwfvkyfEdkifygonf?

rJarmh v#yfppfxkwfpuf&HkrS avxkxJodk@ ae@pOf qmvzm"mwfaiG@rsm; 1 6 wefudk xkwfv$wfaeygonf? Tpuf&Hkwnfaqmufr_ESifh ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;a=umifh vlaygif; 30000 ausmf ae&majymif;a&$@cJh=u&+yD;/ vlaxmifaygif;rsm;pGmrSm touf&SLvrf;a=umif;a&m*g cHpm;ae=u&ygonf? touf&SLvrf;a=umif;a&m*g/ tqkyfuifqm/aoG;tqdyfoifhjcif; ponfjzifh aus;&Gmvlxk 300 cef@ touf qHk;&_H;cJh&+yD; jzpfygonf? puf&HkESifh (7)rdkif ywf0ef;usifwGif aexdkif=uolrsm;rSm touf&SLvrf;a=umif;a&m*g cHpm;=u&+yD;/ ysKd@tHjcif;/ acgif;rl;acgif;udkufjcif;/

rsufapha,mif,rf;jcif;/ ESmyefa,mif,rf;jcif;rsm; cHpm;=u&ygonf?

v#yfppfxkwfpuf&HkrS ysHoef;aeonfh jymr_efrsm;ESifh tufqpfrdk; &GmoGef;jcif;a=umifh aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;. oD;ESHcif;rsm;udkvnf; tqdyfoifhapygonf? oD;ESHrsm; usKHvSDI aoqHk;apygonf? 2003 ckESpf atmufwdkbmvwGif EdkifiHawmfobm0&if;jrpfESifh obm00ef;usifqdkif&m rl0g'ESifh tpDtpOfrsm; csrSwfa&;&Hk; (State Natural Resources andEnvironmental Policy and Planning Office) rS avhvmawG@&Sd&mwGif a&xGuf&Sd&mae&mrsm;ESifh puf&HkteD;w0dkufYtmqif;epf/ c&dkrD,rf/ rif;*edpf"mwfrsm; tvGefjrifhrm;aeonfudk awG@&SdcJh&onf?

rJarmhaus;&Gmvlxkrsm;u tcuftcJaygif;rsm;pGm }uHKcJh&aomfvnf; olwdk@tcGifhta&;twGuf wdkufyGJ0ifcJh=uygonf?2004 ckESpf arvwGif xdkif;EdkifiH c&dkifw&m;&Hk;wcku ausmufrD;aoG;avmifpmoHk; v#yfppfpuf&Hka=umifh [email protected];ESHrsm; ysufpD;qHk;&_H;&r_twGuf aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;ud k tar&duefa':vm 142 500 ay;avsmf&ef qHk;jzwfcsufcsrSwfcJ hygonf? TqHk;jzwfcsufrSm qdk;&Gm;ysufpD;aponfh Tpuf&HkrS a'ocHjynfolrsm;. b0rsm;tay:tEW&m,fusa&mufEdkifyHkudk tenf;i,f todtrSwfyr_yif jzpfygawmhonf? odk@aomfvnf; ysufpD;cJh&aom b0rsm;/toufaoqHk;cJh&olrsm;udkrl jyefI tpm;xdk;ay;Edkifp&m r&Sdawmhyg?

tpydkif;rSmawmh bmrS rjzpfbl; xifcJh=uw,f?'gayr,fh ESpftenf;i,f=umvmawmh &Gmom;awGrSm vnfacsmif;uifqm jzpfvm=uw,f?u|JEGm;awGrSmawmifrS wcsKd@ jrufawGpm;+yD;aoqHk;oGm;wm jrifawG@&w,f? wcgwavtufqpfrdk;&Gm+yD; usrwdk@&J @ pdkufxm;wJh oD;ESHawGudk zsufqD;ypfw,f? rJarmh vkyfief;cGifusef;rma&;qdkif&m vlemrsm;uGef&[email protected];a&;rSL; rmvd0rf emhcsf0d&Gwf(MaliwanNajwirot)

rJarmhwGif touf&_vrf;a=umif;a&m*g cHpm;ae&aom vlemwpfOD;

Image: Greenpeace

43


44/56

obm0r[kwfbJ ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;rS pGef@ypfajrpmykH}uD;. zefwD;xm;aoma&uef

a&npnr;jci;Eih a&&m;yg;vmjci;a&npfnrf;jcif;ESifh a&&Sm;yg;vmjcif;ausmufrD;aoG;owWKwGif;rS pkyH kvmonfh ajrpmrsm;a=umifh awmif}uD;rsm;ozG,f jrifhwufvmaeonf?xdkajrpmrsm;u a&pD;qif;r_ud kvnf; t[ef@twm; jzpfvmaponf? rdk;&moDwGif pD;qif;vmonfh a&rsm;u

TajrpmyHk}uD;rsm; aemufwGif ydwfrdae=u+yD; a&uef}uD;rsm; jzpfvmonf? a&rsm;u pkyHkxm;onfh ajrpmrsm;ESifhpuf&HktwGif; odkavSmifxm;onfh ausmufrD;aoG;yHkrsm;udk jzwfI wdkufpm;um pD;qif;=ujyefonf? Todk@ESifhwDuspfacsmif;xJodk@ tnpfta=u;rsm; ydk@v$wfonfhES,f &Sdvmawmhonf? ajrpmyHk}uD;rsm; aemufuG,fwGif&Sdae=uonfh pdkufysKd;ajrrsm;rSmvnf; ESpfpOfqdkovdk npfax;aeonfh a&rsm;v$rf;cH=u&onf?

v#yfppf"mwftm;xkwfpuf&HkrS vGifhvmonfh tqdyfoifhjymr_efrsm;vnf; ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;rS pGef@ypfypPnf;yH k}uD;rsm;tay: odk@r[kwf a'owGif;vrf;rsm;ay: usa&mufonf? a'owGif; a&wGif; a&uefrsm;xJodk@usa&mufpD;0if=uonf? jymr_eftcsKd@u tif;av;uefxJodk@yif aemufqHk; pD;0ifvm=uonf?

ausmufrD;aoG;wGif; eufonfxuf eufatmif wl;vmonfESifhtr# ajratmuf a&a=umrsm;udk xdrdojzifhausmufrD;aoG;owWKwGif; twGif;wGif a&rsm;v#HxGufvm=uonf? Ta&rsm;udk pufrsm;jzif h pkyf,lIwDuspfacsmif;xJodk@ ydk@v$wf=ujyefonf? Todk@jzifh wDuspfacsmif;a&onf ajrpmykHrsm;/ tnpfta=u;rsm;rSwdkufpm;pD;qif;vmaoma&rsm;/ ausmufrD;aoG;jymr_efrsm;jzifh/ owWKwGif;rsm;rS pkyfxkwfI oGefvmaoma&rsm;jzifh t+rJwrf; npfax; aemufusdaeawmhonf? ,cifu acsmif;a&udk a&csKd;&ef oHk;pGJEdkif=uaomfvnf;/,cktcg toHk;ryEdkif=uawmhay? odk@aomfvnf; Todk @ npfnrf;aeaom a&rsm;udkyif pdkufysKd;a&;vkyfief;wGifoHk;pGJae=u&ao;onf jzpf&m/ oD;ESHrsm;wGifvnf; tqdyftawmufrsm; oifh&ef ta=umif;&Sdaeawmhonf?44


45/56

ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;rS a&xGufvmojzifh a'ocHtokH;jyKaeonfh obm0a&uef}uD;crf;ajcmuf&onfhykH

a'owGif; acsmif;rsm;wGif owWKwGif;rS pGef@xkwfonfh tnpfta=u;rsm; jrifhrm;pGm tenfusae&m/ v,f,mpdkufysKd;ajrrsm;rSmvnf; tvGefrmausmvmonf? xdk@tjyif Tajr,mrsm;rS oD;ESHxkwfvkyfEdkifpGrf;vnf; usqif;vmonf[k&Gmom;rsm;u ajymqdk=uonf?

ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;xJrSm a&awG xGufvmawmh/ jyKef;wef&Gmbkef;}uD;ausmif;aemufu a&uef crf;oGm;w,f? tJ'D a&uef&J @ a&ausmu ausmufrD;aoG;wGif; wl;wJhae&meJ @ a&ausmwckwnf;qdkwm usaemfwdk@rod=ubl;? wDuspf&GmxJu t0DpdwGif;awGvnf; a&crf;oGm;=uw,f? wDuspfbkef;}uD;ausmif; q&mawmfu&Gmv,f&Sda&uefudk awmifay:u prf;a&eJ@ jyefjznfhawmhrSyJ usaemfwdk@ a&oHk;zdk@&awmhw,f? (awG@qkHar;jref;jcif;-6)

wDuspfausmufrD;aoG;wGif;onf tif;av;uef. a&a0a&vJ a'otwGif;wGif wnf&Sdygonf? wDuspfacsmif;ESifh

bDvl;acsmif;wdk@rSwqifh vltrsm; ravhvm rod&SdEdkifaom/ xdef;csKyfr_ ryEdkifaom tenfrsm; pD;0ifv#uf&Sdonf? r=umao;rDu tif;av;ueftwGif; a&jyifusqif;oGm;cJ h&m Todk@ tenfusr_rsm;a=umifh yd kIap;jypfvm&ef ta=umif; &Sdaeonf?odk@twGufa=umifh wDuspfausmufrD;aoG;owWKwGif; a*[aA'pepf wckvHk;usef;rm&Sifoefa&;udk +cdrf;ajcmufaev#uf &Sd+yD;/ tif;av;uefxJ&Sd obm0rsKd;pdwfrsm; &Sifoefa&;tay:wGifvnf;+cdrf;ajcmuf tEW&m,f ay;aeonf?

bDvl;acsmif;twGif; pD;qif;vmonfh ausmufrD;aoG; tenfESpfrsm;ESifh tnpfta=u;rsm;onf rdk;+AJqnf aemufYvnf; pkyHkvmrnf? TqnfrS atmufzuf&S d rdk;+AJESifh vdGKifaumfr@rsm;odk @ a&ydk@v$wfay;aeonf? bDvl;acsmif;

txufydkif;wGifvnf; 29 r*~g0yf xkwfEdkifonfh a&umwmwck wnfaqmufxm;&m wDuspfowWKwGif;rStenftESpfrsm;/ tnpfta=u;rsm; pkyHkrdvmaprnf jzpfonf? xdk@aemuf a&v$ JwHcg; zGifhonfhtcg a&rsm;uatmuft&yfodk@ qufI qif;oGm;=urnf jzpfonf?


46/56

toqlnrrsm;toHqlnHr_rsm;ae@pOfESifhtr# ae@a&mnyg ausmufrD;aoG; wl;azmfxkwfvkyf&m owWKwGif;rS qlnHoHrsm;a=umifh uav;rsm;a&m/ouf}uD;&G,ftdkrsm;yg txl;taESmuft,Suf jzpf=u&onf? owWKwGif;ae&mrS azmufcGJonfh toHrsm;/ v#yfppf

puf&HkrS toHrsm;onf ausmif;om;rsm;udk taESmifht,Suf jzpfap+yD;/ toHa=umifh ausmif;pmavhvmr_udkvnf;ajzmifhatmif tm&HkrpdkufEdkif=uawmhay?

v#yfppfxkwfpuf&HkqDu toHawGu na&mufvmavav/ ydk+yD;us,favmifvmavavyJ? vlawGvdkyJ/usaemfxifwmuawmh EGm;awG/ u|JawGawmif rtdyfEdkif=ubl;? olwdk@nawGrSmqdk&if xl;xl;jcm;jcm;toHyaewmawG &Sdw,f? v#yfppf"mwftm;ay;puf&Hk raqmufcifwkef;u tJonfvdk xl;xl;qef;qef;toHvkyfwmawG r&Sd=ubl;? (awG@qkHar;jref;jcif;-2)

ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;wGif azmufcGJr_a=umifh jzpfvmonfh wkefcgr_rsm;onf aus;&Gm&Sd tdrfrsm;/ ausmif;rsm;/taqmuftOD;ESifh apwDrsm;udkyg tufuGJaponf? aygufuGJonfhae&mrS vGifhpifvmaom ausmufwHk;rsm;/ausmufprsm;a=umifhvnf; tdrfacgifrdk;rsm;wGif pumayguf jzpfaponf? vGifhusvmaom ausmufprsm;u&Gmom;rsm;udk xdrSef'%f&m &aponfvnf; &Sdonf?

,Oaus;r zsuqD;c&jci;rsm;,Ofaus;r_ zsufqD;cH&jcif;rsm;'Dbk&m;u usrrarG;cif uwnf;u 'DrSm &Sdaewm ausmufrD;aoG;wGif;rS aygufuGJr_rsm; t&Sdeft[kefa=umifhajr}uD;wkefv_yf+yD; wDuspfaus;&Gm&S d a&S;a[mif;apwDrSmtuf+yD; yuscJh&onf? Todk@ apwDyus ysufpD;r_a=umifhaus;&Gmvlxkrsm; a'goxGuf=u&onf? aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;ESifhukr%Dvkyfom;rsm;t=um; xdyfwdkuf&ifqdkifawG@r_udk a&Smif&Sm;Edkifap&ef/ wDuspfbkef;awmf}uD;ausmif;rS q&mawmfu Tjy\emud k =um;0ifaphpyf jzefajzay;cJh&onf? aemufydkif;wGifaus;&Gmvlxkrsm;u yusysufpD;oGm;onfh apwDrS tydkif;tprsm;

udk aumuf,l=u+yD;/ ,cif ae&ma[mif;wGif pkyHkxm;=uonf? Tae&mudk +cHcwfI xm;=uonf?

apwDvnf; yusa&m &Gmom;awGeJ@ ukr%Dvkyfom;awG=um;xJrSm &efjzpfawmhr,fh eD;yg; jzpfw,f? &Gmom;trsm;pku odyfpdwfqdk;w,f? tcsKd@qdk&if idkawmifidkw,f? usaemfwdk@u bk&m;rSm ESpfpOfyGJvrf;usif;yvmwm?vlawGvnf; trsm;}uD;eJ @ pnfpnfum;um;yJ? rdom;pk aqGrsKd;awG jyefqHkawG@=uwJh tcsdefaygh? tckawmhyGJvrf;usif;yp&m bk&m;apwDvnf; r&Sdawmhbl;? bkef;}uD;wyg;uawmh apwDudk jyefwnfvdk@ &Edkifygw,fvdk@ajymw,f? 'gayr,fh ajr}uD;u wckck wnfzdk@ rcdkifao;bl;? (awG@qkHar;jref;jcif;-10)

ukr%Du ajr}uD;rsm; rmI ydktajcusvmonfhtcg TapwDudk jyefvnfwnfaqmufay;rnf[k uwday;onf?odk@aomfvnf; ausmufrD;aoG;owWKwGif;rS t+rJwapvdkvdk azmufcGJaer_rsm; wkefv_yfr_rsm; quf&SdaeOD;rnf jzpf&m

ajr}uD;wnf+idrf&ef ta=umif; rnfodk@r# r&SdEdkifay? apwDudk jyefvnfwnfaqmufonf jzpfap/ rwnfaqmufonfjzpfap/

46


47/56

aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;u ,Hk=unfae=uonfrSm TpDrHudef;a=umifha'oewfrsm; 0d^mOfrsm;udk taESmuft,Suf jzpfap+yD;/wefjyef vufpm;acscH&rnf[k xifjrif,Hk=unfae=uonf?

bk&m;yysuf+y D ;wJ h tcgr Smawmh oHCmwyg;u &Gmat;csrf;om,ma&;eJ@ zG H@z;a&;aumifp D (&,u)u vlwa,mufa,mufaovdrfhr,fvdk@ tdyfrufw,f? odyfr=umcifrSmyJvlwa,mufaow,f? tckawmhtJ'DoHCmuyJtdyfruf xyfrufjyefw,f? vlESpfa,mufaovdrfhr,fvdk @? tvkyform;awGu anmifyif}uD;udk x&yfum;awGeJ@ qGJvSJzdk@ u;pm;jyefawmh

x&yfum;u ra&G@jyefbl;? 'gayr,fhvnf;olwdk@uanmifyifudk jyefpdkufay;awmh olwdk@ um;uvG,fvG,fululy J jye fa& G @vdk @&oGm;w,f?tckawmh anmifyifrSm arwaumifu ae+yD;anmifyifudkapmifhay;aew,f?(awG@qkHar;jref;jcif;-10)


48/56

jynorsm; xwazmajymqdkonhtcg prue;rsm; &yqdi=u&on?jynfolrsm; xkwfazmfajymqdkonfhtcg pDrHudef;rsm; &yfqdkif=u&onf?2000 ckESpf arvwGif a&$}wd*H a&tm;v#yfppfpGrf;tif yk*~vduukr`%D vDrdwufu 12 r*~g0yfxkwfEdkifaomausmufrD;aoG; avmifpmoHk; a&aEG;aiG@ v#yfppfpuf&Hkw&Hkudk wmcsDvdwfr@. ajrmufzuf xdkif;EdkifiHESifh e,fpyfuyfv#uf&Srf;jynfe,fxJwGif wnfaqmufcJhonf? xdkif;EdkifiHzufjcrf;ae jynfolrsm;u Tv#yfppfpuf&Hka=umifh jzpfvmrnfhywf0ef;usif npfnrf;r_rsm;udk txl;pdk;&drf=u+yD;/ olwdk@. &yf&Gmudk umuG,f&ef tzGJ @wck zGJ@pnf;cJh=uonf?puf&Hkwnfaqmuf&ef ypPnf;ud&d,mrsm; o,faqmifvmonfh x&yfum;rsm;udk olwdk@pk&Hk;wm;qD;=uonf?tpdk;&xH pma&;uef@uGuf=uonf? pDrHudef;udk qef@usifa=umif; ydkpwmrsm; uyf=uonf? Todk@ vltrsm;v_yf&Sm;r_a=umif h vltrsm;u ausmufrD;aoG;avmifpmoH k; v#yfppfpuf&Hk. qdk;usKd;rsm;ud k ydkrdkod&Sdvm=uonf? Todk@u;yrf;aqmif&Guf=u+yD; aemufqHk;wGif v#yfppfpuf&Hkudk 2001 ckESpf {+yDvwGif &yfqdkif;cJh&onf?

xdkif;EdkifiH O'Gef;XmeDwGif aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;u olwdk@&GmxJodk @ ydkwuf&SfowWKwGif; ukr%D0ifa&mufrvmap&ef [email protected];wGif qdkif;bkwfrsm;wifxm;=uyHk?

48


49/56

e*k;Eih t}ujyKcsursm;ed*Hk;ESifh t}uHjyKcsufrsm;tu,fI wDuspfausmufrD;aoG;wGif; pDrHudef;udk qufvufaqmif&Gufygu owWKwGif;ukd A[dky+yD; (5)rdkifywfvnfwGif aexdkifae=uonfh aus;&Gmvlxk 12000 ausmfESifh tvkyform;rsm;onf usef;rma&; jy\emESifh}uKHawG@&rnfjzpf+yD;/ xdkif;EdkifiH ajrmufydkif;&S d rJharmaus;&Gmvlxkrsm; cHpm;&ovdk touf&SL&cufcJonfh jy\emESifh &ifqdkif}uKHawG @&rnf jzpfayonf? aus;&Gmvlxkrsm;taejzifh olwdk @. &d k;&mpOfvm toufarG;0rf;ausmif;

vkyfief;rsm; qHk;&_H;=u&rnf jzpf+yD;/ ae@pOfESifhtr# pdkufysKd;ajrrsm; qHk;&_H;um qif;&JrGJaw=u&rnf jzpfonf? ae&mrSa&$@ajymif;um tajccs=u&rnf jzpfonf? ausmufrD;aoG;owWKwGif;a=umifh npfnrf;aeonfh a&rsm;onfbDvl;acsmif;twGif; pD;0ifoGm;um jrefrmEdkifiH. tzdk;rjzwf Edkifonfh tif;av;uefvnf; npfnrf;aprnf jzpfonf?odk@twGufa=umifh atmufazmfjyyg t}uHycsufrsm;udk vdkufemaqmif&Gufyg&ef wdkufwGef;vdkygonf?

pptpk;&Eih ur%Drsm; taejzippftpdk;&ESifh ukr%Drsm; taejzifh-(1) ausmufrD;aoG; owWKwGif;wl;azmfr_udk &yfqdkif;I usef;rma&;/ vlr_a&;ESifh obm0ywf0ef;usifqdkif&m &dkufcwf

oufa&mufr_rsm;udk jyefvnfppfaq;yg&ef?

(2) wDuspf ausmufrD;aoG; owWKwGif;ESifh tif;av;uef&Sd a&xknpfnrf;r_udk ppfaq;a&;twGuf obm0ywf0ef;usifu|rf;usifolrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufyg&ef?

(3) xdcdkufepfemcJh&aom rdom;pkrsm;udk vHkavmufonfh avsmfa=u;aiGESifh axmufyHhr_rsm; jyefay;yg&ef?

xk@tjyi a'oc &y&mvxrsm;taejzih-xdk@tjyif a'ocH &yf&Gmvlxkrsm;taejzifh-(1) rdrdudk,fwdkif wdwdusus em;rvnfbJESifh oifhavsmfonfh avsmfa=u;aiGrsm; r&&SdbJESifh pmcsKyfrsm; vufrSwf

a&;xdk;ay;jcif;udk a&Smif&Sm;yg&ef?(2) &yf&Gmvlxk. toufarG;0rf;ausmif;ESifh obm0ywf0ef;usif&if;jrpfrsm;udk xdcdkufysufpD;aponfh tusifhysuf

jcpm;r_rsm;ESifh acgif;yHkjzwf tjrwfxkwfr_rsm;udk uef@uGufqef@usif=uyg&ef wdkufwGef;tyfygonf?

49


50/56

usr;uk;usrf;udk;1Myanmar population hits over 59 mln in 2009 July 1, 2010,http://english.peopledaily.com.

cn/90001/90777/90851/7049436.html, accessed on 15 September 2010.2 Ibid.3 jynfoltrsm;pk usyf (100) wefrD; tm;udk;ae&qJ (rsKd;0if;aZmf) 14 pufwifbm 2010? acwfyif*sme,f? www.khitpyaing.org/index.php?route=detail&id=4464 accessed on 15 September 2010.4 Development in Myanmar Energy Sector, Energy Planning Department, Ministry of Energy,

Union of Myanmar, SEF-2, Ho Chi Minh City in Viet Nam, 22 October 2008 at http://www.adb.org/

Documents/Events/Mekong/Proceedings/SEF2-Annex6.4-Myanmar-Presentation.pdf, accessed on

June 28, 20105 More private companies cooperate with Myanmar govt in mineral extraction,http://news.

xinhuanet.com/english2010/business/2010-07/06/c_13385989_4.htm, accessed on August 27,

2010.6 Coal Sub-sector accessed on 23 September 2010 at http://www.energy.gov.mm/coalsubsector.htm7 Iron and steel industry being improved. NLM, pg.4, 22 March 2010.8Coal, the NEED project, http://www.need.org/needpdf/infobook_activities/SecInfo/CoalS.pdf

(accessed 28 July 2010)9 Coal power is the biggest culprit, WWF, http://wwf.panda.org/about_our_earth/aboutcc/cause/

coal/10 What is Coal? World Coal Institute http://www.worldcoal.org/coal/what-is-coal/ (accessed 28 July

2010)11 Country report: Progress of power development plans and transmission interconnection projects,

Myanmar, Greater Mekong sub-region, eighth of regional power trade coordination committee

(RPTCC-8), eighth meeting of focal group (FG-8), seventh meeting of planning working group

(PWG-7), Luang Prabang, Lao PDR, 25-27 November 2008.12Chinese corporation, local company to implement Mawlaik hydropower, Kalewa coal-fi red

thermal power plant projects, NLM, 28 May 2010, Electric power projects to improve publicliving status, NLM, 28 October 2010.13Future project (Gas/Coal), http://www.aseanenergy.org/energy_sector/electricity/myanmar/

future_electricity_projects.htm accessed on November 12, 2010. In June 2010 Norinco, a major

Chinese weapons producer, signed a cooperation agreement with Burmas regime for the Monywa

mining project just weeks after selling the dictatorship heavy military artillery. See rHk&Gm a=u;eDowWKwl;azmfa&;twGufw&kwf-jrefrm vufrSwfxdk;yGJ (odef;vif;), Myanmar Times (Burmese Version) at http://www.myanmar. mmtimes.com/2010/property/473/buss02.html, accessed on August 27, 2010 and

Norinco sold Burma arms pre-copper deal, Democratic Voice of Burma, 29 June 2010.14Improve Electricity for Yangon Industry at http://www.mmtimes.com/2010/news/515/n51501.

html, accessed on August 27, 2010.15The zones are Hlaing Tharyar, Shwe Pyi Thar and Shwe Lin Pan. Improve Electricity for Yangon

Industry at http://www.mmtimes.com/2010/news/515/n51501.html, accessed on August 27, 2010.16 Only when people rely on own strength will modern and developed nation emerge; achievements

of development projects will refl ect better inter-relationship among national people and contribute to

flourishing of Union Spirit, Senior General Than Shwe addresses Special Projects Implementation

Committee Meeting, NLM, 7 March 2010 at http://myanmargeneva.org/10nlm/mar/n100307.htm,

accessed on August 27, 2010.17Summary of Thailand power development plan 2010-2030, http://www.egat.co.th/thai/fi les/

Report%20PDP2010-Apr2010_English.pdf, accessed on August 27, 2010.18 Thai company signs Myanmar port deal, Agence France-Presse, 4 November 2010, Ital-Thai

project documents, and xm;0,f a&eufqdyfurf; pDrHudef;onf ta&S@ESifh taemufpD;yGm;a&; p=uFefY ta&;ygvmrnfjzpf&mw&kwf (z;armifarmif)? , The Myanmar post

50


51/56

19 An Industrial Project That Could Change Myanmar, New York Times, 26 November 2010.20 NLM, 7 March 2010 at http://myanmargeneva.org/10nlm/mar/n100307.htm, accessed on August

27, 2010. 4821tif;av;uefESifh rdkif (20) 0ef;usif pdrf;vef;pdkjynfa&; jrifuGif;rsm; Kyaymon News (The Mirror), 30 September 2010pg. 20.22 At Indein village, the Balu creek diverges into two creeks. The south branch of the creekfl ows

west of Paw Daw Oo Pagoda and the north branch of the creekfl ows near Ywama village into theLake.23 Only when people rely on strength will modern and developed nation emerge, New Light of

Myanmar (NLM), 7 March 2010, pg. 6.24tif;av;uefY urBmwGif rsKd;pdwfopf jzpfvmzG,f&Sdaom zm;oHk;rsKd; awG@&Sdxm; Weekly Eleven News Journal, Vol-3 No-51, pg. 9, 2008.25http://birding.sstmyanmar.com/inle-wetland-bird-sanctuary-ecotourism-asean-heritage-

sitemyanmar-and-southeast-asia26 tif;av;uefESif h rdkif (20) 0ef;usif pdrf;vef;pdkjynfa&; jrifuGif;rsm; Kyaymon News (The Mirror), pg. 11, 20,September 30, 2010.

27 &Srf;jynfe,fawmifydkif;wGif ig;pm;oHk;r_ jrifhwufum tif;av;uefa'orS ig;zrf;,l&&Sdr_ av#mhenf; http://www.news-eleven.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4495:2010-08-26-09-18-

43&catid=45:2009-11-10-07-45-41&Itemid=113eleven.com/index.php?option=com_content&vie

w=article&id=4495:2010-08-26-09-18-43&catid=45:2009-11-10-07-45-41&Itemid=113 accessed

on November 12, 2010.28 During the 65-year period from 1935 to 2000, the net open water area of Inle Lake decreased from

69.10 km to 46.69 km, a loss of 32.4%. Roy C. Sidle, Alan D. Ziegler and John B. Vogler (April

2007). Contemporary changes in open water surface area of Lake Inle, Myanmar. Sustainability

Science 2 (1): 5565. doi:10.1007/s11625-006-0020-7. ISSN 1862-4065. http://www.springerlink.

com/content/a2t64l5768505464/.29

Water surface area of Inlay Lake shrunk from 40 square miles to 27 in summer, Reported byNay Pyi Taw News Crew, Eleven Media Group, accessed on 16 September 2010 at http://eversion.

elevenmediagroup.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=674:water-surface-

area-of-inlaylake-shrunk-from-40-square-miles-to-27-in-summer&catid=43:biweekly-eleven-

eversion&Itemid-=11030 More Equipment arrives for Shan State coal mine, Myanmar Times, 4 May 2004 at http://www.

myanmar.gov.mm/myanmartimes/no211/MyanmarTimes11-211/012.htm, accessed on August

2010.31 Construction project of Tikyit coal-fi re power station inspected in Pinlaung, NLM, 20 July

2003, accessed on August 27, 2010 at http://mission.itu.ch/MISSIONS/Myanmar/03nlm/n030710.

htm,32 Ibid.33Tigyit coal-fi re power station that will fulfi ll the electricity needs, NLM, 16 Se