pol 3 - faculty of politics, psychology, sociology and international

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POLITICS, PSYCHOLOGY and SOCIOLOGY TRIPOS

PART II 2009-10

Pol 3 World Politics

Course Organiser

Glen Rangwala

Department of Politics & International Studies

17 Mill Lane

([email protected])

Lecturers

Andrew Gamble ([email protected])

Devon Curtis ([email protected])

Yu Liu ([email protected])

Glen Rangwala ([email protected])

Pieter van Houten ([email protected])

Additional supervisors

Ola Bello ([email protected])

Piotr Cieplak ([email protected])

Nick Godfrey ([email protected])

Carmen Kettley ([email protected])

James Mayall ([email protected])

Gareth Nellis ([email protected])

Evaleila Pesaran ([email protected])

Vsevolod Samokhvalov ([email protected])

Lindsay Scorgie ([email protected])

Jiyoung Song ([email protected])

Andy Swindells ([email protected])

Yu Tao ([email protected])

Helen Thompson ([email protected])

Robert Weatherley ([email protected])

(i) Introduction

This paper introduces students to central issues in contemporary international and comparative

politics, and lays the groundwork for advanced study in modern world politics. It aims to explore

the relationship between domestic and international politics; to demonstrate the value of detailed

knowledge of particular cases for appreciating theoretical perspectives, and vice versa; and to

give students a solid grounding in the evolution of world politics since 1945.

It comes in two sections. The first of those, taught in Michaelmas, looks at the modern state

through three themes: security, political economy and governance. This section is taught through

sixteen lectures, to take place in Michaelmas. Students are expected to have three supervisions,

and to write an essay for each.

The second section, taught in Lent, develops the understanding of these themes through looking

in detail at four cases: the Iranian revolution of 1979, the Tiananmen movement of China in

1989, the Rwandan genocide of 1994, and the EU Constitutional Treaty process of 2004-05.

Students opt to study two of these in detail, and are expected to write two essays for each of their

chosen options, and will receive supervisions for each essay. Students are expected to use and

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develop their understanding of the three themes introduced in Michaelmas in respect of these

cases.

(ii) Teaching

The lectures for this paper are organised as follows. All will be held in Seminar Room A, 17 Mill

Lane, except where indicated.

Andrew Gamble: Analysing the Modern State (Michaelmas, 16 lectures)

Glen Rangwala: The Iranian Revolution, 1979 (Lent, 4 lectures)

Yu Liu: The Tiananmen movement of China, 1989 (Lent, 4 lectures)

Devon Curtis: The Rwandan Genocide, 1994 (Lent, 4 lectures)

Pieter van Houten: The EU Constitutional Treaty, 2004-05 (Lent, 4 lectures)

The first section of the paper, on understanding the modern state, is to be taken by all students on

this paper. Students who have registered for this paper will be notified of their supervisor for this

section of the paper early on in Michaelmas term; if they do not know by the start of week 2,

they should contact the course organiser.

The second section of the paper requires students to choose two out of four options: the Iranian

revolution, the Tiananmen movement, the Rwanda genocide and the EU Constitutional Treaty.

Students must notify the Polis office (on [email protected]) by Tuesday 1st December

at the very latest which two of the four options they would like to do, and will be assigned their

supervisors by the start of Lent term. All four sets of lectures will take place in the first half of

Lent term, and the supervisions will be concentrated in weeks 3-8.

Students should expect to write essay in the range of 1,800-2,500 words for each of their

supervision essays.

(iii) Assessment

The paper is assessed by examination only. The examination paper in 2010 will contain at least

16 questions, divided into five sections (Analysing the Modern State, Iran, China, Rwanda and

the EU). Candidates are asked to answer three questions, taking each from a different section. A

mock examination paper, two past examination papers, and the examiners‟ reports for 2008 and

2009 are to be found at the end of this course guide.

(iv) Reading

The Faculty library does its best to acquire the books listed below, some in multiple copies.

College libraries have been encouraged to buy the key books on the reading lists. The University

Library will also have most of them. In addition, some items are available in the libraries of the

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Faculties of History and Law. Particular cases may require you to use the libraries of the Centre

of African Studies, the Faculty of Asian & Middle Eastern Studies and the Mill Lane library. As

there will always be a demand for books, students should make sure that they know how to use

the online Newton catalogue to search for items throughout the university libraries, using either

the universal catalogue or Departmental/College search in the standard catalogue.

Items marked [C] are available electronically on the CamTools server; information will be

circulated about this system at the Faculty library. Most of the items recommended from journals

are available online through the Ejournals facility of the University Library. These are marked

[OL] in the list below. Students should make sure that they are familiar with this facility,

accessed via: http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/ejournals_list/ . Those students who work from

computers which are in not in the cam domain (ie, that are not on the university network) in

particular should make sure that they have a Raven password to access these journals.

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Section I

Analysing the modern state (Professor Andrew Gamble)

The first part of the course explores some of the key concepts used to analyse the modern state

and world politics. The lectures tackle three key aspects of world politics – security, political

economy, and governance – and does so by addressing three key questions; order, power, and

legitimacy. The focus is on the problems and issues that matter in world politics, rather than on

the academic literature it has spawned. The aim is to help you reflect on some of the

characteristic dilemmas and recurring problems of world politics. It is important to get to know

some of the main theoretical approaches, such as realism in international relations or historical

institutionalism in comparative politics, but they should be treated as a means to improve your

understanding of actual political situations, including those you will encounter in the case

studies, rather than as ends in themselves.

Some basic knowledge of the historical development of the international state system and

international politics, particularly in the twentieth century is essential, and recommended for this

purpose are Eric Hobsbawm Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century 1914-1991, Peter

Calvocoressi World Politics 1945-2000, and Helen Thompson Might, Right, Prosperity and

Consent.

If you need to refresh your historical knowledge of the modern era, the earlier volumes by

Hobsbawm covering the nineteenth century back to the American and French Revolutions (Age

of Revolution 1749-1818, Age of Capital 1848-1875, Age of Empire 1875-1914), might also be

consulted.

Background Reading

Eric Hobsbawm, Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century 1914-1991 (London: Michael

Joseph 1994).

Michael Howard, The invention of peace and the reinvention of war (London: Profile 2002).

Robert Cox, Production, Power and World Order: Social Forces in the Making of History (New

York Columbia University Press 1987).

Giovanni Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century: Money, Power, and the origins of our Times

(London: Verso 1994).

David Coates, Models of Capitalism (Cambridge: Polity 2000).

Hedley Bull, The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics 2nd

Edition (London:

Macmillan 1995).

Peter Calvocoressi, World Politics 1945-2000 8th

Edition (London: Longman 2005).

Jon Pierre & Guy Peters Governance, Politics and the State (London: Palgrave-Macmillan 2000)

John Dunn, Setting the People Free: The Story of Democracy (London: Atlantic 2005).

Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (London: Allen & Unwin 1943).

Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism

Rev. Edition (London: Verso 2006).

Donald Sassoon, One Hundred Years of Socialism: The West European Left in the Twentieth

Century (London: Fontana 1997).

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Helen Thompson, Might, Right, Prosperity and Consent (Manchester: Manchester University

Press 2008).

Supervisions and Essays

In Michaelmas Term there will be three supervisions for which you are expected to write three

essays. Each supervision will focus on a key topic and you will be encouraged to draw on

material from all three themes of the course - security, political economy, and governance. For

each topic you need to identify relevant arguments and counter-arguments, and to select

appropriate examples to illustrate them. The three topics are:

1. Is order possible in international affairs?

2. Are states less powerful than markets in determining what people get?

3. Can states deliver what citizens want?

Is order possible in international affairs?

This question focuses on the concept of order, and whether the basic condition of international

relations is one of anarchy, whether states can protect their citizens and provide security, and if

so by what means. It invites you to consider firstly different kinds of order which have been

established historically, and by what means (empire, hegemony, economic interdependence, the

balance of power, universal norms); and secondly why these orders break down, and why they

persist, as well as the challenges to them both from contingencies and major events, such as wars

and new security threats such as terrorism, and from long-term technological and economic

changes, such as climate change. The focus is on the way states respond to these challenges, and

their differing capacities to do so, based on their position within the international state system,

which includes dominant states like the United States, rising states like China, „rogue‟ states like

North Korea, and failing or failed states such as Somalia.

Are states less powerful than markets in determining what people get?

This question focuses on the concept of power, and specifically economic power, and how

different forms of economic relationships, such as capitalism, affect the distribution of resources

of all kinds between individuals, classes and states. It invites you to consider firstly different

forms of political economy which have been established historically, and how they create

different relationships between states and markets and particular patterns of inequality and

opportunity, such as the division of the world into rich and poor nations, and property owning

and propertyless classes; and secondly how political economies are sustained by political,

ideological and cultural means, and why they occasionally break down, and the political

challenges and political conflicts which result both from contingencies and major events, such as

the breakdown of the Doha Round or the 2008 financial crash, as well as from long-run social

and economic change, such as the depletion of energy resources. The focus is on how states

respond, and the varying capacities of states and other agents to shape or control markets, for

example through policies on finance, trade, aid, and welfare.

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Can states deliver what citizens want?

This question focuses on the concept of legitimacy, and on how well governments provide the

things their citizens want (for example protection, prosperity, order, efficiency, belonging). It

invites you to consider firstly different forms of government and governance which have been

established historically, the different kinds of legitimacy they seek, how far they are responsive

and accountable, and what institutions and processes exist to ensure that they are; and secondly

how different forms of government and governance are sustained, and the conditions under

which they succeed and fail, and occasionally break down, and the political challenges and

conflicts which arise from contingencies and major events, such as revolutions and the results of

elections, as well as from long-run economic and social trends, such as population ageing and the

increasing complexity of modern societies, and the varying capacities of governments and

citizens to respond to them effectively.

LECTURES

Under each lecture there is a brief synopsis in the form of the main questions which it addresses.

The lectures are divided into three sections, reflecting the three themes of the course.

1 Introduction

The first lecture introduces the course, and discusses the three themes – security, political

economy and governance – and the three supervision topics: order, power and legitimacy.

Security

The security theme is concerned with the concept of order in the relations between states,

how it is created and sustained, and why it breaks down. For as long as the international state

system has existed the question of how order can be maintained and conflict minimised has been

central. One approach (broadly that of the realists which has a long pedigree stretching back to

Thucydides), has emphasised sovereignty, power and the pursuit of interests, and hence the

claims of states to exclusive jurisdiction over particular territories. A second approach, which has

its roots in Grotius and Kant, has stressed the reality of interdependence between states, the

development of international law, international conventions and international institutions which

have qualified the exercise of sovereignty.

2 War and Peace: the evolution of the international state system

What have been the main stages in the evolution of the international state system? Is

conflict inevitable in international politics? Has the end of the cold war produced a

period of liberal peace or liberal war? Does the rise of China and India signal a future

rebalancing of the international state system away from Europe and the United States?

Key readings are Michael Howard The invention of peace and the reinvention of war for

the concept of the international state system, the society of states, the balance of power, and the

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different stages through which the international state system has passed since the Treaty of

Westphalia in 1648. See also Josef Joffe The Future of the Great Powers and Helen Thompson

Might, Right, Prosperity and Consent. There are some classic texts in international relations with

which you should become acquainted. They include E.H. Carr‟s Twenty Year’s Crisis, in which

he attacked idealist accounts of international politics in the interwar years; Hans Morgenthau‟s

Politics Among Nations, one of the major statements of the early post-war realist perspective;

and Hedley Bull‟s The Anarchical Society, written in the 1970s, which addresses the question of

order in world politics, and imagines a number of scenarios in the way in which the international

system might develop. Three very insightful recent books on world politics and its changing

context since the end of the cold war are James Mayall World Politics: Progress and its limits;

Paul Hirst War and Power in the Twenty-First Century; and Fred Halliday Revolution and World

Politics, which discusses the capacity of political revolutions rather than established states

periodically to reshape world politics. Kees van der Pijl in Kees van der Pijl, Global Rivalries

from the cold war to Iraq looks at the way the international state system has evolved since the

end of the cold war and the emergence of new challenges to the dominance of the United States.

*Michael Howard, The Invention of Peace and the Reinvention of War (London: Profile Books

2002).

*Helen Thompson, Might, Right, Prosperity and Consent (Manchester: Manchester University

Press 2008).

*Hedley Bull, The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics 2nd

Edition (London:

Macmillan 1995).

*Kees van der Pijl, Global Rivalries from the cold war to Iraq (London: Pluto 2006).

Josef Joffe, The Future of the Great Powers (London: Phoenix 1998).

E.H. Carr, The Twenty Years Crisis 1919-1939 (London: Macmillan 1939).

Hans Morgenthau, Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace 6th

Edition (New

York: Knopf 1985).

Peter Calvocoressi, World Politics 1945-2000 8th

Edition (London: Longman 2005).

Fred Halliday, Revolution and World Politics (London: Macmillan 1999).

James Mayall, World Politics: Progress and its Limits (Cambridge: Polity 2000).

Paul Hirst, War and Power in the Twenty-First Century (Cambridge: Polity 2001).

Colin Gray, Another Bloody Century (London: Phoenix 2006).

John Baylis & Steve Smith, (eds) The Globalisation of World Politics 3rd

Edition (Oxford: OUP

2005).

3 Sovereignty and Interdependence

Are states sovereign, or is sovereignty always qualified? Does interdependence create

order or conflict? When do states co-operate and when do they fight? Is it true that

democracies do not fight one another? Is the EU a new kind of supranational state or an

intergovernmental association?

The complexity of interdependence in contemporary world politics and the growth of

ever more comprehensive sets of rules for governing international affairs are analysed by Robert

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Keohane and Joseph Nye in Power and Interdependence, and by Joseph Nye in The Paradox of

American Power. Some of the most stimulating writing on these matters is John Ruggie

Constructing the World Polity (especially chapters 2 on embedded liberalism and chapter 7 on

territoriality at the century‟s end). In the early 1990s, following the end of the cold war there was

a renewal of interest in the idea of liberal peace and the minimising of the role of states, power

and interests in international politics. See Michael Doyle Ways of War and Peace and also

Francis Fukuyama‟s The End of History and the Last Man. So too was the interest in the new

regionalism, of which the EU was the most developed example. See Ben Rosamond Theories of

European Integration. Mary Kaldor discusses the conditions for ending war in Global Civil

Society.

*Hedley Bull, The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics 2nd

Edition (London:

Macmillan 1995).

*Joseph Nye, The Paradox of American Power: why the world’s only superpower can’t go it

alone (Oxford: OUP 2002).

*Robert Keohane & Joseph Nye, Power and Interdependence 3rd

Edition (London: Longman

2001).

*Paul Hirst, War and Power in the Twenty-First Century (Cambridge: Polity 2001).

Michael Doyle, Ways of War and Peace (New York: Norton 1997).

Robert Keohane, After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the world political economy

(Princeton, N.J. Princeton University Press 1984).

Hans Morgenthau, Politics among Nations: The Struggle for Power and Peace 6th

Edition (New

York: Knopf 1985).

Ben Rosamond, Theories of European Integration (London: Palgrave-Macmillan 2000).

Mary Kaldor, Global Civil Society: An Answer to War (Cambridge: Polity 2003).



2005).

4 Hegemony and Empire

Is the role the United States plays in the international system that of an empire or a

hegemon? Does the international system require a hegemon to provide order and

prevent war? How dominant is the United States? How does it compare with earlier

hegemons?

The debate on whether the United States should be regarded as an empire or a hegemon

acquired added significance after the United States became so dominant following the collapse

of the Soviet Union. The debate on empire and hegemony draws on political economy

approaches discussed in the next section, by emphasising the important role of empire and

hegemony in providing order and rules for the international system. The question of American

empire is discussed, mostly critically, by Michael Mann, Incoherent Empire, Chalmers Johnson

The Sorrows of Empire, and Andrew Bacevich American Empire, and David Harvey The New

Imperialism. There is a very good review of the debate by David Rapkin in his 2005 article in

New Political Economy „Empire and its Discontents‟. An excellent new study of US power from

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a political economy perspective is Simon Bromley American Power and the Prospects for

International Order. A defence of American empire, and an exhortation that the Americans

should acknowledge that they are an empire, can be found in Niall Ferguson Colossus. Have a

look too at the neoconservative manifesto The Project for an American Century. It advocates US

primacy, but does not use the word empire. A powerful account of the different traditions in US

foreign policy is Walter Russell Mead Special Providence. See also his God and Gold. John

Ikenberry pinpoints the differences between empire and hegemony in the world system in his

2004 article in Review of International Studies „Liberalism and Empire‟. Two classic

explorations of the role of hegemony in the international order are Charles Kindleberger The

World in Depression 1929-1939, and Robert Cox, Production, Power and World Order. See also

Robert Gilpin Global Political Economy.

*David Rapkin „Empire and its Discontents‟, New Political Economy 10:3 (2005) 389-412. [OL]

*Chalmers Johnson The Sorrows of Empire (London: Verso 2006)

*John Ikenberry „Liberalism and Empire: Logics of Order in the American Unipolar Age‟,

Review of International Studies (2004) 30, 609-630. [OL]

*Simon Bromley, American Power and the Prospects for American Order (Cambridge; Polity

2008).

Michael Mann, Incoherent Empire (London: Verso 2003).

Leo Panitch and Colin Leys, (eds) The New Imperial Challenge Socialist Register 2004 (London,

Merlin 2003).

Andrew Bacevich, American Empire (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2004).

David Harvey, The New Imperialism (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2005).

The Project for an American Century www.newamericancentury.org [OL]

Niall Ferguson, Colossus (London: Allen Lane, 2004).

Walter Russell Mead, Special Providence: American Foreign Policy and how it Changed the

World (New York, Knopf 2001).

Walter Russell Mead, God and Gold: Britain, America and the Making of the Modern World

(London: Atlantic Books 2007).


York: Columbia University Press 1987).

Robert Gilpin, Global Political Economy: understanding the international economic

Order (Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press, 2001).

Charles Kindleberger, The world in depression: 1929-1939 (London: Allen Lane 1973).

John Ikenberry, After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint and the Re- building of order after

major wars (Princeton: Princeton University Press 2000)

5 New Security Challenges

How is security defined? Is there a new security agenda? What are the main security

challenges facing states? Is climate change a security issue?

There has been considerable debate about whether a new security agenda has emerged since the

end of the cold war, and whether new threats and challenges mean that many more issues are

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being „securitised‟, regarded as security issues. The idea of a new security agenda is discussed by

Barry Buzan, Ole Weaver and Jaap de Wilde in their book Security: a new framework for

analysis. Furio Cerutti in Global Challenges for Leviathan discusses how nuclear weapons and

now climate change have made traditional conceptions of security no longer relevant. The nature

of the challenges for which political solutions must be found are set out bleakly in Martin Rees

Our Final Century. On the politics of the environment there is a useful collection of readings in

John Dryzeck & David Schlosberg The Environmental Political Reader: Debating the Earth.

Another aspect of the new security agenda is the changing nature of war. Mary Kaldor discusses

this in New and Old Wars, and has popularised the notion of human security. See also Mark

Duffield Global Governance and the New Wars and Jeremy Black War and Disorder in the 21st

Century. Some of the wider implications of these changing notions of security are picked up in

Joseph Nye‟s book on Soft Power and by Robert Cooper in The Breaking of Nations.

*Barry Buzan, Ole Weaver, Jaap de Wilde, Security: A new framework for analysis (Lynne

Rienner 1997).

*Tony Giddens, The Politics of Climate Change (Cambridge: Polity 2009).

*Mark Duffield, Global Governance and the New Wars: The Merging of Development and

Security (London: Zed Books 2001).

*Robert Cooper, The Breaking of Nations: Order and Chaos in the Twentieth Century

2nd

Edition (London: Atlantic Books 2007).

Furio Cerutti, Global Challenges for Leviathan (Lanham, Rowman & Littlefield 2007)

John Dryzek & David Schlosberg (eds) The Environmental Political Reader: Debating the Earth

(Oxford: OUP 2005).

Joseph Nye, Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics (New York: Public Affairs

2005).

Mary Kaldor, New and Old Wars: Organised Violence in a Global Era (Cambridge: Polity

1999).

Jeremy Black, War and the New Disorder in the 21st Century (London: Continuum 2004).

Martin Rees, Our Final Century: Will the Human Race Survive the Twenty-First Century?

(London: Arrow Books 2004).



2005).

6 Managing Conflict

Why do states break down? When and how do ethnic tensions suddenly erupt into

violence and genocide? Can minorities be protected? Can multicultural societies be

stable? How can peace be restored after conflict? Are there institutions and

approaches, such as consociationalism, which are particularly suitable for containing

conflict in divided societies?

Niall Ferguson‟s book The War of the Worlds sets out the history of violence and conflict in the

twentieth century. The books by Kaldor and Duffield cited above are relevant to this topic.

Ethnicity is explored in the edited collection by Anthony Smith and John Hutchinson, Ethnicity.

The risks facing minorities is discussed by Ted Gurr in People versus States. The trend towards

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separatism in a number of established states (UK, Canada, Spain) is analysed by Michael

Keating in Nations against the State, and also by Robert Brubaker in Nationalism Reframed. The

treatment of native and aboriginal peoples is the subject of Robert Hughes The Fatal Shore and

Dee Brown Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee. Ethnic cleansing in Europe is explored in Norman

Naimark Fires of Hatred and Michael Mann The Dark Side of Democracy. The Terror in the

Soviet Union is the subject of Robert Conquest The Great Terror. The impact of famines and the

response to them in the nineteenth century are analysed in Mike Davis Late Victorian

Holocausts. Consociationalism is set out by Arend Lijphart in Democracy in Plural Societies.

See also John McGarry and Brendan O‟Leary „Consociational Theory, Northern Ireland‟s

conflict and its agreement‟ Government and Opposition 2006. For a critique of the

consociational model see Brian Barry „Political accommodation and consociational democracy‟

British Journal of Political Science 1979.

* Niall Ferguson, The War of the World: history’s age of hatred (London: Allen Lane 2006).

* Michael Mann, The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing (Cambridge: CUP

2005).

*Michael Keating, Nations Against the State: The New Politics of Nationalism in Quebec,

Catalonia and Scotland 2nd Edition (London: Palgrave-Macmillan 2001).

*John McGarry & Brendan O‟Leary, „Consociational theory, Northern Ireland‟s conflict, and its

agreement: what critics of consociation can learn from Northern Ireland‟, Government

and Opposition 41 (2), 2006, pp. 249-277. [OL]

*Brian Barry, „Political accommodation and consociational democracy‟ British Journal of

Political Science 5 (4), 1979, pp. 477-505. [OL]

Anthony Smith & John Hutchinson (eds) Ethnicity (Oxford: OUP 1996).

Ted Gurr, People versus States: Minorities at Risk in the New Century (Washington: US Institute

of Peace 2000).

Rogers Brubaker, Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New

Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1996).

Norman Naimark, Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth Century Europe (Cambridge,

Mass.: Harvard University Press 2001).

Robert Conquest, The Great Terror: A Re-Assessment (New York: Oxford University Press

1990).

Mike Davis, Late Victorian Holocausts: El Nino Famines and the Making of the Third World


Robert Hughes, The Fatal Shore (New York: Knopf 1987).

Dee Brown, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee: An Indian History of the American West (New

York: Vintage 1991).

Arendt Lijphart, Democracy in Plural Societies: A comparative exploration (New Haven: Yale

University Press 1977).

Political Economy

The political economy theme focuses on the concept of power, the politics of who gets what,

when and how, and the way in which economic relationships once established shape the

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constraints within which governments operate. It looks at the politics of the international

economy and the politics of national economies, and the interaction between them. It picks up

and develops some of the issues discussed under the security theme, but broadens the context to

include the economic dimension of politics and the impact this has on the way states are

organised, the purposes they pursue, and the choices they are able to make, both at national and

international level.

7. States and Markets

What are the main characteristics of capitalism? Is capitalism a national system or a

global system? Does the global economy have national and regional foundations? Is

the division between states and markets an artificial division? How much autonomy do

states have? Are states subordinate to markets?

In thinking about the stages of economic development in the international economy a good place

to start is Karl Polanyi‟s classic study of the liberal political economy revolution in the

nineteenth century The Great Transformation. Also valuable are Immanuel Wallerstein

Historical Capitalism, Helen Thompson Might, Right, Prosperity and Consent, Robert Cox

Production, Power and World Order, and Giovanni Arrighi The Long Twentieth Century. The

contemporary phase of the global economy is analysed by Andrew Glyn Capital Unleashed and

the financial crisis by Andrew Gamble The Spectre at the Feast. The vast literature on

globalisation can be sampled through David Held et al Global Transformations, the volume of

readings edited by Held et al The Global Transformations Reader and David Held and Anthony

McGrew Globalisation/Anti Globalisation. The case against globalisation is put by Paul Hirst

and Grahame Thompson in Globalisation in Question, and from a Marxist standpoint by Justin

Rosenberg „Globalisation in Question‟ International Affairs. On the relation between global

markets and national politics see Geoffrey Garrett „Global Markets and National Politics‟

International Organisation. Also worth reading on globalisation are Joseph Stiglitz

Globalisation and its Discontents, Jan-Aart Scholte Globalisation and Thomas Friedman The

World is Flat. See also readings under development.

*Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation (Boston: Beacon Press 1957).

*Helen Thompson, Might, Right, Prosperity and Consent (Manchester: Manchester University

Press 2008).

*Andrew Glyn, Capitalism Unleashed: Finance, Globalisation and Welfare (Oxford: Oxford


*Paul Hirst & Grahame Thompson, Globalisation in Question: the international economy and

the possibilities of governance 2nd

Edition (Cambridge: Polity 1996).

* David Held and Anthony McGrew, Globalisation/Anti Globalisation (Cambridge: Polity 2002)

*Andrew Gamble, The Spectre at the Feast: capitalist crisis and the politics of recession

(London: Palgrave-Macmillan 2009).

Immanuel Wallerstein, Historical Capitalism (London: Verso 1996).

Giovanni Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century: Money, Power, and the Origins of our Times


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Eric Hobsbawm, Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century 1914-1991 (London: Michael

Joseph 1994).


York Columbia University Press 1987).

Robert Gilpin, Global Political Economy: understanding the international economic order

(Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press, 2001).

Robert Cox, Approaches to World Order (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1996).

David Held et al, Global Transformations: politics, economics and culture (Cambridge: Polity

1999).

David Held & Anthony McGrew (eds) The Global Transformations Reader (Cambridge: Polity

2000).

Jan Aart Scholte, Globalisation: A Critical Introduction 2nd

Edition (London: Palgrave-

Macmillan 2005).

Justin Rosenberg, „Globalisation theory: a post-mortem‟ International Politics 42:2 (2000) 2-74.

[C]

Geoffrey Garrett „Global Markets and national politics‟, International Organization 52:4 (1998).

[OL]

Ian Clark, Globalisation and Fragmentation (Oxford: OUP 1997).

Joseph Stiglitz, Globalisation and its Discontents (London: Allen Lane 2002).

Thomas Friedman, The world is flat: a brief history of the globalized world in the twenty-first

century (London: Allen Lane 2005).

8 Models of Capitalism

Are there different models of capitalism or alternative models to capitalism, and if so

which are viable, or are all economies converging on the same model? Do different

models impose different political constraints?

A starting point for thinking about the different ways of organising economies is Charles

Lindblom Politics and Markets. For thinking in general about capitalism and socialism and the

demise of the latter see Joseph Schumpeter Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, in which he

predicted the downfall of capitalism, Eric Hobsbawm Age of Extremes, Fukuyama The End of

History and the Last Man, Meghnad Desai Marx’s Revenge, and Donald Sassoon‟s One

Hundred Years of Socialism. For detail on the problems of centrally planned economies see

Janos Kornai The Socialist System and Alec Nove The Economics of Feasible Socialism. For a

contemporary restatement of the Marxist critique of capitalism see Alex Callinicos An Anti-

Capitalist Manifesto and for the classic anti-socialist manifesto see F.A.Hayek The Road to

Serfdom. The debate on models of capitalism is covered in different ways by David Coates

Models of Capitalism, Peter Hall & David Soskice Varieties of Capitalism and Vivien Schmidt

The Futures of European Capitalism and Ronald Dore Stock Market Capitalism - Welfare

Capitalism: Japan and Germany versus the Anglo-Saxons.

*Charles Lindblom, Politics and Markets: the world’s political and economic systems (New

York: Basic Books 1977).

*Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (London: Allen & Unwin 1943).

14

*David Coates, Models of Capitalism (Cambridge: Polity 2000).

*Peter Hall & David Soskice (eds) Varieties of Capitalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press

2001).

*Vivien Schmidt, The Futures of European Capitalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).

Eric Hosbawm, Age of Extremes: The Short Twentieth Century 1914-1991 (London: Michael

Joseph 1994).

Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (London: Hamish Hamilton 1992).

Meghnad Desai, Marx’s Revenge: the resurgence of capitalism and the death of statist socialism


Donald Sassoon, One Hundred Years of Socialism: The West European Left in the Twentieth

Century (London: Fontana 1997).

Alex Callinicos An Anti-Capitalist Manifesto (Cambridge: Polity 2003).

F.A. Hayek, The Road to Serfdom (London: Routledge 1944).

Janos Kornai, The socialist system: the political economy of communism (Princeton N.J.,

Princeton University Press 1992).

Alec Nove, The Economics of Feasible Socialism (London: Allen & Unwin 1983).

Ronald Dore (ed) Convergence or Diversity? National Models of Production in a Global

Economy (New York: Cornell University Press 1995).

Ronald Dore, Stock Market Capitalism – Welfare Capitalism: Japan and German versus the

Anglo-Saxons (Oxford: OUP 2000).

9 Welfare

Why are there so many different kinds of welfare state? Can modern states choose not to

be welfare states? Can welfare states survive the pressures of international competition

and migration? Is welfare a luxury of rich nations?

A classic text which analyses different types of welfare state is Gosta Esping Andersen The

Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Chris Pierson and Francis Castles The Welfare State

Reader is a useful compendium of articles on the welfare state. The character and development

of the welfare state is analysed by Chris Pierson Beyond the Welfare State? and by Paul Pierson

The New Politics of the Welfare State. The impact of globalisation on the welfare state is covered

in Ngaire Woods The Political Economy of Globalisation and Geoffrey Garrett Partisan Politics

in the Global Economy. A major comparative analysis of economic performance and welfare

state is Harold Wilensky Rich Democracies. Questions of welfare beyond the rich nations are

discussed by Amartya Sen Development as Freedom and Thomas Pogge World Poverty and

Human Rights.

*Gøsta Esping-Andersen, The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism (Cambridge: Polity 1990).

*Chris Pierson & Francis Castles, (eds) The Welfare State Reader (Cambridge: Polity 2000).

*Chris Pierson, Beyond the Welfare State? The New Political economy of Welfare 3rd

Edition

(Cambridge: Polity 2006).

*Paul Pierson, The New Politics of the Welfare State (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2001).

15

Harold Wilensky, Rich Democracies: political economy, public policy and performance

(Berkeley: University of California Press 2002).

Ngaire Woods, The Political Economy of Globalisation (London: Palgrave-Macmillan 2000).

Geoffrey Garrett, Partisan Politics in the Global Economy (Cambridge: CUP 1998).

Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom (New York: Knopf 1999).

Thomas Pogge, World poverty and human rights: cosmopolitan responsibilities and reforms


10 Development

Why are there so many poor nations? Why has development been so unequal? Has

inequality been widening or narrowing? Who is to blame for underdevelopment? Why

have some non-western states, such as Japan, succeeded in developing while others

have failed? Are all states to some degree now development states? Do international

trade rules help or hinder development?

The nature of development is analysed by Tony Payne The Global Politics of Unequal

Development and by Adrian Leftwich States of Development and Philip McMichael

Development and Social Change. Debate on the causes of underdevelopment can be found in

Ray Bush Poverty and Neo-Liberalism, George Monbiot Age of Consent, Hernando de Soto The

Mystery of Capital, D.K. Fieldhouse The West and the Third World, and David Landes Wealth

and Poverty of Nations. The debate on the impact of globalisation on poverty and inequality, and

on prospects for economic development is covered in Martin Wolf Why globalisation works and

Jagdish Bhagwati In Defence of Globalisation, Ankie Hoogvelt Globalisation and the Post-

Colonial World, and Ha-Joon Chang Globalisation and the Economic Role of the State. The

merging of security and development is analysed by Mark Duffield Global Governance and the

new wars and Ray Kiely The new political economy of development. Amartya Sen‟s book

Development as Freedom is a classic text on the conditions for successful development which

promotes human welfare.

*Anthony Payne, The Global politics of Unequal Development (London: Palgrave-Macmillan

2005).

*Adrian Leftwich, States of Development (Cambridge: Polity 2000).

*Ha-Joon Chang, Globalisation and the Economic Role of the State (London: Zed Books 2003).

*Ray Kiely, The New Political Economy of Development (London: Palgrave-Macmillan 2006).

Philip McMichael, Development and Social Change: A Global Perspective 3rd

Edition (London:

Sage 2003).

George Monbiot, The Age of Consent: A Manifesto for a new world order (London: Flamingo

2003).

Ray Bush, Poverty and Neo-Liberalism: persistence and reproduction in the Global South

((London: Pluto 2007).

Hernando de Soto, The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails

Everywhere Else (London: 2000).

16

D.K. Fieldhouse, The West and the Third World (Oxford: Blackwell 1998).

David Landes, Wealth and Poverty of Nations (New York: Norton 1989).

Martin Wolf, Why Globalisation Works (New Haven: Yale Nota Bene 2005).

Jagdish Bhagwati, In Defence of Globalisation (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2004).

Ankie Hoogvelt, Globalisation and the Post-Colonial World: The new political economy of

development 2nd

Edition (London: Palgrave-Macmillan 2001).

Mark Duffield, Global Governance and the New Wars: The Merging of Development and


Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom (New York: Knopf 1999).

Marc Ferro, History of Colonisation (London: Routledge 1997).

Paul Nugent, Africa Since Independence: a comparative history (London: Palgrave-Macmillan

2004).

11 Failed States

Why do states fail? What are the main types of state failure? What are the main causes

of state failure? Is state failure endemic like market failure? Can it be remedied? Are all

states to some extent failed states? Who decides when a state is a failed state? Why is

there intervention in the affairs of some failed states and not others? What are the

conditions for successful nation and state building?

One of the most dramatic examples of state failure is brought about by social revolution. The

conditions under which revolutions occur is analysed by Theda Skocpol in States and Social

Revolutions and in Social Revolutions in the Modern World, by John Dunn in Modern

Revolutions, and by Fred Halliday in Revolution and World Politics. Francis Fukuyama supplies

an account of failed states in State-building. Michael Mann explores the nature of ethnic

cleansing in The Dark Side of Democracy, while Arno Mayer discusses the nature of the

Holocaust in Why did the Heavens not Darken? A number of specific recent instances of major

recent conflicts within societies are discussed by Mark Duffield Global Governance and New

Wars, by Mary Kaldor in New and Old Wars, by Ben Kiernan, The Pol Pot Regime, by Misha

Glenny The Fall of Yugoslavia, and by Eric Herring and Glen Rangwala Iraq in Fragments. See

also readings under management of conflict.

*Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: a comparative analysis of France, Russia and

China (Cambridge: CUP 1979).

*John Dunn, Modern Revolutions (Cambridge: CUP 1989).

*Fred Halliday, Revolution and World Politics (London: Macmillan 1999).

*Francis Fukuyama, State Building: Governance and World Order in the Twenty First

Century (New York: Profile Books 2004).

Theda Skocpol et al , Social Revolutions in the Modern World (Cambridge: CUP 1994).

Michael Mann, The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing (Cambridge: CUP

2005).

Arno Mayer, Why did the Heavens not Darken? (London: Verso 1990).

17

Mark Duffield, Global Governance and the New Wars: The Merging of Development and


Mary Kaldor, New and Old Wars: Organised Violence in a Global Era (Cambridge: Polity

1999).

Peter Galbraith, The End of Iraq (New York: Pocket Books 2007).

Eric Herring & Glen Rangwala, Iraq in Fragments: The Occupation and its Legacy (London:

Hurst 2006).

Ben Kiernan, The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power and Genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer

Rouge 1975-79 2nd Edition (New Haven, Conn.:Yale Nota Bene 2002).

Misha Glenny, The Fall of Yugoslavia (Harmondsworth: Penguin 1993).

Governance

The governance theme focuses on the processes by which states govern. It asks questions about

how the modern state is defined, how its power is organised, what its capacities are, and what

makes its power legitimate. It is concerned both with domestic politics, the internal workings of

states and other associations such as companies, and with relations between states, and the

governance of the international system. One of the crucial differences between the two is that

there is no power that can claim sovereignty at the international level as is regularly done at the

national level.

12 States

What makes states legitimate? What makes them effective? Why do states fail? Why has

the nation-state become the dominant state form? How are the limits of the state

determined? What is driving the expansion of the state?

Gianfranco Poggi in The State provides an accessible introduction to how the state can be

defined and how it has developed. Also valuable are Charles Tilly Coercion, Capital and

European States, Anthony Giddens The Nation-State and Violence and Michael Mann Sources of

Social Power Vol II. Contemporary theories of the state are set out in Colin Hay et al The State.

One of the most useful texts on comparative politics is Rod Hague and Martin Harrop

Comparative Government and Politics. The growth of the state is the subject of Vito Tanzi and

Ludger Schuknecht Public Spending in the Twentieth Century. Michael Moran analyses the rise

of regulation in The British Regulatory State. Phil Cerny in The Changing Architecture of

politics: structure, agency and the future of the state discusses the rise of the competition state,

and Linda Weiss in The Myth of the Powerless State disputes the argument that the state has been

rendered powerless by globalisation. A good starting point for thinking about nationalism is

Benedict Anderson‟s classic text Imagined Communities. Other important perspectives on

nationalism include Ernest Gellner Nations and Nationalism, Anthony Smith Nationalism, Eric

Hobsbawm Nations and Nationalism since 1870, Fred Halliday Theories of Nationalism. Two

important studies on how specific national identities were forged are Linda Colley Britons and

Eugen Weber Peasants into Frenchmen. A comparative study is provided by Adrian Hastings in

The construction of nationhood. The basis of legitimacy and legitimation is explored by Rodney

18

Barker in Legitimating Identities. The importance of enemies in the formation of identity is

discussed by Rodney Barker in Making Enemies. See also readings under managing conflict.

*Gianfranco Poggi, The State: its nature, development and prospects (Cambridge: Polity 1990).

*Colin Hay, Michael Lister & David Marsh (eds) The State: Theories and Issues (London:

Palgrave-Macmillan 2005).

*John Dryzeck & Patrick Dunleavy, Theories of the Democratic State (London: Palgrave-

Macmillan 2009).

*Linda Weiss, The Myth of the Powerless State (Cambridge: Polity 1998).

Charles Tilly, Coercion, Capital and European States AD990-1992 (Oxford: Blackwell 1990).

Anthony Giddens, The Nation-State and Violence (Cambridge: Polity 1985).

Michael Mann, Sources of Social Power Vol II,: The Rise of Classes and Nation-states 1760-

1914 (Cambridge: CUP 1993).

Rod Hague & Martin Harrop, Comparative Government and Politics 6th

Edition (London:


Michael Moran, The British Regulatory State: High Modernism and Hyper-Innovation (Oxford:

OUP 2003).

Vito Tanzi & Ludger Schuknecht, Public Spending in the 20th

Century: A Global Perspective

(Cambridge: CUP 2000).

Phil Cerny, The Changing Architecture of Politics: structure, agency and the future of the state

(London: Sage 1990).

Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of

Nationalism Rev. Edition (London: Verso 2006).

Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism (Oxford: Blackwell 1983).

Anthony Smith, Nationalism: Theory. Ideology, History (Cambridge: Polity 2001).

Eric Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism since 1870: Programme, Myth, Reality 2nd

Edition

(Cambridge; CUP 1992).

Fred Halliday, Theories of Nationalism (London-Palgrave-Macmillan 2000).

Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation 1707-1837 (New Haven, Conn.: Princeton University

Press 1992).

Eugen Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen: the modernisation of rural France, 1870-1914

(Stanford: Stanford University Press 1976).

Adrian Hastings, The Construction of Nationhood: Ethnicity, Religion and Nationalism


Rodney Barker, Legitimating Identities (Cambridge: CUP 2001).

Rodney Barker, Making Enemies (London: Palgrave-Macmillan 2006).

13 Global Governance

How is governance organised beyond the nation-state, and how is its legitimacy

established? Is governance possible without government? To what extent are all states

19

now regulatory states? To what extent are the sites of governance becoming global or

regional rather than national?

Key texts on governance from different perspectives are Jon Pierre and Guy Peters Governance,

Politics and the State, Rod Rhodes Understanding Governance and James Rosenau et al,

Governance without Government: Order and Change in World Politics. Multi-level governance

is examined in Ian Bache and Matthew Flinders Multi-level governance. There is a large

literature on the European Union as one of the principal examples of multilevel governance in

action. See Helen Wallace et al Policy-making in the European Union, Simon Hix The Political

System of the European Union, Ben Rosamond Theories of European Integration and Desmond

Dinan Ever Closer Union. There is also a large literature on federalism. See Michael Burgess

Comparative Federalism and Wayne Norman and Dimitrios Karmis Theories of Federalism.

Questions of global governance are explored by Robert Keohane in Power and Governance in a

partially globalised world, by John Ruggie in Constructing the World Polity, by Anne-Marie

Slaughter in A New World Order. Good sources for international organisations and institutions

are Ngaire Woods The Globalisers: the IMF, the World Bank, and their Borrowers, Amrita

Narlikar The WTO and Clive Archer International Organisations. An important recent book on

the United Nations is Paul Kennedy The Parliament of Man: the United Nations and the Quest

for World Government. David Held explores alternatives to the Washington consensus for

governing the world in Global Covenant and Daniele Archibugi sets out the case for

cosmopolitan democracy in The Global Commonwealth of Citizens.

*Rod Rhodes, Understanding Governance: Policy Networks, Governance, Reflexivity and

Accountability (London: Open University Press 1997).

*Jon Pierre & Guy Peters, Governance, Politics and the State (London: Palgrave-Macmillan

2000).

*James Rosenau et al, Governance without Government: Order and Change in World Politics


*John Ruggie, Constructing the World Polity: Essays on International Institutionalisation

(London: Routledge 1998).

Ian Bache & Matthew Flinders, (eds) Multi-Level Governance (Oxford: OUP 2004).

Helen Wallace, William Wallace, Mark Pollack (eds) Policy Making in the European Union

(Oxford: OUP 2005).

Simon Hix, The Political System of the European Union (London: Palgrave-Macmillan 2005).

Ben Rosamond, Theories of European Integration (London: Palgrave-Macmillan 2000).

Desmond Dinan, Ever Closer Union: An Introduction to European Integration (London:


Michael Burgess, Comparative Federalism (London: Routledge 2005).

Wayne Norman & Dimitrios Karmis (eds) Theories of Federalism: A Reader (London: Palgrave-

Macmillan 2005).

Robert Keohane, Power and Governance in a Partially Globalised World (London: Routledge

2002).

Robert Keohane, „Governance in a partially globalised world‟ American Political Science

Review 95:1 (2001) 1-13. [OL]

Anne-Marie Slaughter, A New World Order (Princeton: Princeton University Press: 2005)

20

Daniele Archibugi, The Global Commonwealth of Citizens: Towards Cosmopolitan Democracy

(Princeton; Princeton University Press 2008).

Clive Archer, International Organisations 3rd

Edition (London: Routledge 2001).

Ngaire Woods, The Globalisers: The IMF, the World Bank, and their Borrowers (Cornell


Amrita Narlikar, The World Trade Organisation (Oxford: OUP 2005).

Paul Kennedy, The Parliament of Man: The United Nations and the Quest for World

Government (London: Allen Lane 2006).

David Held, Global Covenant: the social democratic alternative to the Washington Consensus



Edition (London:


14 Democracies

What makes a state democratic? Do states need to be democratic to be legitimate? What

are the alternatives to democracy? Why have democracies been increasing in number?

Are some democracies better than others? Is democracy a universal form of government

or only a western form of government? Is cosmopolitan democracy feasible?

Key texts on democracy are Robert Dahl On Democracy and Democracy and its Critics, Bernard

Crick Democracy, John Dunn Setting the People Free, Anthony Birch The Concepts and

Theories of Modern Democracy, David Beetham Democracy, Charles Tilly Democracy, as well

as Joseph Schumpeter‟s seminal study Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. On different forms

of government and different patterns of democracy see Arendt Lijphart Patterns of Democracy

and Thinking about Democracy and Rod Hague and Martin Harrop Comparative Government

and Politics. On parties and party systems see the classic study by Giovanni Sartori Parties and

Party systems and the important article on the rise of the cartel party by Richard Katz and Peter

Mair „Changing models of party organisation and party democracy‟ in Party Politics. For

constitutions see S.E.Finer and Vernon Bogdanor Comparing Constitutions, and for electoral

systems, see David Farrell Electoral Systems. Mancur Olson analyses some of the pitfalls of

democracy in The Rise and Decline of Nations.

*Robert Dahl, On Democracy (New Haven: Yale University Press 1990)

*Robert Dahl, Democracy and its Critics (New Haven: Yale University Press 1991).

*Anthony Birch, The Concepts and Theories of Modern Democracy 2nd

Edition (London:

Routledge 2000).

*John Dunn, Setting the People Free: The Story of Democracy (London: Atlantic 2005).

*Arend Lijphart, Patterns of Democracy (New Haven: Yale University Press 1999).

Charles Tilly, Democracy (Cambridge: CUP 2007).

Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (London: Allen & Unwin 1943).

David Held, Models of Democracy 3rd Edition (Cambridge: Polity 2006).


Edition (London:


21

Arend Lijphart, Thinking About Democracy: Power Sharing and Majority Rule in Theory and

Practice (London: Routledge 2007).

Giovanni Sartori, Parties and Party Systems (London: ECPR Press 2005).

Richard Katz & Peter Mair, „Changing Models of Party Organisation and Party Democracy: The

Emergence of the Cartel Party‟ Party Politics 1:1 (1995) 5-28. [C]

S.E. Finer & Vernon Bogdanor, Comparing Constitutions 2nd

Edition (Oxford: OUP 1995).

David Farrell, Electoral Systems: A Comparative Introduction (London: Palgrave- Macmillan

2001).

Mancur Olson, The Rise and Decline of Nations (New Haven: Yale University Press 1984).

Charles Tilly, Social Movements (Boulder, Co.: Paradigm 2004).

15 Participation

Is participation necessary to confer legitimacy on politicians? How is participation

organised in democratic and non-democratic political systems? Why do people

participate in politics? Why do voters vote as they do? Why do they vote at all? What

are the main electoral alignments and cleavages in democratic polities? Is there a

tension between representation and participation?

The famous paradox of voting is set out in Anthony Downs An Economic Theory of Democracy.

An important study of participation is Charles Pattie, Patrick Seyd and Paul Whiteley Citizenship

in Britain. A classic study of the social determinants of voting behaviour are Seymour Martin

Lipset and Stein Rokkan Party Systems and Voter Alignments and David Butler and Donald

Stokes Political Change in Britain. See also David McKay American Politics and Society and

Anthony Heath et al Understanding Political Change. A comparative survey of European

representative systems can be found in Michael Gallagher et al Representative Government in

Modern Europe. Up-to-date analysis of particular systems can be found in the Developments

series of texts for Britain, the United States and Western Europe. See also Rod Hague and Martin

Harrop Comparative Government and Politics.

*Anthony Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy (London: Longman 1965).

*Charles Pattie, Patrick Seyd, Paul Whiteley Citizenship in Britain: Values, Participation and

Democracy (Cambridge, CUP 2004)

*Seymour Martin Lipset & Stein Rokkan (eds) Party Systems and Voter Alignments: cross-

national perspectives (New York: Free Press 1967).

*David McKay, American Society and Politics (Oxford: Blackwell 2005).

David Butler & Donald Stokes, Political Change in Britain: Forces Shaping Electoral Choice

(Harmonsdsworth: Penguin 1971).

Anthony Heath, Roger Jowell & John Curtice, Understanding Political Change: the British

Voter 1964-1987 (Oxford: Pergamon 1990).

Michael Gallagher, Michael Laver and Peter Mair, Representative Government in Modern

Europe, 3rd

Edition (New York: McGraw-Hill 2000).

Paul Heywood, Erik Jones, Martin Rhodes, (eds) Developments in West European Politics 2nd

Edition (London: Palgrave-Macmillan 2002).

22

Patrick Dunleavy, Richard Heffernan, Philip Cowley, Colin Hay (eds) Developments in British

Politics 8 (London: Palgrave-Macmillan 2006).

Gillian Peele, Christopher Bailey, Bruce Cain, Guy Peters, (eds) Developments in American

Politics 5 (London: Palgrave-Macmillan 2006).


Edition (London:


16 Civilisations

Is all modern civilisation western civilisation? Do different civilisations legitimate

different forms of state? Is there still a West and an East? Is the world becoming more

uniform or less? How important is religion in contemporary world politics?

William McNeill provides a general history of western civilisation in The Rise of the West. Roger

Scruton supplies a typically acute and idiosyncratic account in The West and the Rest, as does

Niall Ferguson in Empire: How Britain made the modern world. See also Alan Macfarlane The

Riddle of the Modern World, which seeks to explain the uniqueness of the west. For a different

perspective on these issues see Goran Therborn European Modernity and Beyond. Samuel

Huntington‟s book The Clash of Civilisations has been much criticised and much misunderstood

and should be read in the original (this goes for most authors). Radical critique of the notion of

the primacy of western civilisation can be found in Edward Said Orientalism and John Hobson

The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation. See also Bill Ashcroft et al The Post-Colonial

Studies Reader. Some detail on non-western civilisations can be found in Felipe Fernandez-

Armesto Civilisations and Ira Lapidus History of Islamic Societies. The argument that all modern

ideologies, including Al-Qaeda are western is put by John Gray Al-Qaeda and what it means to

be modern. The influence of religion in modern politics is explored by Benjamin Barber Jihad

vs McWorld and by Gabriel Almond et al Strong Religion. David Harvey in A Brief History of

Neo-Liberalism, John Keane in A Global Civil Society? and Peter Berger and Samuel Huntington

in their edited collection Many Globalisations have radically different perspectives on the

cultural and political effects of globalisation. Robert Kagan points to the growing divide at the

heart of the West between Europe and America in Paradise and Power.

William H. McNeill The Rise of the West: A History of the Human Community (Chicago 1963).

*Roger Scruton, The West and the Rest: Globalisation and the Terrorist Threat (London:

Continuum 2005).

*Benjamin Barber, Jihad vs McWorld: How Globalism and Tribalism are Reshaping the World

(New York: 1995).

*Niall Ferguson, Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World (Harmondsworth: Penguin

2004).

*John Hobson, The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation (Cambridge: CUP 2004).

*Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilisations and the Remaking of World Order (Glencoe:

Free Press 2002).

Alan Macfarlane, The Riddle of the Modern World (London: Macmillan 2000).

23

Goran Therborn, European Modernity and Beyond: Trajectory of European Societies 1945-2000

(London: Sage 1994).

Edward Said, Orientalism: Western Conceptions of the Orient (London: Penguin 1985).

Bill Ashcroft, Helen Tiffin, C.H.Griffith (eds), The Post-Colonial Studies Reader (London:

Routledge 2005).

Felipe Fernandez-Armesto, Civilisations (London: Pan Books 2001).

Ira M. Lapidus, History of Islamic Societies (Cambridge: CUP 1998).

John Gray, Al-Qaeda and what it means to be modern (London: Faber 2004).

David Harvey, A Brief History of Neoliberalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press 2007).

John Keane, Global Civil Society? (Cambridge: CUP 2003).

Peter Berger & Samuel Huntington (eds) Many Globalisations: Cultural Diversity in the

Contemporary World (Oxford: OUP 2002).

Gabriel Almond, R. Scott Appleby, & Emmanuel Sivan, Strong Religion: The Rise of

Fundamentalisms around the World (Chicago: University of Chicago Press 2003).

Robert Kagan, Paradise and Power: America and Europe in the New World Order (London:

Atlantic Books 2004).

24

II. The Iranian Revolution, 1979 (Glen Rangwala)

The mass uprising that took place in Iran from late 1977 to early 1979 uprooted a secular

monarch, who was strongly supported by the United States, and replaced the monarchy of the

Pahlavi dynasty with an Islamic Republic under the leadership of Ayatollah Khomeini. In the

scale of the revolt, there are few parallels; and there have been no comparable successes by

large-scale movements apparently rooted in religious principles in capturing and holding state

power in the modern world. The achievement of an Islamic revolution in Iran has been highly

consequential, both in reshaping the politics of the Middle East and the broader Muslim world,

and in recasting how we are to think about the politics of religion, the notion of progress, radical

political change and the purposes of governance.

The reading list below is broken into the four topics around which the lectures are based. The

best place to start reading would perhaps be Keddie‟s Modern Iran (or Ansari‟s book of a similar

title), followed by Kurzman‟s Unthinkable Revolution (all lecture 1), and then by Mottahedeh‟s

Mantle of the Prophet (lecture 2). For many of the books mentioned below, particularly the

longer ones, specific pages or chapters are recommended. One should not confine oneself to

reading just those pages, as that will not be enough to develop a properly rounded understanding

of the Iranian Revolution. However, those are the core sections that particular attention should be

paid to, given that time constraints will inevitably limit how much reading can be completed.

Nevertheless, students who read the rest of the texts may well find that other sections of these

books are equally, if not more, instructive to those mentioned below.

Texts marked [OL] are available on-line. Copies of those marked [C] are available on CamTools.

1. The international history of a revolution

Reading.

The texts here provide general accounts of the politics of Iran from the Constitutional Revolution

of 1906 to the Islamic Revolution of 1979, setting it in an historical and international context.

These contexts need to be appreciated if any sense is to be made of the revolution. Keddie and

Ansari provide straightforward historical accounts, and one or other should be read as a starting

point for this topic – particularly pp.73-169 of Keddie or pp.20-191 of Ansari. Abrahamian‟s text

is a much more detailed and analytical account of the same period: chapters 9 and 10 in

particular provide fertile material from which arguments can be set up about the origins and

actors of the revolution.

Bill reviews in detail the US engagement with Iran, focusing on the interaction of US oil and

geostrategic interests. All of Part I is relevant, but particularly useful are pp.51-67, 78-102, 156-

61, 183-215, 219-243 and 261-286. Kurzman‟s short book sets up five common explanations for

the revolution, each of which are critically analysed for their shortcomings; it should be read in

full. Chapters 1-2 and 6 go with this lecture. Munson explores the commonalities and

distinctiveness of the Islamic movement in Iran with other Islamic movements in the region;

Chapters 1-4 are a useful introduction to some of the core Islamic concepts and structures that

25

have been deployed politically; chapter 5 is a brief account of the Iranian revolution; chapter 12

explores what was distinctive about the Iranian case that led to revolution there but not

elsewhere; but perhaps most usefully, chapters 10-11 set up arguments about how the Iranian

revolutionaries related to themes of modernisation, technological change, secularisation and

foreign domination. Arjomand writes an accessible account of the course of events that led to the

revolution, but many of its forms of explanation are criticised by other authors mentioned below.

Texts.

Nikki Keddie, Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution, 2nd edn (New Haven: Yale

University Press, 2006).

Ali M. Ansari, Modern Iran since 1921: The Pahlavis and After (Harlow: Pearson, 2003).

* Ervand Abrahamian, Iran between Two Revolutions (Princeton, NJ: Princeton

University Press, 1982). [pp.419-95 on C]

* James Bill, The Eagle and the Lion: The Tragedy of American-Iranian Relations (New

Haven: Yale University Press, 1988).

* Charles Kurzman, The Unthinkable Revolution in Iran (Harvard University Press,

2004).

Henry Munson, Islam and Revolution in the Middle East (New Haven: Yale University

Press, 1988).

Said Amir Arjomand, The Turban for the Crown: the Islamic Revolution in Iran (Oxford:

Oxford University Press, 1989).

2. The Islamic Revolution: ideas and identities

Reading.

These texts take readers into Islamic political thought and its role in explaining and

understanding the direction of the revolutionary movement. Mottahedeh is a classic text, perhaps

the best written of those on modern Iran. It interweaves a biographical account of a seminary

student, later a cleric, with the pseudonym „Ali Hashemi‟, with a broader intellectual history of

pre-revolutionary Iran, and in so doing shows the importance of an historical and theoretical

sensibility for understanding the ideas and motives of the revolutionaries. For the non-

biographical sections of relevance, pp.34-37, 50-61, (67-8), 115-133, (186-192, 210-236), 236-

247, (287-296), 296-335, 345-356 and 371-385 are particularly recommended. However, the

book will repay the couple of days needed to read it thoroughly. Abrahamian, particularly in

pp.1-38, gives a punchy account of how Khomeinism is better understood as a species of

populism, not of fundamentalism. Martin provides an intellectual biography of Khomeini that

traces his changing views on political rule, constitutionalism, the legitimate state and the role of

women: see especially pp.60-74, 100-128 and 154-156.

Rahnema‟s account of Shari„ati is useful, but the sections on his political thought rather than his

political activism are scattered through the book, at pp.193-201, 260-63, 287-307. Alternatively,

Dabashi‟s Theology of Discontent has accounts of eight of the major Iranian thinkers whose

works proved influential: particular attention should be paid to those on Jalal Al-e Ahmad

(especially pp.73-99), Shari„ati (especially 108-118) and Khomeini himself (particularly pp.413-

428, 441-448 and 472-482). The sections on Morteza Motahhari, one of Khomeini‟s closest

associates (especially pp.161-165), Mehdi Bazargan, co-founder of the important Liberation

Movement of Iran and the first post-revolutionary prime minister (especially pp.335-345) and

26

Abolhasan Bani-Sadr, the post-revolutionary president (pp.373-387), may also be instructive.

Finally, Boroujerdi is also useful: it is less systematic but pp.25-42, 65-76 and 100-120 should be

looked at.

Zubaida‟s account of Khomeini‟s doctrine of the „guardianship of the jurist‟ (and Shari„ati‟s

„Islamic sociology‟) is advanced but important to understand. In a wholly different tone,

Dabashi‟s Iran is a passionately-written account of Iranian political culture over the past two

hundred years. Chapters 3 and 4 of Kurzman (lecture 1, above) are also useful here, in exploring

the limitations of arguments based upon Islamic thought in explaining the revolution.

Texts.

* Roy Mottahedeh, The Mantle of the Prophet (London: Chatto & Windus, 1986 / repr

Oxford: Oneworld, 2000).

* Ervand Abrahamian, Khomeinism: Essays on the Islamic Republic (London: I.B.

Tauris, 1993) [OL].

* Vanessa Martin, Creating an Islamic State: Khomeini and the Making of a New Iran

(London: I.B. Tauris, 2000)

Ali Rahnema, An Islamic Utopian: A Political Biography of Ali Shari‘ati (London: I.B.

Tauris, 1998).

Hamid Dabashi, Theology of Discontent: The Ideological Foundations of the Islamic

Revolution in Iran (New York: NYU Press, 1993). [pp. 413-28, 441-8, 472-82 on C; also

see esp 73-99] Mehrzad Boroujerdi, Iranian Intellectuals and the West: The Tormented Triumph of

Nativism (New York: Syracuse University Press, 1996)

Sami Zubaida, „The ideological preconditions for Khomeini‟s doctrine of government‟, in

his Islam, the People and the State: Political Ideas and Movements in the Middle East

(London: I.B. Tauris, 1993 [1982]), pp.1-37. [C]

Hamid Dabashi, Iran: A People Interrupted (New York: New Press, 2007).

3. The revolt of the bazaaris: the political economy of Iran

Reading.

Parsa‟s text is the most detailed account of the socioeconomic forces at work in Iran in the 1960s

and 1970s: chapters 2-5 are particularly noteworthy. The other texts particularly recommended

below are shorter, for the purposes of contrast and contextualisation: Pesaran provides an

account of the pre-revolutionary economy, the growth in inequality and the creation of what he

terms a „dependent capitalist class‟. Moghadam takes a broader historical perspective to explore

the vulnerability of Pahlavi Iran. Halliday‟s brief essay is more focused on the socioeconomic

causes of the revolution.

Some of the material for other lectures will be particularly useful in analysing the role of the

poor in the revolution. Chapter 2 of Abrahamian‟s Khomeinism (lecture 2) can be profitably

compared with chapter 3 of Bayat (lecture 4). Zubaida explores whether these arguments can be

made in terms of class politics. Finally, chapter 5 of Kurzman (lecture 1) is useful here, in

exploring the limitations of arguments based upon economic change in explaining the revolution.

Texts.

27

Fatemeh Moghadam, „An historical interpretation of the Iranian revolution‟, Cambridge

Journal of Economics, vol. 12:4 (1988), pp.401-18 [OL].

* Misagh Parsa, Social Origins of the Iranian Revolution (New Brunswick: Rutgers

University Press, 1989). [pp.91-125 on C]

Hashem Pesaran, „The system of dependent capitalism in pre- and post-revolutionary

Iran‟, International Journal of Middle East Studies, vol. 14:4 (1982), pp.501-22 [OL]

Homa Katouzian, The Political Economy of Modern Iran, 1926-1979 (New York: NYU

Press, 1981).

Sami Zubaida, „Classes as political actors in the Iranian revolution‟, in his Islam, the

People and the State: Political Ideas and Movements in the Middle East (London: I.B.

Tauris, 1993 [1985]), pp.64-82.

Fred Halliday, „The Iranian revolution: uneven development and religious populism‟, in

Fred Halliday and Hamza Alavi, eds, State and Ideology in the Middle East and Pakistan

(London: Macmillan, 1988), pp.31-63. [C]

4. The Islamic Republic: consequences of revolution

Reading.

The texts mentioned here are more varied, covering many aspects of post-1979 Iran. The final

sections of Keddie and Ansari (lecture 1) provide a general account of the consequences of the

revolution. Martin‟s account of the establishment of the Islamic state (lecture 2) is worth reading

as a starting point: see pp.156-173. Bakhash gives a more detailed account of revolutionary

consolidation amidst internal confrontations and, shortly thereafter, war with Iraq: chapters 4 to 6

may be useful. Schirazi‟s focus is on how revolutionary consolidation was augmented and

contested through the process of constructing a new constitution: the first two parts are highly

detailed but worth reading.

The Middle East Institute‟s text contains a series of short retrospective analyses on the legacy of

the revolution from 2009: almost all of the essays are worth dipping into, but those from pp.16-

60, 80-87 and 109-117 are particularly recommended for a sense of the debates about the

meaning of the revolution‟s consequences. Ehteshami and Brumberg are usefully read in

combination for understanding the legacy of the revolution in post-Khomeini Iran: Ehteshami‟s

emphasis is on how the bases of the revolution have been reformulated, whilst Brumberg by

contrast (particularly p.143 onwards) looks to how the basic ideals keep being resuscitated.

Contemporary politics in Iran are discussed particularly by Ansari, whose account of reformist

movements, particularly under President Khatami (chapters 5-9), is thorough and engaging.

Akhavi-Pour and Azodanloo provide a brief factual account of the official political contenders in

contemporary Iran. Moslem provides a much more detailed account of these factions, especially

in tracing their reconstitution after the death of Khomeini. The International Crisis Group report

provides a useful account of the political dynamics that led to the election of the current

President, Mahmoud Ahmadi-Nejad.

Bayat‟s short account of the political significance of the poor in post-revolutionary Iran sets up

this topic well: chapters 1, 4-6 and 8 are especially useful, though the focus is on the three or

four years after 1979. Moaddel, especially pp.223-264, provides a class-based analysis of the

consequences of the revolution. A broader understanding of Iran‟s post-revolutionary economy is

28

to be gained from Amirahmadi. Chapter 4 of Rahnema & Behdad (by Behdad) also tackles these

themes; Rahnema and Nomani is more thorough, but also somewhat dated now.

Chapters 6 and 7 of Paidar look at women as revolutionary agents in Iran; chapters 8 to 10 look

at the situation of women under Islamic rule. Useful contrasts can be drawn with the account in

Part III of Sedghi and pp.195-217 of Nashat. Wright‟s book is a journalistic portrait of Iranian

society; chapters 4 and 5 cover similar themes to those in Paidar and Sedghi, but drawing

different evaluations.

Texts.

Shaul Bakhash, The Reign of the Ayatollahs: Iran and the Islamic Revolution (London:

I.B. Tauris, 1985).

* Anoush Ehteshami, After Khomeini: The Iranian Second Republic (London: Routledge,

1995).

* Daniel Brumberg, Reinventing Khomeini: The Struggle for Reform in Iran (Chicago:

University of Chicago Press, 2001). [pp.152-84 in C]

Ali Ansari, Iran, Islam and Democracy: The Politics of Managing Change (London: Royal

Institute of International Affairs, 2006).

Hossein Akhavi-Pour and Heidar Azodanloo, „Economic bases of political factions in

Iran‟, Critique: Journal for Critical Studies of the Middle East, vol. 7 / issue 13 (Autumn

1998), pp.69-82. [C]

Mehdi Moslem, Factional Politics in Post-Khomeini Iran (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University

Press, 2002).

International Crisis Group, „Iran: What Does Ahmadi-Nejad's Victory Mean?‟ (4 August 2005),

via: www.crisisgroup.org/home/index.cfm?id=3604&l=1

* Asef Bayat, Street Politics: Poor People’s Movements in Iran (New York: Columbia


Mansoor Moaddel, Class, Politics, and Ideology in the Iranian Revolution (New York: Columbia


Hooshang Amirahmadi, Revolution and Economic Transition: The Iranian Experience

(Albany: SUNY Press, 1990).

Saeed Rahnema and Sohrab Behdad, eds, Iran after the Revolution: Crisis of an Islamic

State (London: I.B. Tauris, 1996). [pp.98-128 on C]

Ali Rahnema and Farhad Nomani, The Secular Miracle: Religion, Politics and Economic Policy

in Iran (London: Zed Books, 1990).

Robin Wright, The Last Great Revolution: Turmoil and Transformation in Iran (New

York: Alfred Knopf, 2000).

Hamideh Sedghi, Women and Politics in Iran: Veiling, Unveiling, and Reveiling

(Cambridge University Press, 2007).

Asghar Schirazi, The Constitution of Iran: Politics and the State in the Islamic Republic

(London: I.B. Tauris, 1997).

Guity Nashat, ed., Women and Revolution in Iran (Boulder CO: Westview Press, 1983).

Parvin Paidar, Women and the Political Process in Twentieth-Century Iran (Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, 1995).

Middle East Institute, The Iranian Revolution at 30 (2009), via:

http://www.mideasti.org/files/Iran_Final.pdf

29

Audio-visual material and websites

A number of documentaries and films convey the events and ideas of the revolution, and present

modes of understanding its consequences for Iran. News websites may help in developing a more

detailed grasp of current political debates in and about Iran. Here is a brief selection. (We are

aware that a number of these links do not work at the moment; access details will be updated

where possible in Lent term).

BBC, „Iran and the West‟: three hour-long documentaries screened in February 2009. The first of

these documentaries, „The man who changed the world‟, contains a huge range of

interviews with prominent Iranian and US politicians and figures who were engaged in

the events of the revolution. Via: http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00hmrvt

BBC Radio, „Iran: A revolutionary state‟. Three half-hour radio documentaries, conveying the

history of Iran in a capable and detailed way. Programmes 2 and 3 are particularly worth

listening to. Via: http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/iran/iran_revolutionary_state.shtml

Al Jazeera English, Iran season. Four documentaries of 10-15 minutes each, originally broadcast

in January – February 2009. These four films each present aspects of the revolutionary

upheaval in Iran, with a particular focus on the major characters of the revolution. Via:

http://english.aljazeera.net/programmes/general/2009/01/2009119142752747113.html

BBC Radio, „Uncovering Iran‟. A series of very short radio clips presenting features on modern

Iranian life, about matters such as Iranian oil, identity and football. Via:

http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/iran/iran_country.shtml

The BBC has preserved its news report of Khomeini‟s return to Iran in February 1979: http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/1/newsid_2521000/2521003.stm

Iran has a hugely influential film industry, with major productions dealing often quite

substantially with social questions and problems. Additionally, a number of films about the

Iranian revolution have been made abroad. Films worth watching include Persepolis (2007), a

film based on Marjane Satrapi‟s autobiography; Ten (2002), directed and written by Abbas

Kiarostami, based around a series of conversations in a car between Iranian women; Offside

(2006), directed by Jafar Panahi, a subtle social comedy centred on young Iranian women

infiltrating a football match; and The Lizard (2004), directed by Kamal Tabrizi, a satirical

comedy about a thief who disguises himself as a cleric. We will be screening an Iranian film in

Easter term for Pol 3 students, and a discussion will be organised on that basis; details will be

sent out by email nearer the time.

Useful news websites include:

BBC: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/in_depth/middle_east/2006/inside_iran/default.stm

Financial Times: http://www.ft.com/indepth/iran-30-years-on

Guardian: http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/iran

New York Times:

http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/international/countriesandterritories/iran/index.html

30

III. The Tian’anmen movement of China, 1989 (Yu Liu)

The Tian‟anmen movement of China in 1989 was a unique experience. While most other former

communist states in Eastern European and the Soviet Union embarked on the journey of

democratization in 1989 under similar popular uprisings, the movement in China failed to

transform China into democracy. What‟s as interesting is that such failure did not stop China

from rapid growth after the 1990s, whereas the Eastern Europe countries and the former Soviet

Union states more or less experienced chaos or setbacks in the process of transition. In light of

such comparisons and puzzles, this case study investigates the background of the Tiananmen

movement in 1989, the political and social dynamics behind it, the major developments of it, the

reasons of its failure and the profound social and political consequences of it for China.

The first lecture will examine the evolving political conditions of China after the Cultural

Revolution: how the catastrophe of the Cultural Revolution triggered people‟s desire for political

liberty, and how the factious struggle among political elites in the 1980s paved the path for the

Tiananmen movement. The second lecture will turn to the event itself, describing how events

rapidly developed independent of the will of any party. The focus in this part is to analyze the

nature of this movement: to what extent was it a democratic movement, if at all? The third

lecture will study why the movement failed in comparison to the successes in the other former

communist regions. Bringing in the theories of democratization, this lecture will discuss what

made China a unique case in the “third wave” of democratization. The last lecture will analyze

the consequences of the movement for China: how China responded to the international

condemnation by maintaining its economic reform despite all opposite predictions and by

gripping power in a tighter but also more skilled way, from which a developmental model

labelled “market authoritarianism” emerged from China.

The goal of this study is not only to throw light on this event itself, or China‟s reform in general

through this angle, but also to help student understand the theories of democratization, social

movements, political economy and political culture through the case of China.

Essay questions:

Supervision 1. Was the Tiananmen movement in 1989 inevitable?

Supervision 2. Did the Tiananmen movement make China more democratic?

1. The origins: From the Cultural Revolution to the Tiananmen movement.

Bao Pu and Renee Chiang (ed), Prisoner of the State: The Secret Journal of Premier

Zhao Ziyang, (Simon & Schuster, 2009) Part 3, 4, 5

Dingxin Zhao, The Power of Tiananmen: State-Society Relations and the 1989 Beijing

Student Movement, (University of Chicago Press, 2001) Part 1

Zhang Liang, The Tiananmen Papers, (Public Affairs, 2002) prologue.

31

Richard Baum, Burying Mao: Chinese Politics in the Age of Deng Xiaoping, (Princeton

University Press, 1994) Part 2.

Samuel Huntington, The Third Wave, (University of Oklahoma Press, 1993) chap.2

Sidney Tarrow, Power in Movement, (Cambridge University Press, 2003) Part II.

Yasheng Huang, Capitalism with Chinese Characteristics, (Cambridge University Press, 2008)

chap.2

Rana Mitter, A Bitter Revolution, (Oxford University Press, 2005) chap.7

Carol Lee Hamrin and suisheng Zhao (ed.), Decision-Making in Deng’s China, (M.E. Sharpe,

1995), chap.1,4, 12, 13, 16, 19

Donatella Della Porta, Mario Diani, Social Movements: An Introduction, (Blackwell Publishing

Ltd., 2006) chap. 1,2,9

Jing Huang and William Kirby, Factionalism in Chinese Communist Politics, (Cambridge

University Press, 2008) chap.7-8

Adam Przeworski etc., Democracy and Development, (Cambridge University Press, 2000)

chap.2

Andrew Walder (ed.), The Waning of the Communist State, (University of California Press,

1995) chap.1,4

2. The events: A democracy movement?

Bao Pu and Renee Chiang (ed), Prisoner of the State, Part 1,2

Dingxin Zhao, The Power of Tian’anmen, chap.6

Zhang Liang, The Tiananmen Papers, (Public Affairs, 2002) chap. 1-10

Craig Calhoun, Neither Gods nor Emperors: Students and the Struggle for Democracy in

China, (University of California Press, 1997) Part I.

Kevin O‟Brien (ed.), Popular Protest in China, (Harvard University Press, 2008), chap.1

Craig Calhoun and Jeffrey Wasserstrom, “Legacies of Radicalism: China‟s Cultural

Revolution and the Democracy Movement of 1989,” Thesis Eleven, Vol.57, No.1, (1999)

John Ginkel, “So You Say You Want a Revolution,” Journal of Conflict Resolution,

Vol.43, No.3 (1999)

Elaine Chan, “Structural and Symbolic Centers: Center Displacement in the 1989

Chinese Student Movement,” International Sociology, Vol.14, No.3, (1999)

Richard Baum, Burying Mao, Part 3.

Terence Lee, “Military Cohesion and Regime Maintenance,” Armed Forces and Society, Vol.32,

No.1 (2005)

Donatella Della Porta, Mario Diani, Social Movements: An Introduction, chap. 5-8

William Bell, Forbidden City, (Laurel Leaf, 1996)

Eddie Cheng, Standoff at Tiananmen, (Sensys Corp.2009)

3. The impacts: The emergence of the “China model.”

Joseph Fewsmith, China since Tiananmen, (Cambridge University Press, 2001) Part I and

II.

Andrew Nathan, “Authoritarian Resilience,” Journal of Democracy 14(1) January 2003.

32

Suisheng Zhao (ed.), China and Democracy: Reconsidering the Prospects for a

Democratic China, (Routledge, 2000), Part IV.

Jeffrey Wasserstrom, “Current Chinese Protests and the Prism of Tiananmen,” The

Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, Vol.8, No.1 (2003)

Bruce Gilley, “Legitimacy and Institutional Change: The Case of China,” Comparative

Political Studies, Vol. 41, No. 3, 259-284 (2008)

Minxin Pei, China’s Trapped Transition, (Harvard University Press, 2006), chap. 4-5

Kevin O‟Brien, Lianjiang Li, Rightful Resistance in Rural China, (Cambridge University

Press, 2006) chap.1

Yun-han Chu, Larry Diamond, Andrew J. Nathan, Doh Chull Shin, How East Asians

View Democracy, (Columbia University Press, 2008) chaps. 4, 8, 9, 10

Bruce Dickson, Red Capitalists in China: The Party, Private Entrepreneurs, and

Prospects for Political Change (Cambridge University Press, 2003) chap. 1,4

Christian Haerpfer etc.(ed.) Democratization, (Oxford University Press, 2009), chap.6, 17, 20,23

Peter Gries, China’s New Nationalism, (University of California Press, 2005) chap. 1,2,5,8

Peter Gries and Stanley Rosen (ed.), State and Society in 21st Century China, (RoutledgeCurzon,

2005), chap.2,6,8,9

Archie Brown, The Rise & Fall of Communism, (The Bodley Head, 2009), Part 4 and 5

Philip Pan, Out of Mao's Shadow: The Struggle for the Soul of a New China, (Simon & Schuster,

2008) part 3.

Yasheng Huang, Capitalism with Chinese Characteristics, (Cambridge University Press, 2008)

chap.3

David Shambaugh, China’s Communist Party: Atrophy and Adaption, (University of California

Press, 2008) chap.6-7

4. The comparison: Tiananmen in light of other democracy movements

Dingxin Zhao, The Power of Tian’anmen, chap.7-10

Peter Gries and Stanley Rosen (ed.), State and Society in 21st Century China, chap.12

Steven Fish, Democracy from Scratch: Opposition and Regime in the New Russian

Revolution, (Princeton University Press, 1995), chap I, IV.

Doug McAdam, John D. McCarthy, Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements,

(Cambridge University Press, 1996) chap.2,4,6,8

Padriac Kenney, A Carnival of Revolution: Central Europe 1989, (Princeton University

Press, 2002), Part I

Zhidong Hao, “May 4th and June 4th compared: A sociological study of Chinese social

movements,” Journal of Contemporary China, Volume 6, Issue 14, 1997, Pages 79 – 99

Samuel Huntington, The Third Wave, (University of Oklahoma Press, 1993)

Lisa Anderson, Transitions to Democracy, (Columbia University Press, 1999) chap.4, 6,

9, 11

Craig Calhoun, Neither Gods nor Emperors: Students and the Struggle for Democracy in China,

Part II.

Charles Tilly, Social Movements, 1768-2004 (Paradigm Publishers, 2004) chap.6

Lisa Anderson, Transitions to Democracy, (Columbia University Press, 1999) chap. 2,6,9, 10, 11

33

Craig Jenkins, The Politics of Social Protest, (Routledge, 1995) chapter 12.

Juan Linz and Alfred Stepan, Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern

Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe (Johns Hopkins University Press,

1996) chap.16,17,19,21

Guillermo O'Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter and Laurence Whitehead , Transitions from

Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies, (Johns Hopkins

University Press, 1986) chap.3-5

Documentary films:

Carma Hinton, Tiananmen: The Untold Story 1995

PBS: The Tankman, 2006

BBC, China’s Capitalist Revolution, 2009

http://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b00lfcz6/Chinas_Capitalist_Revolution/

34

IV. The Rwandan Genocide, 1994 (Devon Curtis)

Former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan has said that “the world failed Rwanda at the time of

evil”. In less than 100 days in the spring of 1994, an estimated 800 000 people were killed in

Rwanda. Four years after the genocide, then US President Bill Clinton visited Rwanda and said:

“We come here today partly in recognition of the fact that we in the United States and the world

community did not do as much as we could have and should have done to try to limit what

occurred”. The failure of the “international community” to adequately respond to genocide in

Rwanda is considered to be one of the great moral failings of the late twentieth century. The

unwillingness or inability to respond to genocide leads to questions about the nature of political

responsibility, the motives behind intervention, the United Nations and international security,

and morality and politics. Other questions explored in this section relate to the causes of

genocide and “ethnic” conflict, the legacy of colonialism in Africa, the politics of development

and humanitarian assistance, democratisation, and post-conflict governance.

Reading

A number of books provide useful accounts of the origins of the crisis in Rwanda and events

leading to genocide. Gerard Prunier‟s book is a good overview and is particularly helpful in

placing events in a historical context. Mahmood Mamdani explains the genocide with reference

to Rwanda‟s experience with colonialism. Peter Uvin argues that certain policies and practices

promoted by international development agencies may have facilitated genocide in Rwanda. In

different ways and with different conclusions, Helen Hintjens, Scott Straus, and Catharine

Newbury look at the relationship between ethnicity and conflict in Rwanda. Chris Clapham,

Gilbert Khadiagala and Bruce Jones analyse the failed attempts at democratisation and mediation

before the genocide.

Alison Des Forges‟ account of the genocide is impressive in its meticulous detail. Her book

explores the role of state institutions, policies, and the media in planning for genocide. Philip

Gourevitch‟s analysis of the genocide is emotionally compelling, but his discussion of the RPF is

rather one-sided perhaps because the book was written in the immediate aftermath of genocide.

The Commander of the UN peacekeeping mission to Rwanda at the time of genocide, Romeo

Dallaire, has written a vivid autobiographical book recounting his experience in the genocide,

which provides useful insights into decision-making at the United Nations. His Deputy Force

Commander, Henry Anyidoho, has also written a book about his experiences. Michael Barnett‟s

book, based on UN documents and interviews with UN officials, asks questions about the moral

responsibility for genocide. Linda Melvern‟s two books explain the positions of Western powers

vis-à-vis Rwanda. Scott Straus explores the logic of genocide at the local level. Jean Hatzfeld has

written three books written in a very accessible style based on his interviews with perpetrators,

survivors, and Rwandans released from jail or returned from Congolese exile.

Several authors have written about post-genocide politics in Rwanda and the challenges of

governing a highly divided society. Johan Pottier and Filip Reyntjens argue that the genocide in

Rwanda has been used by Rwandan politicians to justify repressive domestic policies and

incursions into neighbouring Congo, and that Western “guilt” over their inaction at the time of

35

genocide meant that Western leaders refrained from criticising the post-genocide Rwandan

government. Sarah Lischer, Ben Barber and Andy Storey assess the role of the humanitarian aid

community in dealing with the enormous influx of refugees into the Congo immediately after the

genocide. The control of the refugee camps by those who committed the genocide has triggered a

critical re-thinking of the relationship between humanitarian aid and politics. Barbara Oomen,

Phil Clark, Jeremy Sarkin, Paul Magnarella and Susanne Buckley-Zistel all discuss the politics

of justice and reconciliation in post-genocide Rwanda.

General Readings

Prunier, Gerard. The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide (London: Hurst, 1998).

Dallaire, Romeo. Shake Hands with the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda (New York:

Random House, 2004). [pp. 263-327 C]

Straus, Scott. The Order of Genocide: Race, Power and the War in Rwanda (Cornell

University Press, 2006). [pp. 1-16 C]

Des Forges, Alison. Leave None to tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda (New York:

Human Rights Watch, 1999). [OL]

Newbury, David. “Understanding Genocide” African Studies Review, April 1998. [OL]

Hatzfeld, Jean, The Strategy of Antelopes: Rwanda after the Genocide (London: Serpent‟s Tail,

2009).

1. The background to genocide: colonialism, ideas and identity

*Mamdani, Mahmood. When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism and the

Genocide in Rwanda (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002). [pp. 19-75

C] *Hintjens, Helen. “When identity becomes a knife: reflecting on the genocide in

Rwanda”, Ethnicities, Vol. 1 , No. 1, April 2001. [C]

*Newbury, Catharine. “Ethnicity and the Politics of History in Rwanda”, Africa Today,

Vol. 45. No. 1, 1998. [C]

*Kakwenzire, Joan and Dixon Kamukama. “The Development and Consolidation of

Extremist Forces in Rwanda”, in Howard Adelman and Astri Suhrke (eds). The

Path of a Genocide: The Rwanda Crisis from Uganda to Zaire (Somerset NJ:

Transaction, 1999). [C]

Otunnu, Ogenga. “Rwandan Refugees and Immigrants in Uganda”, in Howard Adelman

and Astri Suhrke (eds). The Path of a Genocide: The Rwanda Crisis from Uganda

to Zaire (Somerset NJ: Transaction, 1999).

Bale, John, Imagined Olympians: Body Culture and Colonial Representation in Rwanda

(University of Minnesota Press, 2002).

Newbury, Catharine and David Newbury. Bringing the peasants back in: agrarian themes

in the construction and corrosion of statist historiography in Rwanda. American

Historical Review (Vol. 105, No. 3, 2000), 832-877.

Elringham, Nigel, Accounting for Horror: Post Genocide Debates in Rwanda (London:

Pluto Press, 2004).

Mackintosh, A. “Beyond Ethnic Conflict”, Development in Practice (Vol. 7, No. 4, Nov.

1997)

36

2. The economics and politics of civil war and peacemaking: 1990-1994

*Uvin, Peter. Aiding Violence: The Development Enterprise in Rwanda (Bloomfield CT:

Kumarian Press, 1998). [pp. 224-238 C]

*Clapham, Christopher. “Rwanda: The Perils of Peacemaking”. Journal of Peace

Research, Vol. 35, No. 2, March 1998. [OL]

*Storey, Andy. “Structural adjustment, state power and genocide: the World Bank and

Rwanda.” Review of African Political Economy, Sept. 2001, Vol. 28, No. 89. [OL]

*Khadiagala, Gilbert. “Implementing the Arusha Agreement on Rwanda”. in Ending

Civil Wars: The Implementation of Peace Agreements. Stephen Stedman, Donald

Rothchild, Elizabeth Cousens (eds) (Boulder CO: Lynne Rienner, 2002). [C]

Hatzfeld, Jean, A Time for Machetes: The Rwandan Genocide: The Killers Speak (London:

Serpent‟s Tail, 2008).

Hatzfeld, Jean, Into the Quick of Life: The Rwandan Genocide- The Survivors Speak (London:

Serpent‟s Tail, 2008).

Jones, Bruce. Peacemaking in Rwanda: The Dynamics of Failure (Boulder CO: Lynne

Rienner, 2001).

3. Genocide and the politics of international intervention

*Barnett, Michael. Eyewitness to a Genocide: The United Nations and Rwanda (Cornell

University Press, 2002), [pp. 97-126 C].

*US National Security Archive (Sixteen declassified documents related to US and the

Rwandan genocide) [OL] http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB53/index.html

*Text of January 1994 cable from Romeo Dallaire to the UN Department of

Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO), 2 pages [C]

*Prunier, Gerard. “Operation Turquoise: A Humanitarian Escape from a Political Dead End”, in

Howard Adelman and Astri Suhrke (eds). The Path of a Genocide: The Rwanda Crisis

from Uganda to Zaire (Somerset NJ: Transaction, 1999). [pp. 281-305 C]

*Henry Kwami Anyidoho, Guns over Kigali: The Rwandese Civil War- A Personal

Account (Accra, Ghana: Woeli Publishing Services, 1997). [pp. 55-98 C]

*Williams, Paul D, “The Peacekeeping System, Britain and the 1994 Rwandan Genocide” in

Clark, P and Z. Kaufman (eds), After Genocide: Transitional Justice, Post-conflict

Reconstruction and Reconciliation in Rwanda and Beyond, Hurst, 2009. [C]

Alan Kuperman, “Rwanda in Retrospect” Foreign Affairs, 79 (1), January-February, 2000. [OL]

Mutsizi Report 2010 (A Rwandan investigative commission into the assassination of

Habyariamana). A highly political document that is amazing in its detail. See also

commentary by Philip Gourevitch in the New Yorker on Jan 8, 2010 (http://ow.ly/Umfg)

Suhrke, Astri. “Dilemmas of Protection: The Log of the Kigali Battalion”, in Howard

Adelman and Astri Suhrke (eds). The Path of a Genocide: The Rwanda Crisis

from Uganda to Zaire (Somerset NJ: Transaction, 1999).

Power, Samantha. “Bystanders to Genocide”. Atlantic Monthly, September 2001. A powerful

piece of journalism, but some parts are contested. http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200109/power-genocide [OL]

Melvern, Linda. A People Betrayed: The Role of the West in Rwanda’s Genocide

(London: Zed, 2000).

Melvern, Linda. Conspiracy to Murder: The Rwanda Genocide and the International

37

Community (London: Verso, 2006).

Wallis, Andrew. Silent Accomplice: The Untold Story of France’s Role in the Rwandan

Genocide (I.B. Tauris, 2006).

Gourevitch, Philip. We wish to inform you that tomorrow we will be killed with our

families (New York: Picador), 1999.

McNulty, Mel. “France‟s Role in Rwanda and External Military Intervention: A Double

Discrediting”. International Peacekeeping, Vol. 4 No. 3, Autumn 1997. [C]

Melvern, Linda and Paul Williams, “Britannia Waved the Rules: The Major Government

and the 1994 Rwandan Genocide” African Affairs, 102, 2004.

Power, Samantha. A Problem from Hell: America in the Age of Genocide (London:

Flamingo [now Harper-Collins Fourth Estate], 2003).

Rusesabagina, Paul, An Ordinary Man: An Autobiography (Penguin, 2006)

Feil, Scott. “Preventing genocide: how an early use of force could have prevented

genocide”, http://www.wilsoncenter.org/subsites/ccpdc/pubs/rwanda/frame.htm, and see response by Kuperman (listed above)

Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda (4 volumes) (Summary of main

findings and recommendations: Overseas Development Institute, RRN Network

Paper 16, 1996) [OL]

4. The consequences of genocide and the challenges of post-conflict governance

*Uvin, Peter. “Difficult choices in the post-conflict agenda: the international community

in Rwanda after the genocide.” Third World Quarterly. Vol. 22, No. 2, April

2001. [OL]

* Hintjens, Helen. “Post-genocide identity politics in Rwanda”, Ethnicities, Vol. 8, No. 1, 2008.

*Ansoms, A. (2009) “Reengineering rural society: The visions and ambitions of the Rwandan

elite”, African Affairs 108 (431): 1-21. [OL]

*Hatzfeld, Jean, The Strategy of Antelopes: Rwanda after the Genocide (London: Serpent‟s Tail,

2009).

*Pottier, Johan. Re-Imagining Rwanda. Conflict, Survival and Disinformation in the Late

Twentieth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001). [whole book is

useful, but pp. 1-8 C] *Ooman, Barbara, “Donor-Driven Justice and its Discontents: The Case of Rwanda”,

Development and Change (Vol. 36, No. 5, 2005). [OL]

Kinzer, Stephen, A Thousand Hills: Rwanda‟s Rebirth and the Man who Dreamed it, John Wiley

and Sons, 2008.

*Lischer, Sarah Kenyon, Collateral Damage: Humanitarian Assistance as a Cause of Conflict” International Security, Vol. 28, No. 1, 2003. [OL]

*Reyntjens, Filip. “Post-1994 Politics in Rwanda: Problematising “Liberation” and

“Democratisation”” Third World Quarterly (Vol. 27, No. 6, 2006). [OL]

Clark, Phil and Zachary Kaufman (eds), After Genocide: Transitional Justice, Post-conflict

Reconstruction and Reconciliation in Rwanda and Beyond, Hurst, 2009.

Ansoms, A. (2008) “Striving for growth, bypassing the poor? A critical review of Rwanda‟s

rural sector policies”, Journal of Modern African Studies 46 (1): 1-32.

Reyntjens, Filip. “Rwanda: Ten Years On: From Genocide to Dictatorship”, African

Affairs, April 2004. [C]

Waldorf, Lars, “Censorship and Propaganda in Post-Genocide Rwanda” in Allan Thompson, ed.,

38

The Media and the Rwanda Genocide, Pluto Press 2007.

Ansoms, An, “Resurrection after civil war and genocide: Growth, Poverty, and Inequality in

Post-Conflict Rwanda”, European Journal of Development Research, Vol. 17, No. 3,

September 2005.

Jordaan, Eduard, “Inadequately Self-Critical: Rwanda‟s Self-Assessment for the African

Peer Review Mechanism”, African Affairs (Vol. 105, 2006).

Reyntjens, Filip. “A Dubious Discourse on Rwanda”. African Affairs, Jan. 1999, Vol. 98,

No. 390.

Storey, Andy. “Non-neutral Humanitarianism: NGOs and the Rwanda Crisis”, Development in

Practice, Nov. 1997, Vol. 7, No. 4.

Barber, Benjamin, “Feeding Refugees or War” Foreign Affairs, July-August 1997.

Waldorf, Lars, “Mass Justice for Mass Atrocity: Rethinking Local Justice as Transitional

Justice,” Temple Law Review 79:1 (August 2006).

Sarkin, Jeremy, “The Tension between Justice and Reconciliation in Rwanda”, Journal of

African Law (Vol. 45, No. 2, 2001).

Pottier, Johan. “Relief and Repatriation: Views by Rwandan Refugees; Lessons for

Humanitarian Aid Workers”, African Affairs (Vol. 95, 1996): pp. 403-429.

Human Rights Watch web-site (links to reports on Rwanda): http://www.hrw.org/africa/rwanda.php

Magnarella, Paul, Justice in Africa: Rwanda’s Genocide, its Courts, and the UN Criminal

Tribunal, Ashgate, 2000.

Neuffer, Elizabeth, The Key to my Neighbour’s House: Seeking Justice in Bosnia and

Rwanda (London: Picador, 2001).

Uvin Peter and Charles Mironko, “Western and Local Approaches to Justice in Rwanda”, Global Governance (Vol. 9, No. 2, April-June 2003).

Allison, Corey and Sandra Joireman, “Retributive Justice: The Gacaca Courts in

Rwanda”, African Affairs (Vol. 103, 410, January 2004).

Buckley-Zistel, Susanne, “Remembering to Forget: Chosen Amnesia as a Strategy for

Local Coexistence in Post-Genocide Rwanda” Africa (Vol. 76, No. 2, 2006).

Chu, Jeff, “Rwanda Rising: A New Model of Economic Development” http://www.fastcompany.com/magazine/134/special-report-rwanda-rising.html

Films/ documentaries dealing with aspects of the Rwandan genocide: These films can all be borrowed on DVD from the African Studies Centre, located in the

Mond Building (opposite the PPS library). Some of these films are also available from the PPS

library.

Sometimes in April, directed by Raoul Peck, 2005 Shooting Dogs, directed by Michael Caton-Jones, 2005 The Last Just Man, directed by Steven Silver, 2001 (about Romeo Dallaire). Hotel Rwanda, directed by Terry George, 2005 100 Days, directed by Nick Hughes, 2001

PBS Frontline on the Genocide, Triumph of Evil:

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/evil/

Unreported World: Rwanda (BBC Channel 4) about Hutu militias in the DRC, 2007 Munyurangabo, directed by Lee Isaac Chung, 2007 (about post-conflict Rwanda).

39

V. The European Union Constitutional Treaty, 2004 (Pieter van Houten)

This case study focuses on the European Constitutional Treaty, which was agreed on by the

governments of the European Union (EU) member states in 2004, but subsequently shelved in

June 2005 after the results of ratification referendums in France and the Netherlands. The EU

member states agreed in June 2007 to adopt some of the measures indicated in the constitutional

draft, but have – for the time being – given up on trying to establish a constitution.

We will look at the process by which the constitutional draft came about, the implications if it

had been adopted, the reasons for its suspension, and various broader issues raised by this

episode (e.g., the role of constitutions in political systems, the relation between the EU and

„nation-states‟, the possibility and requirements of democracy in a supra-national political entity

such as the EU, and the contemporary challenges facing the EU). Throughout the lectures on this

case study, references will be made to the themes and issues discussed in this paper‟s

Michaelmas module.

Essay questions

Supervision 1. What was the purpose of the European constitution?

Supervision 2. Can the failure of the constitution in 2005 be attributed primarily to domestic

political factors?

Reading list

General and background reading on the European Union

John Pinder, The European Union: a very short introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press,

2001).

Desmond Dinan, Europe recast: a history of the European Union (London: Palgrave, 2004).

Elizabeth Bomberg and Alexander Stubb, eds., The European Union: how does it work?

(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003).

Neill Nugent, The government and politics of the European Union, 6th

ed. (London: Palgrave,

2006) [or 5th

ed., 2003]

Simon Hix, The political system of the European Union, 2nd

ed. (London: Palgrave, 2005)

Simon Bulmer and Christian Lequesne, eds., The member states of the European Union (Oxford:


Andrew Moravcsik, The choice for Europe: social purpose and state power from Messina to

Maastricht (London: UCL Press, 1998).

John Peterson and Michael Shackleton, eds., The institutions of the European Union, 2nd

ed.

(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006) [or 1st ed., 2001].

40

The EU constitution: process and outcome

Clive H. Church and David Phinnemore, Understanding the European constitution: an

introduction to the EU Constitutional Treaty (London: Routledge, 2005). [Ch 1 on C]

Michael O‟Neill, The struggle for the European constitution: a past and future history (London:

Routledge, 2008)

The constitutional draft and other EU documents relevant to the constitutional project, at

http://europa.eu/roadtoconstitution/index_en.htm.

David Phinnemore, “The Treaty establishing a constitution for Europe: an overview,” European

Programme Briefing (available at

http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/publications/papers/view/-/id/206/).

Federal Trust newsletters and other material on the constitutional project (available at

www.fedtrust.co.uk).

Neill Nugent, The government and politics of the European Union, 6th

ed. (London: Palgrave,

2006). [Ch 7 on C]

Paul Taggart, “Question of Europe: the domestic politics of the 2005 French and Dutch

referendums and their challenge for the study of European integration,” Journal of

Common Market Studies 44, annual review (2006): 7-25. [OL]

Arjen Nijboer, “The Dutch referendum,” European Constitutional Law Review 1 (2005): 393-

405 [OL]

Flash Eurobarometer 171 on the French referendum

(http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/flash/fl171_en.pdf) and Flash Eurobarometer 172 on

the Dutch referendum (http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/flash/fl172_en.pdf), both

published in June 2005 shortly after the referendums

Symposium on EU constitution, PS: Political Science & Politics 39 (2006): 237-272 [OL]

Paul Magnette and Kalypso Nicolaïdis, “The European Convention: bargaining in the shadow of

rhetoric,” West European Politics, 27, 3 (2004): 381-404.

Yves Meny, “The achievements of the Convention,” Journal of Democracy 14, 4 (2003): 57-70.

[OL] Laurent Cohen-Tanugi, “The end of Europe?,” Foreign Affairs (Nov/Dec 2005).

Lord Windlesham, “Britain and the European constitution,” Parliamentary Affairs 60 (2007):

102-110. [C]

Sara Binzer Hobolt and Paul L. Riseborough, “How to win the UK referendum on the EU

constitution,” Political Quarterly 76 (2005): 241-252 [C]

Mark Gill et al, The referendum battle (London: Foreign Policy Centre, 2004), available at

http://fpc.org.uk/fsblob/296.pdf

Peter Norman, The accidental constitution: the making of Europe’s Constitutional Treaty, 2nd

ed.

(Brussels, Eurocomment, 2005).

„Political agency in the constitutional treaty of the European Union‟, special issue of Journal of

European Public Policy’, 14, 8 (2007). [OL]

David J. Bailey, “Misperceiving matters: elite ideas and the failure of the European constitution,”

Comparative European Politics, 6 (2008): 33-60. [OL]

„France and the EU after the referendum‟, special issue of Journal of European Public Policy,

14, 7 (2007). [OL]

41

Marcel Lubbers, “Regarding the Dutch „nee‟ to the European constitution: a test of the identity,

utilitarian and political approaches to voting „no‟,” European Union Politics, 9 (2008):

59-86.

Christopher Lord, “Two constitutionalisms?: a comparison of British and French government

attempts to justify the Constitutional Treaty,” Journal of European Public Policy, 15, 7

(2008): 1001-1018. [OL]

Andrew Gamble, “The European Disunion,” British Journal of Politics and International

Relations, 8, 1 (2006): 34-49. [OL]

George Tsebelis, “Thinking about the recent past and future of the EU,” Journal of Common

Market Studies, 46, 2 (2008): 265-292. [OL]

Broader issues related to the EU constitutional project

The EU and the state:

William Wallace, “Rescue or retreat?: the nation state in Western Europe, 1945-93,” Political

Studies 42, special issue (1994): 52-76.

Andrew Moravcsik, The choice for Europe: social purpose and state power from Messina to

Maastricht (London: UCL Press, 1998), selected chapters.

Simon Bulmer and Christian Lequesne, eds., The member states of the European Union (Oxford:


Constitutions and the EU:

Russell Hardin, “Why a constitution?” in Bernard Grofman and Donald Wittmann, eds., The

Federalist Papers and the new institutionalism (New York: Agathon Press, 1989).

Jürgen Habermas, “Why we need a European constitution,” New Left Review 11 (Sept/Oct

2001): 5-26. [OL]

Joseph H.H. Weiler, The constitution of Europe: ‘do the new clothes have any Emperor?’ and

other essays on European integration (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).

Karlheinz Neureither, “The European Union in Nice: a minimalist approach to a historic

challenge,” Government and Opposition, 36 (2001): 184-208.

Andrew Moravscik, “The European constitutional compromise and the neofunctionalist legacy,”

Journal of European Public Policy 12 (2005): 349-386. [OL]

Democracy and the EU:

Frank Decker, “Governance beyond the nation-state: reflection on the democratic deficit of the

European Union,” Journal of European Public Policy 9 (2002): 256-272.

Andrew Moravcsik, “In defence of the „democratic deficit‟: reassessing legitimacy in the

European Union,” Journal of Common Market Studies, 40 (2002): 603-623 [also published

in Joseph H. Weiler, Iain Begg and John Peterson, eds., Integration in an expanding

European Union (Oxford: Blackwell, 2003)].

Andreas Follesdal and Simon Hix, “Why there is a democratic deficit in the EU: a response to

Majone and Moravcsik,” Journal of Common Market Studies 44 (2006): 533-562.

42

Ben Crum, “Tailoring representative democracy to the European Union: does the European

constitution reduce the democratic deficit?” European Law Journal 11 (2005): 452-467.

[OL] Larry Siedentop, Democracy in Europe (London: Penguin, 2000).

Christopher Lord and Erika Harris, Democracy in the new Europe (London: Palgrave, 2006).

Identity and the EU:

Anthony Pagden, ed., The idea of Europe: from antiquity to the European Union (Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, 2002).

Dieter Fuchs and Hans-Dieter Klingemann, “Eastward enlargement of the European Union and

the identity of Europe,” West European Politics, 25, 2 (2002): 19-54.

Neil Fligstein, Euroclash: the EU, European identity, and the future of Europe (Oxford: Oxford


Policy and institutional challenges for the EU:

Neill Nugent, ed., European Union enlargement (London: Palgrave, 2004).

Jan Zielonka, “Challenges of EU enlargement,” Journal of Democracy 15, 1 (2004): 22-35. [OL]

Helene Sjursen, “Why expand?: the question of legitimacy and justification of the EU‟s

enlargement policy,” Journal of Common Market Studies, 40 (2002): 491-514.

Christopher Hill and Michael Smith, eds., International relations and the European Union

(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).

P.M. Crowley, “The institutional implications of EMU,” Journal of Common Market Studies 39

(2001): 385-404.

43

Mock exam paper

Candidates should answer three questions, taking each from a different section.

SECTION A

1. Is the international state system still the key arena in world politics?

2. Can sovereignty be pooled?

3. Is there one model or many models of capitalism?

4. Is universal development possible?

5. Is global governance a reality or an illusion?

6. Can state building ever be successful?

7. Why do people vote?

8. Does the West have a future?

SECTION B

9. Why did the Iranian revolution occur as and when it did?

10. Has the Iranian revolution solved in any measure the problems that brought it into being?

SECTION C

11. Was the Tiananmen movement motivated by a desire for democratic change?

12. Why has China not seen the development of a second Tiananmen movement after 1989?

SECTION D

13. Was the genocide in Rwanda triggered by a failure of leadership?

14. Who, if anyone, benefited from genocide in Rwanda?

SECTION E

15. Why did the attempt to establish an EU constitution fail in 2005?

16. Does the European Union need a constitution?

44

Exam Paper 2009


SECTION A

1 Do we live in an era of liberal peace or liberal war?

2 What is the greatest current threat to global security?

3 Is globalisation undermining its own foundations?

4 Why do the poor stay poor?

5 Is democracy the worst form of government, apart from the others?

6 Is there such a thing as a failed state?

7 Is identity becoming more important in world politics?

8 Could there ever be One World?

SECTION B

9 Why did the appeal of the Shah‟s opponents in terms of Iran‟s „downtrodden‟ or

„dispossessed‟ have pertinence in the months leading up to the revolution of 1979?

10 In what respects, if any, is Iran a country still living in the shadow of its revolutionary

upheaval?

SECTION C

11 To what extent did international actors misunderstand the nature of Rwandan politics in

the lead up to the genocide?

12 Does Rwanda remain susceptible to genocide?

SECTION D [Please note the following two questions are on a case that is no longer examined]

13 Is the Kyoto Protocol good for the environment?

14 Why is US participation important for an effective climate treaty, and how can it be

brought in?

SECTION E

15 Why did member state governments agree to the EU constitution in June 2004?

16 To what extent were the referendums in France and the Netherlands in 2005 really about

the EU constitution?

45

Exam Paper 2008


SECTION A

1. To what extent is the meaning of security changing?

2. Why has peace been so hard to establish since the end of the Cold War?

3. Can there be a world order without a hegemon?

4. Is class still a useful category for analysing world politics?

5. Is capitalism converging on a single model?

6. To what extent has modern democracy failed?

7. Does religion have increasing importance in world politics?

8. Is the world becoming more or less politically diversified?

SECTION B

9. Were the arguments made by Ruhollah Khomeini for an Islamic Revolution significant for its

actual occurrence in Iran?

10. In what respects would contemporary Iran, three decades after the Revolution, not fulfil the

aspirations of the Islamic Republic‟s founders?

SECTION C

11. To what extent did the causes of the 1994 genocide in Rwanda originate from outside its

borders?

12. Has Rwanda recovered from genocide?

SECTION D [Please note the following two questions are on a case that is no longer examined]

13. Can the pursuit of state interests explain the provisions of the Kyoto Protocol?

14. Why did some states decide to opt out of, or not implement, the Kyoto Protocol?

SECTION E

15. Why did the EU constitutional treaty have “neither the simplicity, the elegance nor the

fundamental ordering functions of a constitution” (Garton Ash, 2005)?

16. Does the failure of the constitutional project in 2005 show that European political elites are

out of touch with the European public?

46

Examination Report 2009

There were 85 candidates taking the paper this year, of whom 81 were SPS Part IIA, 3

Archaeology & Anthropology Part IIA, and one SPS Part II (one year). No distinctions were

made between these sets of candidates in the application of marking criteria. Each candidate

receives two marks, one from each of their two examiners.

Nine candidates in total received a first class mark from at least one examiner, of which one was

a starred first. Four candidates received first class marks from both examiners. 48 received 2.1

marks from both examiners, 21 received 2.2 marks from both examiners, and six candidates

received one 2.1 and one 2.2 mark. One candidate received a third class mark. No candidate

secured lower than a third class mark from either examiner.

In general, the performance of candidates on this paper was encouraging, and demonstrated

improvement from the previous year. The examiners found that a good number of candidates

were able to bring out detailed examples to illustrate or evaluate general arguments in Section A

of the paper. Some candidates were also able to use broader arguments on the nature of world

politics effectively to frame the questions about case studies, although candidates should be

careful not to allow these arguments to become digressions.

The best candidates for this paper demonstrated an ability to think both conceptually, about the

terms of the question, and empirically, in considering what the factual material showed (or didn‟t

show). Perhaps the most common failing this year, as is often the case, was a failure to address

the exam question properly and carefully enough, or at least to make it clear how the material

provided constituted an answer to the exam question. Quite a few of the answers to the question

on the rhetoric of the dispossessed in the lead-up to the Iranian revolution (q.9), and on the

understanding of international actors on the eve of the Rwandan genocide (q.11), gave general

causal accounts of those events, with only incidental reference along the way to the core theme

of the question.

Good answers were able to provide an interpretation of the terms of the question, and often used

this interpretation to frame the essay; this involved a discussion of what, for example, „liberal

war‟ (q.1), „One World‟ (q.8) or „the shadow of [a] revolutionary upheaval‟ (q.10) does or could

mean. There are no right or wrong interpretations here, but reasonable and fairly explicit

accounts are crucial if the essay is to develop a focus and a sense of overall coherence.

Each question was attempted by at least three candidates. The most popular questions were on

the rhetoric of the Iranian revolution (54 answers), the understanding of international actors

about Rwandan politics (40 answers), and on the threats to global security (35 answers).

For Section A, the majority of candidates (51 students) answered one of the two questions

focused on the theme of security. There were a number of common problems with essays on

these two questions. Many scripts gave rather superficial overviews of many different features of

contemporary international society and security, without going into much detail or considering

counterarguments. Ideas such as those of „new wars‟, the „democratic peace‟, „resource conflict‟,

and trade‟s role in bringing peace were raised as if they were uncontroversially and

47

unambiguously true; good scripts, by contrast, explored these standard arguments with a critical

eye. A different, but no less problematic, approach to these questions tried to be reductive,

attributing many different security problems or causes of conflict to one factor (a lack of

international cooperation, the diminishing role of the state, US hegemony, etc.); many of these

answers ended up with implausible arguments that placed too much explanatory weight upon a

single factor. In these scripts, the names of Hobbes and Kant were used frequently, but with

precious little regard to what these theorists actually wrote; it was disappointing that Part I

teaching has been forgotten so quickly by quite so many.

With the other questions from Section A, the essays focused on international political economy

were argued through particularly well. It was encouraging to see that some students had taken to

this literature seriously and carefully.

Essays in Sections B-E varied greatly in focus and coherence. A number of essays on Rwanda

seem to have been written in an excess of passion and a dearth of carefulness. Whilst feeling

strongly about the issues is not to be discouraged, this does not excuse heated assertion taking

over from structured argument. A significant number of students in particular tried to turn the

question of the understanding of international actors about Rwandan politics (q.11) into a

question of who was to blame for the genocide, resulting in some essays becoming little more

than a charge list of allegations. The essays on the EU constitution tended to provide a well-

developed sense of the politics of the agreement to, and referendums on, the constitution, but

sometimes lacked detail on what measures the constitution actually contained. Essays on Iran

often became broad overviews rather than staying closely enough to the terms of the question.

Essays on the Kyoto Protocol on occasion resorted to overly long accounts of different schools

of international relations theory, with not enough to show their relevance for an evaluation of the

Protocol.

Three further general points about essay structure and presentation are worth making here. First,

a fairly large number of students resorted to writing long introductions for each essay setting out

what they were going to argue. In some cases, these comprised over a quarter of the essay. Such

introductions are wholly unnecessary, taking up time and energy that is better spent on

developing the actual argument. Examiners read every word of the essays – not just the

introduction and the conclusion – and being told what one is going to read a page or two later is

really not helpful. Secondly, a number of candidates had very short final essays, often resorting

to bullet points for the last section of this essay, presumably due to running out of time. These

scripts tended to receive low marks, as an inadequate last essay brings the overall mark for a

script down by a disproportionately large amount. Students should be advised that they must

leave enough time for their third essay if they are to achieve good marks for this (or any other)

paper. Thirdly, the examiners were struck by the relatively high proportion of students whose

prose included frequent grammatical and/or spelling mistakes. Although there is no automatic

deduction of marks for misplaced apostrophes, for example, a script that contains many such

errors has its overall coherence diminished, and suffers as a result.

In general, and despite these misgivings, examiners were pleased with the extent of learning

displayed in the scripts this year. Some students have clearly read and thought a lot, and have a

48

good grasp of how to make substantial arguments about the complexities and uncertainties of

world politics.

Examination Report 2008

There were 74 candidates for this paper. There were disappointingly few first class marks. The

examiners gave two candidates first class marks; nine candidates in addition achieved at least

one first class mark. The examiners gave 38 candidates upper second marks, 17 candidates

divided upper second and lower second marks, and eight candidates agreed lower second marks.

Candidates achieved more first class marks in the first section of the paper. The answers to the

questions on the four case studies achieved a good standard, but too many were standard

answers, relying on standard sources and class notes, and not relating the questions to wider

issues and theories, in particular those dealt with in the first part of the course. The best answers

were those which combined awareness of different theoretical explanations with a precise

knowledge of the details of the particular cases. For the answers to the first section the best

candidates showed wide knowledge and understanding of key theories and were able to make a

clear and persuasive argument which directly addressed the question. There was a considerable

spread of answers in section one, all questions being attempted by at least one candidate, but

some questions were more popular than others, particularly those on security. In the case studies

section there was a marked preference for the question that addressed the causes rather than the

outcomes.

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