poli cases scra 1

8/10/2019 Poli Cases SCRA 1

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Macariola vs. Asuncion, 114 SCRA 77 , May 31, 1982 Case Title : BERNARDITA R. MACARIOLA, complainant, vs. HONORABLE ELIAS B. ASUNCION, Judge of the Court of First Instance ofLeyte, respondent.Case Nature : ADMINISTRATIVE CASE in the Supreme Court. Acts unbecoming a judge.Syllabi Class : Judges|Sales|Administrative Law|Public Officers|Statutes|Anti-Graft Law|Constitutional Law|Civil ServiceSyllabi :1. Judges ; Sales ; The prohibition to judges from acquiring properties in litigation applies only where the sale takes place during the pendency ofthe litigation .-

The prohibition in the aforesaid Article applies only to the sale or assignment of the property which is the subject of litigation to the personsdisqualified therein. WE h ave already ruled that x x x for the prohibition to operate, the sale or assignment of the property must take placeduring the pendency of the litigation involving the property 2. Same ; Being an officer of a business corporation is violative of the Canons of Judicial Ethics. However, in the case at bar respondent judgeand his wife sold their shares already without a short time after acquisitio n+ 3. Same ; Same ; Same ; Same ; Only permanent officers in the classified service are subject to the jurisdiction of the Civil Service Commissioner.

Judges do not fall under this category .+ 4. Same ; Same ; Same ; Same ; Judges are not officers or employees subject to the disciplinary authority of the Civil Service Commission .+ 5. Same ; Same ; Same ; Same ; The Section 12 of the Civil Service Act and RA. 2260, of the Civil Service Rules and Regulations do not apply tomembers of the Judiciary .+ 6. Same ; A dministrative Law ; Public Offi cers ; Anti-Graft Law ; Civil Service ; Although Civil Service regulations prohibit public officers fromengaging in business without prior authority of his department head, violation of such administrative rule does not constitute violation of the

Anti-Graft Law .+ 8. Same ; Constitutional Law ; Judges are not prohibited from engaging or having any interest in any lawful business .+ 10 . Same ; Anti-Graft Law ; A judge cannot be held guilty of violating the Anti-Graft Law where there is no showing that he intervened in thebusiness or transactions of a commercial firm .+ 12 . Same ; Same ; Same ; Same ; Statutes ; Art. 14 of the Code of Commerce prohibiting certain public officers from engaging in businessactivities is political in nature and has already been abrogated with the transfer of sovereignty from Spain, to the United States and later to the

Republic of the Philippines .- Upon the transfer of sovereignty from Spain to the United States and later on from the United States to the Republic of the Philippines, Article14 of this Code of Commerce must be deemed to have been abrogated because where there is change of sovereignty, the political laws of the

former sovereign, whether compatible or not with those of the new sovereign, are automatically abrogated, unless they are expressly re-enactedby affirmative act of the new sovereign.13 . Same ; Same ; Same ; Same ; Political Law defined .-

Political Law has been defined as that branch of public law which deals with the organization and operation of the governmental organs of theState and defined the relations of the state with the inhabitants of its territory (People vs. Perfecto, 43 Phil. 887, 897 [1922]). It may be recalledthat political law embraces constitutional law, law of public corporations, administrative law including the law on public officers and elections.Specifically, Article 14 of the Code of Commerce partakes more of the nature of an administrative law because it regulates the conduct of certain

public officers and employees with respect to engaging in business; hence, political in essence.14 . Same ; A dministrative Law ; Public Offi cers ; Constitutional L aw ; The provision of the Code of Commerce incapacitating judges and justicesand other public officers from engaging in business is part of Political Law .-

It is Our considered view that although the aforestated provision is incorporated in the Code of Commerce which is part of the commerciallaws of the Philippines, it, however, partakes of the nature of a political law as it regulates the relationship between the government and certain

public officers and employees, like justices and judges.15 . Same ; While a judge may not have acquired property in litigation before him in the technical sense, it was, however, improper for him tohave done so under the Canons of Judicial Ethics .-

Finally, while it is true that respondent Judge did not violate paragraph 5, Article 1491 of the New Civil Code in acquiring by purchase a portion of Lot 1184-E which was in litigation in his court, it was, however, improper for him to have acquired the same. He should be remindedof Canon 3 of the Canons of Judicial Ethics which requires that : A judges official conduct should be free from the appearance of impropriety,and his personal behavior, not only upon the bench and in the performance of judicial duties, but also in his everyday life, should be beyondreproach. And as aptly observed by the imvestigating Justice: x x it was unwise and indiscreet on the part of respondent to have purch ased oracquired a portion of a piece of property that was or had been in litigation in his court and caused it to be transferred to a corporation of whichhe and his wife were ranking officers at the time of such transfer. One who occupies an exalted position in the judiciary has the duty andresponsibility of maintaining the faith and trust of the citizenry in the courts of justice, so that not only must he be truly honest and just, but hisactuations must be such as not give cause for doubt and mistrust in the uprightness of his administration of justice. In this particular case ofrespondent, he cannot deny that the transactions over Lot 1184-E are damaging and render his actuations open to suspicion and distrust.16 . Same ; Respondent acted in good faith in approving project of partition without the signature of the parties where the lawyers manifested thatthey were authorized to sign the same by the clients .+ 17 . Same ; Same ; Same .+ 18 . Same ; Same ; Incapacity of judges to acquire property involved in cases before their sala does not apply where property was not acquired

from any of the parties to the case .+ 19 . Same ; Same ; Respondent judge did not acquire property at bar during the prohibited period .+ 20 . Same ; It is but natural for a judge to believe that a person who publicly holds himself out as an Attorn ey-at- Law is a bona fide member ofthe Bar .+ Dispositive Portion :WHEREFORE, THE RESPONDENT ASSOCIATE JUSTICE OF THE COURT OF APPEALS IS HEREBY REMINDED TO BE MOREDISCREET IN HIS PRIVATE AND BUSINESS ACTIVITIES.
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People vs. Perfecto, 43 Phil. 887 , October 04, 1922 Case Title : THE PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, plaintiff and appellee, vs. GREGORIO PERFECTO, defendant and appellant.CaseNature : APPEAL from a judgment of the Court of First Instance of Manila. Harvey, J.Syllabi Class : ID.Syllabi :1. I D. ; I D. ; I D. ; LIBEL OF LEGISLATURE .- While it may be proper to prosecute criminally the author of a libel charging a legislator with corruption, criticisms, no matter how severe, on alegislature, are within the range of the liberty of the press, unless the intention and effect be seditious.

2. I D. ; I D. ; I D. ; STATUTORY CONSTRUCTION .- Where the later statute clearly covers the old subject-matter of antecedent acts, and it plainly appears to have been the purpose of the Legislatureto give expression in it to the whole law on the subject, previous laws are held to be repealed by necessary implication.3. I D. ; I D. ; EFFECT OF CHANGE FROM SPANISH TO AMERICAN SOVEREIGNTY OVER THE PHILIPPINES ON ARTICLE 256 OF THE

PENAL CODE. (OPINION OF JUSTICES MALCOLM, OSTRAND, AND JOHNS. )- Article 256 of the Spanish Penal Code is not now in force because abrogated by the change from Spanish to American sovereignty over the Philippines and because inconsistent with democratic principles of government.4. I D. ; I D. ; ID .-

All those provisions of the Spanish Penal Code having to do with such subjects as treason, lse majest, religion and worship, rebellion, sedition,and contempts of ministers of the crown, are no longer in force. Article 255 of the Penal Code is of a similar nature.5. I D. ; I D. ; ID .-

It is a general principle of the public law that on acquisition of territory the previous political relations of the ceded region are totally abrogated."It cannot be admitted that the King of Spain could, by treaty or otherwise, impart to the United States any of his royal prerogatives; and muchless can it be admitted that they have capacity to receive or power to exercise them. Every nation acquiring territory, by treaty or otherwise, musthold it subject to the constitution and laws of its own government, and not according to those of the government ceding it." (Pollard vs. Hagan[1845], 3 How., 210.)6. I D. ; I D. ; NATURE OF PHILIPPINE GOVEBNMENT .- The nature of the government which has been set up in the Philippines under American sovereignty was outlined by President McKinley in that

Magna Charta of Philippine liberty, his instructions to the Commission, of April 7, 1900. The President and Congress framed the government onthe model with which Americans are f amiliar and which has proven best adapted for the advancement of the public interests and the protectionof individual rights and privileges.7. I D. ; I D. ; ID .-

Article 256 of the Spanish Penal Code was enacted by the Government of Spain to protect Spanish officials who were the representatives of the King. With the change of sovereignty, a new government, and a new theory of government, was set up in the Philippines. No longer is there a Minister of the Crown or a person in authority of such exalted position that the citizens must speak of him only with bated breath. "In the eye ofour Constitutions and laws, every man is a sovereign, a ruler and a freeman, and has equal rights with every other man." (State vs. Shepherd[1903], 177 Mo., 205; 99 A. S. R., 624.)8. I D. ; I D. ; ID .-

In the United States, the offense of scandalum magnatum is not known. In this country no distinction as to persons is recognized.9. I D. ; I D. ; ID .-

Article 256 of the Penal Code is contrary to the genius and fundamental principles of the American character and system of government. The gulfwhich separates this article from the spirit which inspires all penal legislation of American origin is as wide as that which separates a monarchy

from a democratic republic like that of the United States.10 . I D. ; I D. ; ID .- The American system of government is calculated to enforce respect and obedience where such respect and obedience is due, but never does it

place around the individual who happens to occupy an official position by mandate of the peopleany official halo, which calls for drastic punishment for contemptuous remarks.11 . I D. ; I D. ; ID .- The crime of lse majest disappeared in the Philippines with the ratification of the Treaty of Paris. Ministers of the Crown have no place underthe American flag.

Docket Number : No. 18463

Counsel : Alfonso E. Mendoza, Attorney-General Villa-Real

Ponente : MALCOLM

Dispositive Portion :To summarize, the result is, that all the members of the court are of the opinion, although for different reasons, that the judgment should bereversed and the defendant and appellant acquitted, with costs de officio. So ordered.
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Manila Prince Hotel vs. Government Service Insurance System, 267 SCRA 408 , February 03, 1997 Case Title : MANILA PRINCE HOTEL, petitioner, vs. GOVERNMENT SERVICE INSURANCE SYSTEM, MANILA HOTELCORPORATION, COMMITTEE ON PRIVATIZATION and OFFICE OF THE GOVERNMENT CORPORATE COUNSEL, respondents.CaseNature : SPECIAL CIVIL ACTION in the Supreme Court. Prohibition and Mandamus.Syllabi Class : Constitutional Law|Statutes|Contracts|Words and Phrases|Statutory Construction|National Economy and Patrimony|ManilaHotel|Filipino First Policy|Bids and Bidding|Nationalism|Separation of Powers|Supreme Court|Judicial Review|Government-Owned andControlled Corporations|Government Service Insurance SystemSyllabi :

1. Constitutional Law ; Statutes ; Contracts ; Words and Phr ases ; A constitution is a system of fundamental laws for the governance andadministration of a nation it is supreme, imperious, absolute and unalterable except by the authority from which it emanates. Since theConstitution is the fundamental, paramount and supreme Iaw of the nation, it is deemed written in every statute and contract .+ 2. Constitutional Law ; Statutes ; Statutory Constructi on ; A constitutional provision is self-executing if the nature and extent of the rightconferred and the liability imposed are fixed by the constitution itself, so that they can be determined by an examination and.construction of itsterms, and there is no language indicating that the subject is referred to the legislature for action .+ 3. Constitutional Law ; Statutes ; Statutory Constructi on ; Unless it is expressly provided that a legislative act is necessary to enforce aconstitutional mandate, the presumption now is that all provisions of the constitution are self-executing .+ 4. Constitutional Law ; Statutes ; Statutory Constructi on ; Minor details may be left to the legislature without impairing the self-executing natureof constitutional provisions .+ 5. Constitutional Law ; Statutes ; Statutory Constructi on ; The omission from a constitution of any express provision for a remedy for enforcing aright or liability is not necessarily an indication that it was not intended to be self-executing the rule is that a self-executing provision of theconstitution does not necessarily exhaust legislative power on the subject, but any legislation must be in harmony with the constitution, furtherthe exercise of constitutional right and make it more available .+ 6. Constitutional Law ; Statutes ; Statutory Constructi on ; A constitutional provision may be selfexecuting in one part and non-self-executing inanother .+ 7. Constitutional Law ; National Economy and Patrimony ; When the Constitution mandates that in the grant of rights, privileges, andconcessions covering national economy and patrimony, the State shall give preference to qualified Filipinos, it means just that qualified

Filipinos shall be preferred .- On the other hand, Sec. 10, second par., Art. XII of the 1987 Constitution i s a mandatory, positive command which is complete in itself and whichneeds no further guidelines or implementing laws or rules for its enforcement. From its very words the provision does not require any legislationto put it in operation. It is per se judicially enforceable. When our Constitution mandates that [i]n the grant of rights, privileges, and concessionscovering national economy and patrimony, the State shall give preference to qualified Filipinos, it means just that qualified Filipinos shall be

preferred.8. Constitutional Law ; National Economy and Patrimony ; When the Constitution declares that a right exists in certain specified circumstances,an action may be maintained to enforce such right notwithstanding the absence of any legislation on the subject such right enforces itself by itsown inherent potency and puissance .+ 9. Constitutional Law ; National Economy and Patrimony ; Words and Phr ases ; When the Constitution speaks of national patrimony, it refersnot only to the natural resources of the Philippines but also to the cultural heritage of the Filipinos .+ 10 . Constitutional Law ; National E conomy and Patrimony ; Manil a Hotel ; Manila Hotel has become a landmark a living testimonial of

Philippine heritage .+ 11 . Constitutional Law ; National E conomy and Patrimony ; Manil a Hotel ; Verily, Manila Hotel has become part of our national economy and

patrimony .+ 12 . Constitutional Law ; National E conomy and Patrimony ; Manil a Hotel ; F ilipino Fi rst Policy ; Words and Phr ases ; The term qua lified

Filipinos as used in the Constitution also includes corporations at least 60% of which is owned by Filipinos .+ 13 . Constitutional Law ; Statutory Constru ction ; Even some of the provisions of the Constitution which evidently need implementing legislationhave juridical life of their own and can be the source of judicial remedy .+ 14 . Constitutional Law ; Statutory Constru ction ; Words and Phr ases ; In constitutional jurisprudence, the acts of a person distinct from the

government are considered state action covered by the Constitution (1) when the activity it engages in is a public function; (2) when the government is so significantly involved with the private actor as to make the government responsible for his action; and, (3) when the governmenthas approved or authorized the action .+ 15 . Constitutional Law ; Statutory Constru ction ; Words and Phr ases ; When the Constitution addresses the State it refers not only to the peoplebut also to the government as elements of the State .+ 16 . Constitutional Law ; National E conomy and Patrimony ; F ilipino Fir st Policy ; Bi ds and Bidding ; Since the Filipino First Policy provision ofthe Constitution bestows preference on qualified Filipinos, the mere tending of the highest bid is not an assurance that the highest bidder will bedeclared the winning bidder .+ 17 . Constitutional Law ; National Economy and Patrimony ; F ilipino Fir st Policy ; Bi ds and Bidding ; Adhering to the doctrine of constitutional

supremacy, the Filipino First Policy constitutional provision is, as it should be, impliedly written in the bidding rules issued by GSIS, lest thebidding rules be nullified for being violative of the Constitution .+ 18 . Constitutional Law ; National E conomy and Patrimony ; F ilipino Fir st Policy ; Bi ds and Bidding ; Certainly, the constitutional mandate itself

is reason enough not to award the block of shares immediately to the foreign bidder notwithstanding its submission of a higher, or even thehighest, bi d + 19 . Constitutional Law ; National E conomy and Patrimony ; F ilipino Fir st Policy ; Where a foreign firm submits the highest bid in a publicbidding concerning the grant of rights, privileges and concessions covering the national economy and patrimony, thereby exceeding the bid of a

Filipino, there is no question that the Filipino will have to be allowed to match the bid of the foreign entity .+ 20 . Constitutional Law ; Any person desiring to do business in the Philippines or with any of its agencies or instrumentalities is presumed toknow his rights and obligations under the Constitution and the laws of the forum .+ 21 . Constitutional Law ; Statutory Constru ction ; The miscomprehension of the Constitution is regrettable, thus the Supreme Court would ratherremedy the indiscretion while there is still an opportunity to do so than let the government develop the habit of forgetting that the Constitutionlays down the basic conditions and parameters for its actions .+
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22 . Constitutional Law ; Statutory Constru ction ; N ational Economy and Patrimony ; F ilipino Fir st Policy ; N ationalism ; The Filipino First Policy is a product of Philippine nationalism, embodied in the 1987 Constitution not merely to be used as a guideline for future legislation but primarily to be enforced so must it be enforced .+ 23 . Constitutional Law ; Statutory Constru ction ; N ational Economy and Patrimony ; The Supreme Court will always defer to the Constitution inthe proper governance of a free society, after all, there is nothing so sacrosanct in any economic policy as to draw itself beyond judicial reviewwhen the Constitution is involved .+ 24 . Constitutional Law ; Statutory Constru ction ; N ational Economy and Patrimony ; N ationalism ; Nationalism is inherent in the very concept ofthe Philippines being a democratic and republican state, with sovereignty residing in the Filipino people and from whom all government

authority emanates .+ 25 . Constitutional Law ; Statutory Constru ction ; N ational Economy and Patrimony ; N ationalism ; M anila Hotel ; Manila Hotel has played andcontinues to play a significant role as an authentic repository of twentieth century Philippine history and culture, and in this sense, it has becometruly a reflection of the Filipino soul a place with a history of grandeur, a most historical setting that has played a part in the shaping of acountry .+ 26 . Constitutional Law ; Statutory Constru ction ; N ational Economy and Patrimony ; N ationalism ; M anila Hotel ; The conveyance of Manila

Hotel, an epic exponent of the Filipino psyche, to alien hands cannot be less than mephistophelian for it is, in whatever manner viewed, averitable alienation of a nations soul for some pieces of f oreign silver .+ 27 . Constitutional Law ; National E conomy and Patrimony ; Manil a Hotel ; There is no doubt that the Manila Hotel is very much a part of ournational patrimony and, as such, deserves constitutional protection as to who shall own it and benefit from its operation .+ 28 . Constitutional Law ; National E conomy and Patrimony ; Manil a Hotel ; Bi ds and Bidding ; The Constitutional preference should give thequalified Filipino an opportunity to match or equal the higher bid of the non-Filipino bidder if the preference of the qualified Filipino bidder is tobe significant at all .+ 29 . Constitutional Law ; National E conomy and Patrimony ; Manil a Hotel ; It is true that in this present age of globalization of attitude towards

foreign investments in our country, stress is on the elimination of barriers to foreign trade and investment in the country, yet we should not preclude ourselves from reserving to us Filipinos certain areas where our national identity, culture and heritage are involved .+ 30 . Constitutional Law ; National E conomy and Patrimony ; Manil a Hotel ; Bi ds and Bidding ; In this particular case before us, the onlymeaningful preference, it seems, would realty be to allow the qualified Filipino to match the foreign bid .+ 31 . Constitutional Law ; Separation of Powers ; Supreme Court ; Judici al Review ; It is regrettable that the Supreme Court at times is seen to bethe refuge for bureaucratic inadequacies which create the perception that it even takes on non-justiciable controversies .+ 32 . Constitutional Law ; National E conomy and Patrimony ; Manil a Hotel ; Bi ds and Bidding ; In the context of the present controversy the onlyway to enforce the constitutional mandate that "[i]n the grant of rights, privileges and concessions covering the national patrimony the State

shall give prefe rence to qualified Filipinos is to allow petitioner ioner Philippine corporation to equal the bid of the Malaysian firm for the purchase of the controlling shares of stocks in the Manila Hotel Corporation .+ 33 . Constitutional Law ; National E conomy and Patrimony ; Manil a Hotel ; Bi ds and Bidding ; The history of the Manila Hotel should not be

placed in the auction block of a purely business transaction, where profit subverts the cherished historical values of our people .+ 34 . Constitutional Law ; Statutory Constru ction ; To determine whether a particular provision of a Constitution is self-executing, a searchinginquiry should be made to find out if the provision is intended as a present enactment, complete in itself as a definite law, or if it needs futurelegislation for completion and enforcemen t.+ 35 . Constitutional Law ; Statutory Constru ction ; Suffused with wisdom of the ages is the unyielding rule that legislative actions may give breathto constitutional rights but congressional inaction should not suffocate them .+ 36 . Constitutional Law ; Statutory Constru ction ; A constitutional provision is not self-executing where it merely announces a policy and itslanguage empowers the Legislature to prescribe the means by which the policy shall be carried into effect .+ 37 . Constitutional Law ; Governm ent-Owned and Control led Corporations ; Government Servi ce I nsuran ce System ; As a state-owned andcontrolled corporation, the GSIS is skin-bound to adhere to the policies spelled out in the Constitution especially those designed to promote the

general welfare of the people .+ 38 . Constitutional Law ; Only a constitution strung with elasticity can grow as a living constitution .+ 39 . Constitutional Law ; National E conomy and Patrimony ; F ilipino Fir st Policy ; The second paragraph of Section 10, Article XII of theConstitution is pro-Filipino but not anti-alien it is pro-Filipino for it gives preference to Filipinos but it is not anti-alien per se for it does notabsolutely bar aliens in the grant of rights, privileges and concessions covering the national economy and patrimony .+ 40 . Constitutional Law ; National E conomy and Patrimony ; F ilipino Fir st Policy ; In implementing the policy articulated in Section 10, Article

XII of the Constitution, the stellar task of our State policy-makers is to maintain a creative tension between two desiderata first, the need todevelop our economy and patrimony with the help of foreigners if necessary, and, second, the need to keep our economy controlled by Filipinos .+ 41 . Constitutional Law ; National E conomy and Patrimony ; F ilipino Fi rst Policy ; Bi ds and Bidding ; 1 submit that the right of preference of a

Filipino bidder arises only if it tied the bid of the foreign bidder .+ 42 . Constitutional Law ; National E conomy and Patrimony ; F ilipino Fir st Policy ; While the Filipino First Policy requires that we incline to a

Filipino, it does not demand that we wrong an alien .+ 43 . Constitutional Law ; National E conomy and Patrimony ; F ilipino Fir st Policy ; Bi ds and Bidding ; The majoritys strained interpretationconstitutes unadulterated judicial legislation, which makes bidding a ridiculous sham where no Filipino can lose and where no foreigner canwin.+

Division : EN BANC

Docket Number : G.R. No. 122156

Counsel : Arturo M. Tolentino, Napoleon G. Rama, Adolfo S. Azcuna, Perla Y. Duque & Francis Y. Gaw, The Government Corporate Counsel,Yulo, Torres, Tarriela & Bello Law Office, Jooaquin Bernas, Enrique M. Fernando

Ponente : BELLOSILLO

Dispositive Portion :
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5/46

WHEREFORE, respondents GOVERNMENT SERVICE INSURANCE SYSTEM, MANILA HOTEL CORPORATION, COMMITTEE ONPRIVATIZATION and OFFICE OF THE GOVERNMENT CORPORATE COUNSEL are directed to CEASE and DESIST from selling 51% ofthe shares of the Manila Hotel Corporation to RENONG BERHAD, and to ACCEPT the matching bid of petitioner MANILA PRINCE HOTELCORPORATION to purchase the subject 51% of the shares of the Manila Hotel Corporation at P44.00 per share and thereafter to execute thenecessary agreements and documents to effect the sale, to issue the necessary clearances and to do such other acts and deeds as may be necessaryfor the purpose.


6/46

Pamatong vs. Commission on Elections, 427 SCRA 96 , April 13, 2004 Case Title : REV. ELLY VELEZ PAMATONG, ESQUIRE, petitioner, vs. COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS, respondent.Case Nature :SPECIAL CIVIL ACTION in the Supreme Court. Certiorari.Syllabi Class : Election Law|Equal Access to Public Office|Constitutional Law|Declaration of Principles and State Policies|StatutoryConstruction|Words and Phrases|The privilege of equal access to opportunities to public office may be subjected to limitations|NuisanceCandidatesSyllabi :

1. Election Law ; Equal A ccess to Publi c Offi ce ; There is no constitutional right to run for or hold public office and, particularly, to seek the presidency what is recognized is merely a privilege subject to limitations imposed by law .- Implicit in the petitioners invocation of the constitutional provision ensuring equal access to opportunities for public office is the clai m thatthere is a constitutional right to run for or hold public office and, particularly in his case, to seek the presidency. There is none. What isrecognized is merely a privilege subject to limitations imposed by law. Section 26, Article II of the Constitution neither bestows such a right norelevates the privilege to the level of an enforceable right. There is nothing in the plain language of the provision which suggests such a thrust or

justifies an interpretation of the sort.2. Election Law ; Equal A ccess to Publi c Offi ce ; Constitutional Law ; Declaration of Pri nciples and State Poli cies ; The provisions under the

Article are generally considered not self- executing, and there is no plausible reason for according a different treatment to the equal access provision like the rest of the policies enumerated in Article II, the provision does not contain any judicially enforceable constitutional right butmerely specifies a guideline for legislative or executive action .+ 3. Election Law ; Equal A ccess to Publi c Offi ce ; Constitutional Law ; Declaration of Pr in ciples and State Poli cies ; StatutoryConstruction ; Words and Phr ases ; Words and p hrases such as equal access, opportunities, and public service are susceptible tocountless interpretations owing to their inherent impreciseness .- The provision as written leaves much to be desired if it is to be regarded as the source of positive rights. It is difficult to interpret the clause asoperative in the absence of legislation since its effective means and reach are not properly defined. Broadly written, the myriad of claims that canbe subsumed under this rubric appear to be entirely open- ended. Words and phrases such as equal access opportuni - ties and public

service are susceptible to countless interpretations owing to their inherent impreciseness. Certainly, it was not the intent ion of the framers toinflict on the people an operative but amorphous foundation from which innately unenforceable rights may be sourced.4. Election Law ; Equal A ccess to Publi c Offi ce ; The pri vil ege of equal access to opportu ni ti es to publi c off ice may be subjected tolimitations ; Equality is not sacrificed as long as the burdens engendered by the limitations are meant to be borne by any one who is minded to

file a certificate of candidacy .- As earlier noted, the privilege of equal access to opportunities to public office may be subjected to limitations. Some valid limitations specificallyon the privilege to seek elective office are found in the provisions of the Omnibus Election Code on Nuisance Candidates an d COMELEC

Resolution No. 6452 dated December 10, 2002 outlining the instances wherein the COMELEC may motu proprio refuse to give due course to orcancel a Certificate of Candidacy. As long as the limitations apply to everybody equally without discrimination, however, the equal access clauseis not violated. Equality is not sacrificed as long as the burdens engendered by the limitations are meant to be borne by any one who is minded to

file a certificate of candidacy. In the case at bar, there is no showing that any person is exempt from the limitations or the burdens which theycreate.5. Election Law ; Equal A ccess to Publi c Offi ce ; N uisance Candidates ; The rationale behind the prohibition against nuisance candidates andthe disqualification of candidates who have not evinced a bona fide intention to run for office is easy to divine the State has a compellinginterest to ensure that its electoral exercises are rational, objective, and orderly; Inevitably, the greater the number of candidates, the greater theopportunities for logistical confusion, not to mention the increased allocation of time and resources in preparation for the election a disorderlyelection is not merely a textbook example of inefficiency, but a rot that erodes faith in our democratic institutions .+ 6. Election Law ; Equal A ccess to Publi c Off ice ; N uisance Candidates ; Owing to the superior interest in ensuring a credible and orderlyelection, the State could exclude nuisance candidates a nd need not indulge in, as the song goes, their trips to the moon on gossamer wings. + 7. Election Law ; Equal A ccess to Publi c Offi ce ; N uisance Candidates ; The determination of bona fide candidates is governed by the statutes,and the concept is satisfactorily defined in the Omnibus Election Code .+ 8. Election Law ; Equal A ccess to Publi c Offi ce ; N uisance Candidates ; The question of whether a candidate is a nuisance candidate or not isboth legal and factual .+

Division : EN BANC

Docket Number : G.R. No. 161872

Counsel : Alioden D. Dalaig

Ponente : TINGA

Dispositive Portion :

IN VIEW OF THE FOREGOING, COMELEC Case No. SPP (MP) No. 04-001 is hereby remanded to the COMELEC for the reception of furtherevidence, to determine the question on whether petitioner Elly Velez Lao Pamatong is a nuisance candidate as contemplated in Section 69 of theOmnibus Election Code.The COMELEC is directed to hold and complete the reception of evidence and report its findings to this Court withdeliberate dispatch.
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