policies of commodities subsidy - loops · 3 policies of commodities subsidy - 18 billion for...
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املنــــظمة الليبية للســــياسات وإلاســـــتراتيجيات
Libyan Organization Of Policies & Strategies
Policies of Commodities Subsidy 1
Policies of Commodities Subsidy
Prepared by: Research and Statistics
Department of the Libyan Central Bank
Introduction:
Many developed as well as developing
countries support the prices of essential
commodities in an attempt to reduce high
prices. The aim of this measure is to make
the commodities, which are usually
necessary, affordable for the poor class.
These countries allot huge amounts of
money from its resources to support the
income of individuals whether by
providing commodities with cheap prices,
social insurance or health services, or by
giving them subsidies. For example,
Germany devotes about 8% from its GDP
(Gross Domestic Product) for commodities
support, Sweden devotes around 10%
whereas in France the rate amounts to 12%.
In Egypt it has reached 18% in 20101 . In
Libya the rate of commodities support
amounted to 11.1% of the GDP and 21.6%
of the total public spending of 2010.
However, capitalist countries adopt a
dynamic policy of commodities support
which keeps pace with economy’s ups and
downs and with inflation levels in order to
maintain the normal standard of living for
1Regional Economic outlook ,IMF,ARR 2011
the low-income class. International
experiences have showed that the diversity
of means of support and the intended aims
vary according to the economic systems’
means and development. In general, this
policy, which represents a bundle of
procedures, basics and principles seeking
to achieve economic, social or political
goals, is being reflected in the budget
allocated to support commodities according
to a specific program which usually
constitutes a part of the regular budget of
the country.
There is no doubt that the policy of
commodity support in Libya faces
considerable problems and challenges
which hinder its success, especially in the
absence of a defined wage policy and the
scarcity of data. Therefore, this paper seeks
to present, in a simplified way, some
successful experiences of commodity
support policy and briefly to present the
commodity support policies in Libya. It
will also discuss some reforms and
procedures which can pull the support
policy off in Libya.
املنــــظمة الليبية للســــياسات وإلاســـــتراتيجيات
Libyan Organization Of Policies & Strategies
Policies of Commodities Subsidy 2
Experiences of Some Countries
Commodity policies have differed in many
countries in terms of the amount of
support, how to benefit from it and who
would be the beneficiaries. Some countries
have supported the services and prices of
some commodities in a way that allows all
the citizens and residents to benefit from
them, regardless of their social class and
income; whether this latter is low, medium
or high. Other countries support only low-
income class for the reason that it is
incapable of affording the necessary daily
needs of goods and services due to the high
prices. The practices of supporting these
goods vary between direct support of goods
and against a basket of those commodities
and monetary support (restructuring
support) in exchange of a basket of those
goods. Some of international experiences
in the commodity Support as follows:
The Indonesian experience
The Indonesian government has taken a
group of measures with the goal of
providing commodity support for the
benefit of the targeted poor classes. For
example, in 2005, it has doubled the prices
of petroleum products and later in 2008,
raised the prices of petroleum products
with a rate of 25-33%. The reason behind
this measure was to benefit from the
amounts arising from high prices by giving
it, in the form of remittances, to the poor
families (15.5 million families benefited).
Indonesia has also taken other efficient
measures such us exempting agricultural
products from the value-added tax and the
abolishment of custom duties on sugars.
Moreover, gasoline prices were subjected
to a system of dynamic adjustment
(liberalization of gasoline prices). The
success of the Indonesian support policy is
also attributed to the government’s ability
to determine and specify the targeted
classes and reach them, in addition to the
successful means of communication used
in that process.
The Iranian Experience
By the end of 2010, Iran had become the
first oil country to lift support from all the
commodities and services in order to
replace it by monetary support for all
society members. The saved amount from
these measures was estimated to be around
60 billion dollars and was distributed as
follows:
- 30 billion is to be distributed on all
society members in the first year.
املنــــظمة الليبية للســــياسات وإلاســـــتراتيجيات
Libyan Organization Of Policies & Strategies
Policies of Commodities Subsidy 3
- 18 billion for economic institutions in
order to restructure their production in
ways that rationalizes energy consumption.
- 12 billion for the government to pay
energy costs and develop the efficiency of
energy usage in public sector.
The initial indicators of this policy were a
growth of domestic demand2 and an
increase in the economic activities in rural
areas though the upsurge in energy cost
which had a significant and clear impact on
the consumers’ basket. However,
increasing the amount of commodities
imported and facilitating the administrative
procedures have eased the impact of high
prices. One of the main challenges the
government of Iran faced was the
restructuring of public and agriculture
sectors which heavily rely on the
consumption of energy during the
production process. Yet, the decision of
the government to financially and
technically support the two sectors, through
medium term plans, had a positive effect in
reaching all social classes.
The Policy of Commodity
Support in Libya
The policy of commodity support in Libya
started in the beginning of the 70s of the
2 Regional Economic outlook ,IMF,ARR 2011
last century when the state issued the law
number (68, 1971) establishing the national
institute of food commodities as an
affiliated body to the ministry of economy.
This institution was in charge of allocating
goods supply, products and agricultural
produce in a way that preserves its prices
and regular availability in the market with
sufficient quantities that meets the
consumers’ needs. The above-mentioned
law has allowed the institution to open
branches and offices in any place in Libya.
Hence, it also had the right to have agents
and correspondents inside and outside the
country, in accordance with the decisions
of the Board of Directors. In 2009, the
General People’s Committee released the
decision number (451) on integrating the
national institute of food commodities
within the Fund of Balancing Prices in
order to achieve the following goals:
- Balancing the prices of basic goods and
services.
- Studying and suggesting means that
help defining appropriate prices for goods
and services.
- Following up international and local
prices and providing reports on them.
- Maintaining a large stockpile of basic
goods whose prices are subject to sharp
fluctuations.
املنــــظمة الليبية للســــياسات وإلاســـــتراتيجيات
Libyan Organization Of Policies & Strategies
Policies of Commodities Subsidy 4
- Making suitable prices for basic goods
and services and providing it with an
appropriate cost for the citizens.
- Providing goods and services in the
local market in proportion to the
individuals’ income level.
The economic situation which
characterized the Libyan economy during
the last four decades was the dominance of
oil sector on the economic structure which
made the Libyan economy stand on one
side and relies heavily on oil sector in
funding public expenditure and suffering at
the same time from the inactivity of
income (fixed wages policy in public
sector). As well as the escalating increase
in prices rendered the commodity support
policy an urgent necessity under such
conditions. Furthermore, the country’s
ideology controls the amount and nature of
support according to its adequacy. In
general, the policy of commodity support
in Libya has been applied in two basic
forms:
1- Supporting prices of necessary food
commodities. Such support has a great
importance in the balancing of the country
and with the aims at preserving the real
income level of individuals. The
government was compelled to encounter
such measure because of the fixed wages
policy in the public sector and which also
affected the private sector. The following
table shows the types of goods and the
amount of support during 2002-2010.
Commodity Support
املنــــظمة الليبية للســــياسات وإلاســـــتراتيجيات
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It is obvious, based on the above table, that
the commodity support has raised from 357
million Libyan Dinars in 2002 to 1,046
million Libyan Dinars in 2010. In other
words, the commodity support has
increased during this period with a
compound annual rate of 12, 7 % bearing
in mind that the Compound Annual Growth
Rate of population in Libya amounted to
1, 6%. The increase of commodity support
is attributed to the increase of international
prices. However, what is striking is that
the goods belonging to the food category
constitutes about 36, 6 % of the basket of
consumer prices, according to the data of
the General Information and
Documentation Authority. However, the
approximate weight of the subsidized food
constitutes only 1, 6% of the basket of
goods. This shows that the subsidized food
is not very imperative for consumers and
commodity support of the food category is
nothing but an illusion. In other words,
providing these supported goods does not
affect the individual’s level of living,
especially if there are alternative goods of
better quality in the local market. Besides,
the total commodity weight of the
subsidized goods in the consumers’ basket
does not constitute more than 15, 9 % as
demonstrated in the above table.
The weight of the subsidized goods in the consumers’ basket
The approximate weight in the consumer’s basket
Goods/ Commodities
1,6 Food
1,0 Grains
0,4 Sugars
0,2 Tea and Coffee
0,6 Fuel and lightening
1,0 health care
1,0 Medicaments
9,5 transportation
3,2 Education
15,9 Total
املنــــظمة الليبية للســــياسات وإلاســـــتراتيجيات
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2- Supporting the price of local products,
whether industrial or agricultural, in order
to encourage and improve its production.
This support is realized through a group of
measures implemented by the government
with the aim of increasing production and
enabling producers or farmers to make
profits that will assist in developing and
expanding these activities. One of the most
important types of support is energy
subsidies such as the support of petroleum
products which are sold below cost of
international prices. Energy subsidies also
include supporting units of electric powers.
For example the agricultural bank provides
farmers with agricultural loans with
subsidized interest rate. Prices of
agricultural incomes are also supported. To
demonstrate those facts, it is clear that the
total of subsidized petroleum products has
amplified from 972 million Libyan Dinar
in 2002 to 10,153 million Libyan Dinar in
2010; this represents a compound annual
growth rate of approximately 30% and the
following table shows the estimations of
the subsidy amount to the petroleum
products.
املنــــظمة الليبية للســــياسات وإلاســـــتراتيجيات
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Policies of Commodities Subsidy 7
The Hydrocarbon Sector Subsidies
From the previous tables, it can be said
that the Libyan government’ support and
healthcare support have increased from
1,329 Libyan Dinar in 2002 to 11,199
Libyan Dinar in 2010 resulting in a
compound Annual Growth Rate of
approximately 27%. However, it should be
noted that the indirect subsidy of electricity
prices is part of energy subsidies used to
generate electricity.
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Local sales’ value
of Petroleum products in local
prices
899 985 1,068 1,222 1,261 1,270 1,562 1,710 1,933
Local sales’ value of petroleum
products in global prices
1,743 2,392 3,449 4,651 5,346 4,682 6,266 5,337 8,328
The total subsidy of petroleum
products 844 1,407 2,381 3,429 4,086 3,412 4,704 3,626 6,395
Local production 605 1,069 1,674 2,501 2.838 2,357 2,861 2,584 4,743 Imports 239 338 706 928 1,248 1,056 1,844 1,043 1,652
Local sales’ value of natural gas in
local prices 134 158 208 262 346 362 1,015 1,388 1,389
Local sales’ value of natural gas in
global prices 263 406 488 973 1,787 1,799 7,835 5,539 5,147
The total subsidy of natural gas
128 249 280 711 1,441 1,437 6,819 4,151 3,758
The total subsidy 972 1,655 2,661 4,140 5,527 4,850 11,524 7,778 10,153
املنــــظمة الليبية للســــياسات وإلاســـــتراتيجيات
Libyan Organization Of Policies & Strategies
Policies of Commodities Subsidy 8
Direct Subsidy Given to the Sector of Electricity
Direct subsidy given to the sector of electricity
1 million LYD
2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 year
400,0 490,4 217,4 173,1 198,0 185,7 180,7 204,3 193,9 The
amount
Source:the general company of electricity
The total amount of the direct subsidy
given to the sector of electricity during the
period (0202-0220 ) reached 0 ,042 ,60
Libyan Dinar with an average annual
growth rate of 15%. The support during the
first seven years (2002-2008) was done
through reducing the losses of the
company and was not paid in cash, while
during the last two years (2009-2010); the
amount was transferred to the bank
account of the company.
It is crystal clear that the main goal of
commodity support provided by
government is centred on how to raise the
standard of living for individuals within a
society through preserving the general
level of the necessary commodity prices
(the price of the subsidized goods). Thus,
protecting these prices from the effects of
the continuous international prices
volatility and preserving a specific
appropriate standard for living. However,
the main challenge is not about the
provided commodity support but rather
results from the method in which this
subsidy is delivered. For example, the
number of Libyan citizens listed above the
item of participants in the consumer
associations is around 7,230 million
individuals; this goes against the
population census statistics and its rate of
growth in 2006. Furthermore, an important
part of the food commodities is sold in the
parallel market by individuals who want to
take advantage of the differences in prices.
In addition to that, large quantities are
smuggled into the neighbouring countries
in order to make personal benefits.
In addition to what has already been
mentioned, lots of questions are raised
regarding who is the biggest beneficiary
from the actual support in the hydrocarbon
sector. For example, is there any
support/subsidy given to the industrial
sector (productive units) in order to reduce
its costs and increase its productive and
املنــــظمة الليبية للســــياسات وإلاســـــتراتيجيات
Libyan Organization Of Policies & Strategies
Policies of Commodities Subsidy 9
competitive capacity in local and
international markets? Who benefits from
the petroleum products: is it the poor
people who do not own luxury cars, or is it
the rich class? Also to be noted is that a
part of the petroleum products is also
smuggled into the neighbouring countries.
Accordingly, the main disadvantages of
commodity support could be:
- Most of those who benefit from the
commodity support are the inhabitants
inside the country while a part of this
support is smuggled to foreigners outside
the country.
- Creation of a parallel market of goods
inside the country which raises the size of
the gray economy in the country.
- Opening one of the smuggling doors
across the borders.
- High costs regarding operating and
importing in comparison with monetary
support. One of the factors causing this
expensive cost is the existence of four
main branches and 25 office units for sales
all over Libya for Fund of Balancing Fund.
Moreover, there are 1561 employees
working for the fund, not to mention the
number of buildings, trucks and trailers.
The total amount of the cost of wages and
employment reached around 12, 5 Libyan
Dinar in 2010.
Changing the policy of monetary support
with a direct subsidy policy for commodity
prices can be seen as a solution to address
the problems resulting from adopting
direct support policies for the commodity
prices. The key advantages of this policy
are:
- Assuring an equal distribution of the
subsidy covering all the targeted classes.
- Decreasing poverty rate and then
decreasing the rate of unemployment
which will result in the generation of
additional incomes for most of society
individuals. Accordingly, the local demand
will rise and will lead to an increase in the
productivity thus creating additional
opportunities for private sector.
- Elimination of the parallel markets in
commodities which will lead to the
diminution of the Grey Economy’s
contribution in the Gross Domestic
Product.
It is worth mentioning that a large number
of countries have already started replacing
commodity support policy with monetary
policy. Yet, it is practically difficult to
apply this policy in many countries,
especially in developing ones for the
following reasons:
- The absence of a sophisticated
statistical body which results in the
املنــــظمة الليبية للســــياسات وإلاســـــتراتيجيات
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scarcity as well as the inaccuracy of
statistical data.
- The Luck of managerial competencies
which results in weak administrative
structures of government institutions.
- The difficulty to guarantee the receipt
of monetary support by the targeted
categories in due time. In addition to
previously mentioned reasons, there are
other reasons, not mentioned here, which
hinder the success of this policy.
Based on what have been said and
according to the actual situation of the
Libyan economy, it has become crucial to
take a set of measures able to ensure that
the commodity support will be given to the
targeted society classes in accordance with
the goals set by the government. This
requires the availability of exact data and
competent management so that the
government achieve its aim. Still, under
the current circumstances of the Libyan
economy, we have to continue operating
with the commodity support in the short
term for many reasons including:
- The instability of prices and sometimes
the increase of international prices to
unprecedented levels, which necessitates
subsidizing prices in order to maintain a
suitable standard for living , particularly
because the majority of Libyan citizens
have low and fixed wages.
- The lack of an efficient administrative
system.
- The absence of a clear policy of wages.
(The absence of a policy that determines
wages, upon which the minimum wage is
being specified, can also be considered as
one of the reasons which necessitate the
temporary continuity of commodity
support until the poverty line is determined
and thus poor families or in other words
the targeted categories to be subsidized).
- The rarity of data (the unavailability of
detailed data defining the targeted
categories and as already mentioned, there
are clear variations in the data presented
by the Fund of Balancing Prices and the
data submitted by the General Information
and Documentation Authority about the
population number and the beneficiaries
from the subsidy (the number of citizens)).
- Political instability. This period is very
critical and any measure aiming at
reducing the commodity support may have
a negative impact on the present situation
of the country.
Steps to Reform the Subsidy/
Support
This paper suggests three scenarios of the
reform process which are:
املنــــظمة الليبية للســــياسات وإلاســـــتراتيجيات
Libyan Organization Of Policies & Strategies
Policies of Commodities Subsidy 11
1. The First Scenario:
Maintain Support
This scenario calls for the inevitability of
keeping on both the direct as well as the
indirect commodity support policy in the
present because of the political, economic
and social circumstances which the
country is going through in addition to the
absence of a good database and the
absence of an efficient administrative
capacity that helps the government replace
the commodity support with the
cash/monetary support. However, this does
not prevent working on the reformation of
commodity support policy in Libya where
this scenario focuses on a set of goals for
the reformation of the commodity support
in Libya:
- Initiating the preparation of a
comprehensive database which classifies
individuals or families of the Libyan
society according to their incomes in order
to determine the targeted category and
specify the necessary commodities that
should be subsidized according to the
family surveys of 2008 which are
classified according to the geographical
areas. Besides, all the data should be
available for everyone in order to assist the
efforts of restructuring support.
- Establishing a good system with which
all the consumers’ associations in Libya
should be connected in order to avoid
duplication and forgery. It is also crucial
that the data of these associations be
compatible with the system of the
comprehensive database. To prove the acts
of forgery, the initial data demonstrated
that the total number of Libyans who
benefit from commodity support according
to the Fund of Balancing Prices’ data that
is based on the former General People’s
Committee, has reached 7, 2 million
people. This number contradicts with the
data provided by the General Information
Authority which states that the total
population of Libya in the same year
(2010) was 6, 1 million. This contradiction
proves that there are about 1, 1 million
imaginary individuals who benefit from
the given commodity support. Thus, huge
amounts of the state money are wasted and
smuggled through the borders.
2. The second Scenario:
Increasing the Subsidies in a
Gradual Manner
This scenario is based on the hypothesis
which states the necessity to start
removing a part of commodity support and
replacing it with monetary support. The
reason behind this replacement is that the
املنــــظمة الليبية للســــياسات وإلاســـــتراتيجيات
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current commodity support policy suffers
from many deficiencies such as:
- The subsidy does not go to those who
deserve it. The current system is centered
on supporting commodity rather than
supporting individuals. Therefore, it
cannot guarantee the access to commodity
by those who deserve it. Instead, it is
believed that in most cases all Individuals
benefit from that support regardless if they
are entitled to it or not.
- The insufficiency of ration in covering
the need of families and individuals.
- Inappropriate selection of beneficiaries
because there is no well-defined
classification that can be used as a
criterion in determining the targeted
classes or categories to receive subsidy
based on the level of individuals’ incomes
whether in private or public sector. Hence,
it is impossible to have detailed
information on the level of incomes upon
which eligibility can be decided.
Since the main objective of the commodity
support policy is to reach the targeted class
(low-income class), it is vital to work on a
good system operating according to an
effective mechanism that seeks the
delivery of subsidy to the intended social
class. Henceforward, this scenario contains
several goals aiming to achieve a policy of
commodity support which focuses on:
- Developing the public sector. It is
obvious that the act of removing
commodity support and substituting it with
monetary support could receive wide
acceptance from the different parts of
society if they have confidence in public
sector institutions and in their ability to
restructure the distributed money in
addition to the way in which this money
will be efficiently employed. To realize
this, the efficiency of the state budget
should be improved and trust of
community should be gained. The net of
savings arising from the restructuring of
support should be distributed on programs
and projects serving society to enhance its
productivity and reduce its costs.
- The necessity to establish coordination
between the Ministry of Economy and the
Ministry of Social Affairs to afford a good
database which encompasses all the
families in Libya. There is also a need to
classify these families according to three
categories such as: the low-income
category, the middle class category, and
the high-income category. This
classification should be carried out on the
basis of scientific studies conducted by
specialized parties in order to determine
the poverty line upon which society will
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be divided into three categories according
to the income. After that priority should be
given to the category targeted by subsidy.
Experiences of some countries have
showed that the existence of a social
security institution has a major role in the
process of reform because it has data and
information about the poor classes (low-
income ones).
- Working on publishing coupons which
determines each family’s needs for basic
subsidized commodities. Then, these
coupons should be disbursed to these
families so that a (the citizen will give the
coupon to the trader who will put it in his
account to later obtain the monetary value
registered in the coupon). This policy will
create a significant competitiveness among
traders and will decrease the costs of
importation, shipping, and stocking, not to
mention other administrative costs.
Eventually, much of the state’s money will
be saved. Implementing this policy will
also diminish acts of smuggling subsidized
commodities across the borders and thus
protecting the state funds.
3. The Third Scenario: Removing
the commodity support directly.
This scenario takes the instant Liberal trend
where the removal of subsidy from all
commodities will be actual and immediate.
This scenario requires support of the
majority of the people if not all. This policy
demands:
- Spreading awareness among people
concerning the numbers spent on
commodity support by the government and
clarifying the alternatives in the case of
adopting monetary support.
- Recruitment of international Statistical
centers to help in sorting the targeted
categories of the subsidy reformation, or
recourse to a mechanism to be followed to
submit the 2000 Libyan Dinar to every
family in case it is proved to be successful.
- Respond to the rise of prices (inflation)
by addressing the structural defect in
commodity distribution channels3.
The predicted procedures and consequences
of this scenario are as the following:
- Directly transferring the amounts of
money that are expected to be saved from
the immediate process of subsidy reform to
all members of society and which will be,
on average, 1500 Libyan Dinar per capita4.
3 Libya's economy suffers from a deformity in
commodity distribution channels. This was evident in 2009 in relation with foodstuffs: While international food prices decreased that year with a rate of 19.9%, lunch prices in Libya increased with a rate of 3.1%. This is clear evidence that the Libyan market is a monopolistic market as already noted by many previous studies. 4 This value was calculated based on the average
total value of subsidy for the last five years divided
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The cash grant transferred to individuals
will be a necessary element to succeed the
policy of restructuring subsidy. The more
the earned incomes (arising from the
process of elevating the subsidy of goods)
increase the more valuable cash grants will
be and eventually more popular support to
this process.
- A decrease in the local demand for
combustibles (the most supported goods in
Libya). In other words, to rationalize the
consumption of energy will increase
demand for public means of transportation.
As a result, private and public investments
in these developing areas will be
encouraged in Libya.
- The removing of subsidies on the fuel
locally sold will attract all kinds of capitals
to invest in this vital sector.
- The previous two ideas obviously point
out to a secondary clear goal which is
increasing labor demand in Libya which in
return will boost the rates of growth and
transform the Libyan economy to a market-
based economy.
by the number of Libyans residing in Libya according to the statistics of the General Information Authority.
- According to this scenario, reform in the
sector of electricity will divide the general
company of electricity into several
companies (according to the specialty and
production phase) to be supervised by the
ministry of energy. This mechanism will
improve the performance of electricity
production process( through specializing in
the production process) and provide the
amounts of support that are annually given
to the general company of electricity which
has strongly struggled since its foundation.
Moreover, the public finance will earn
additional funds arising from taxes imposed
on these companies or from fees of
Operating Rights.
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- Reform in health sector will consist of
privatization of hospitals and health centers
in addition to providing health insurance
for all society members. Despite the large
amounts of money spent on health sector in
Libya, it is believed that the majority of the
Libyan people did not benefit from this
money but rather had to spend most of their
money to receive treatments abroad.
Consequently, privatizing health sector and
creating a specific mechanism to provide
health insurance to Libyans will be more
efficient. It will also affect the economic
and social levels positively.
املنــــظمة الليبية للســــياسات وإلاســـــتراتيجيات
Libyan Organization Of Policies & Strategies
Policies of Commodities Subsidy 16
About the Libyan Organization of Public Policies and Strategies
The Libyan Organization of Public Policies and Strategies (LOOPS) is an independent,
nonprofit and nongovernmental institution founded on December 2014 in Tripoli, Libya. A
representative branch was founded in Istanbul on January 2015.
The organization curries research and studies related to the current emerging policy and
strategy issues with the aim of coming up with effective as well as successful policies, and
also to provide support to the decision-makers. The organization devotes its efforts to
improve the performance of Libyan institutions and advance the economic and social
welfare of the Libyan people.
It seeks to spread the notions and concepts of quality, government, strategic planning and
culture of excellence so as to improve the performance of the Libyan institutions. The
organization aspires to promote and spread knowledge about public policies and strategies to
the state through the dissemination of statistics, studies and periodic reports. It also
organizes conferences, workshops and forums as platforms for discussion, exchanging
opinions and spreading knowledge.
Tripoli Office
Zawiyat Al Dahmani, Tripoli, Libya
Mailbox: 2044
Telephone: 00218 21 340 75 86
Fax: 00218 21 340 75 87
Istanbul Office
Yenibosna Merkez MAH.29
Istanbul vizyon park
Ofis Plaz.A3 BLK
K:3/D28
Bahçelievler - Istanbul – Turkey
Telephone: 0090 212 603 25 92
Fax: 0090 212 603 27 48