policy, design and implementation of the african railways ... · implementation of the african...

Policy, Design And

Implementation Of

The African Railways

Networks (ARN) For

Continental Prosperity

Professor (Dr) CLIVE E CHIRWADistinguished Professor of Automotive & Aerospace Engineering

E-mail: [email protected]

TABLE OF CONTENT / TABLE DES MATIERES

• Current Situation Of The Rail Transport In Africa

PROFESSOR CLIVE E CHIRWA

• Formulation of the New Pro-active Visionary Ready to Implement African Union Rail Policy

• The Engineering Context• Infrastructure & Rolling Stock

• Communication

• The Financial Context• Privatization (Concession)

• Government or African Union

• The Human Capacity Context• Management & Skilled Technical Staff

• Think Tank

• Conclusions & Recommendations

1st AfDB Transport Forum

26-27 Novembre 2015 Abidjan

Current Situation Of The Rail Transport In Africa

The Governing Bodies That Facilitate Rail Transport In Africa

UNION OF AFRICAN RAILWAYS (UAR)

Source: Rail development in Africa Report






AFRICAN GOVERNMENTS

REGIONALECONOMIC

COMMUNITIES

SPECIALIZED BODIES AT

REGIONAL AND CONTINENTAL

LEVEL







AFRICAN GOVERNMENTS

REGIONALECONOMIC

COMMUNITIES



LEVEL

These should be the CONCRETEPillars to UAR







AFRICAN GOVERNMENTS

REGIONALECONOMIC

COMMUNITIES



LEVEL

These should be the CONCRETEPillars to UAR

IN Reality These are

JELLY Pillars to UAR

NO FOUNDATION, NO POLICY COORDINATION, NO STRUCTURED IMPLIMENTATION PLAN Source: Rail development

in Africa Report





Source: bbc, Herald, muvitv

AS A RESULT1908 2015

Same maintenance method for

107 years






AS A RESULT1908 2015

107 YEARS LATER STILL TRAVELLING AT

20KM/HR – 40 KM/HR SPEED






AS A RESULT

DELAPILATED INFRASTRUCTURE & ROLLING STOCKPOOR MANAGEMENT SKILLS

THE ENTIRE APPROACH TO RAIL

TRANSPORT SUSTAINABILITY HAS

BEEN MEDIOCRE, NOT THOUGHT

THROUGH

1908 2015

107 YEARS LATER STILL TRAVELLING AT

20KM/HR – 40 KM/HR SPEED



LAND SURFACE29.6 MILLION SQUARE Km

TOTAL RAILINE NETWORK83, 987Km

COUNTRIES WITHOUT RAIL TRANSPORT14

RAIL COVERAGEAFRICA = 2.7 KM/1000 SQUARE KM

EUROPE = 400 KM/1000 SQAURE KM Source: Bullock 2009

RAIL GAUGE COVERAGE (%)STANDARD = 14%

NARROW ENGLISH (CAPE) = 61.3%FRENCH METRE = 19.2%

NARROW = 5.5%


Statistics for Africa



• 12% Derailment rate on rail network of 83,987 km

• Low quality of service (Freight & Passengers)

• Low equipment availability (locomotives/wagons)

• Lack of maintenance policy

• Lack of skilled personnel

PERFORMANCE EXTREMELY POOR


Source: Bullock 2009

TO REACH HERE AFRICA WILL NEED 200 YEARS

IF WE DO NOT ACCELERATE OUR

COMMITMENT TO RAIL TRANSPORT

THROUGH CALIBRATED POLICIES AND RIGHT

IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES



Pro-Active Vision & Policy

Source: Rail development in Africa Report 2006

Formulation of the New Pro-Active Visionary Ready to Implement African Union Rail Policy

• For Africa to develop its rail transport infrastructure it should:• Embrace a centralised form of development with directives from the

master plan at the African Union H/Q • The master plan under new “African Railways Networks” (ARN) must be

drawn by highly qualified technocrats who deliver based on communal outputs and not on political influence

• The European and other developed countries cycle of rail transport development done by individual countries in the 18Th, 19th and 20th

Centuries cannot be used today. Africa has got to be innovative in building its rail infrastructure If it has to meet tomorrow’s prosperity

• The funding of such projects should be organised by the African Union and its affiliate banks such as the AfDB.

NO TO NGO DONATIONS (THROW AWAY THAT BEGGERS’ CHALICE)



Infrastructure


Engineering Context

• CHALLENGES FOR THE AU• The current Railway infrastructure Across Africa is:

• Too fragmented and uncoordinated• 80% old dilapidated and require total replacement• Regulations and constructions rules must be made clear is rail weighting, 40, 45, 55, 60 , 80 and 90kg• The rail gauge for all new rail constructions must be standardised • to reduce waste. Currently the Cape is the most wide spread (1067). • But the most efficient railway gauge for high loading that will suite Africa is 1435 mm• The steel quality must be improved for Africa. The current steel was designed for Cold regions and brought to Africa without further testing• The rail connections must not be continuous in AFRICA. These cause a lot of warping and speeds cannot be increased on warped rails• Communication is extremely poor

1) A VISION FOR AFRICA ON INFRASTRUCTURE MUST BE FORMULATED2) MAKE AFRICA’S OWN STEEL FOR RAILS AND MANUFACTURE AT STRATEGIC

LOCATIONS/COUNTRIES THAT ARE DEDICATED



Infrastructure


Engineering Context

• CHALLENGES FOR THE AU• The current set-up in infrastructure Across Africa is composed of:

• National (Run by parastatals/Governments or Concessions)• Association (e.g SARA – South African Railway Association)• Sub-regional divided as follows:

• North African – Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Mauritania, Sudan,Tunisia

• West African – Benin-Niger, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Togo

• Central African – Cameron, Congo, Gabon, Chad• East African – Djibouti-Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda• South Region – Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo Malawi,

Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe

NOTE: Concessions/Privatisations have failed in many parts

THE MANAGEMENT OF SUB-REGIONS HAVE BEEN DIVIDED BASED ON POLITICAL AFFILIATION RATHER THAN BUSINESS ACUMEN



Infrastructure


Engineering Context

• CHALLENGES FOR THE AU• The current set-up in infrastructure Across Africa is composed of:

• National (Run by parastatals/Governments or Concessions)• Association (e.g SARA – South African Railway Association)• Sub-regional divided as follows:

• North African – Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Mauritania, Sudan,Tunisia

• West African – Benin-Niger, Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Guinea, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, Togo

• Central African – Cameron, Congo, Gabon, Chad• East African – Djibouti-Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda• South Region – Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo Malawi,

Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe

• Concessions/Privatisations have failed in many parts

THE MANAGEMENT SUB-REGIONS HAVE BEEN DIVIDED BASED ON POLITICAL AFFILIATION RATHER THAN BUSINESS ACUMEN

WE NEED NEW THINKING NEW SOLUTIONS



Infrastructure


Engineering Context

• SOLUTIONS FOR THE AU• The NEW PROPOSAL set-up in infrastructure Development and Management

Across Africa:• Must not be political affiliations (Current set-up)• Must be economical oriented ventures of mutual benefit

and to the benefit of Africa• Must eradicate the colonial set-up of going to ports but must go to

Value-Addition Industries using Africa’s natural resources

• The NEW PROPOSAL set-up in infrastructure Development and ManagementAcross Africa is the CLUSTER SYSTEM that:• Should have Well defined HUBS that will run the regional networks in

order to provide efficiency and value for money• Should have VEINS that connect to other hubs to provide effectiveness of

the entire African Railways Networks (ARN)



NORTH & NORTH WESTERN CLUSTER

SOUTHERN CLUSTER

EASTERN CLUSTER CENTRAL

CLUSTER

NORTH & NORTH EASTERN CLUSTER

HUB

Modified by Prof Clive Chirwa 2015

Engineering Context

• SOLUTIONS FOR THE AU• The NEW PROPOSED CLUSTER SYSTEM will be divided into:• North & North Western Cluster• North & North Eastern Cluster• Central Cluster• Eastern Cluster• Southern ClusterTHE CLUSTER SYSTEM FORMATION• Each cluster has a defined calibrated network controlled

and managed from the Hub• The network in a cluster is constructed using modular method

For quick implementation at a greatly reduced cost• Each cluster is designed to provide maximum economic

benefit of the region and Africa• Each hub must provide social mobility to citizens in conditions

fit for humansVEINS CONNECTING THE CLUSTER SYSTEM INFRASTRUCTURE • Each sub-region is connected by VEINS to economic zones

of the other clusters based on industrialisation strategy for Africa



Rolling Stock


Engineering Context

• CHALLENGES FOR THE AU• The current Railway Rolling Stock Across Africa is:

• Too old with much of it cannibalised or not fit for purpose• Still maintening the speed of a steamer rather than meeting modern

Requirements that dictate medium to high speed travel

• SOLUTIONS FOR THE AU• The NEW PROPOSAL set-up in Rolling Stock across Africa:

• Must be standardised to reduce wasting resources• Must be manufactured in Africa at AU allocated factories• Must be in parts electrified in those regions that have no oil• Must be conducive to carry people in decent environment

A VISION FOR AFRICA ON ROLLING STOCK MUST BE FORMULATED



Rolling Stock, Infrastructure design & manufacture in Africa

Source: Clavel Groupwww.procclab.com

Engineering Context

© Designed by Professor Clive Chirwa,Peter Matthews & Associates

© Designed by Professor Clive Chirwa, Peter Matthews & Associates

© Designed by Professor Clive Chirwa, Peter Matthews & Associates



Financial contextSource of Funding For Projects

• CURRENT GOVERNMENT FINANCING• African governments have very little liquidity money and depend mostly on

borrowing. To make sure they are collective, Governments need to organize themselves in terms of balancing revenue and expenditure

• Governments must realistically prepare their budgets. They should not include Donor money since it is a bonus not an income

• NEW PROPOSED GOVERNMENT FINANCING• Borrowing for investment is acceptable. But do not exceed the repay

capability, despite that the GDP allows it.• Create “Friendship Banking”. This works on individuals and it will work on

Nations that come together contribute lump sums every month to a piggy bank. The total collection is given to one member for expenditure

• Collect what is due to you. TAXES from the investors are not collected in expected quantities.

• The African Union through its banking systems to allocate money to projects



Financial context

Source of Funding For Projects • CURRENT PRIVATE FINANCING

• Private Investment is welcomed to some extent not as a bedrock • Not all Private concessions have worked. Many have failed due to finance in

mainly maintenance of the infrastructure and Rolling Stock• Not all Public Private Partnerships (PPP) have worked. For every 1

implemented PPP a 1000 remain in the boardrooms.

• NEW PROPOSED PRIVATE FINANCING• If borrowing to invest is considered, The African Union (AU) should take the

front driver seat. If this is coordinated properly it will save Africa Trillions of Dollars in wastage, repeatability, and financial mis-management.

• The AU should use its banking system to REALLY support African rail transport development.

• The AU should create a financial Think-Tank for accurate budgeting. If Nations do it themselves and flout the rules a penalty will be imposed.

• AU should collect levy from every ton of raw material that travels outside Africa. Value –Addition should be done in Africa.



Management and Skilled Technical staff

Human Capacity Context

• MANAGEMENT & TECHNICAL STAFF• The Management of railways enterprises in 85% of Nations is run by political supporters. A new entrant is always

hounded out despite being qualified• The Management is poorly trained and of very low education. Many cannot understand the business and how it

works in modern arena. Extensive training is needed and nepotism should be eradicated • Have qualified technical staff to maintain the business. Every technical staff must be skilled and ready for the job

• THINK TANK• A Think Tank must be built by AU to do the following in Rail Transport:

• Be the source of knowledge for rail matters. • Carry out research and development for Africa so that every equipment used is fit for purpose in Africa• Create a design bureau where African infrastructure, Rolling Stock & Communication technologies are

developed• Prepare the highest calibre of Engineers, Scientists, Managers, Economists, etc . For Rail efficiency



Conclusions

Conclusions and Recommendations

• INFRASTRUCTURE & ROLLING STOCK• The Infrastructure is 10% average good and 90% dilapidated – NOT-FIT-FOR-PURPOSE• The Communication is many railways’ networks are none existent• Too many use of gauges and standardisation is needed• To many Rail weighting and Standardisation is needed • Railway to port must end, and railway to industry for the development of Africa is needed

• FINANCE• AU must do more to centralise expenditure on transport systems. That way countries

will save colossal amount of money• PPP must be carefully structured so that implementation becomes easier• Railways CANNOT be run by private companies on the scale of a Nation. These are Government’s

and AU’s own babies• HUMAN CAPACITY

• A Think Tank similar to NASA, EUROSPECIAL, etc. must be formed to maximise potential• Technical staff must be trained at specialised Railway Universities and Colleges located in

designated Nations• Managers should always have a background of the railways’ Technical end and managerial skills• Engineers MUST be able to design and manufacture new railway lines and new rolling Stocks

Source: ethiogrio



Recommendations

Conclusions and Recommendations

• AU to create a REAL “African Railways Networks” (ARN) as a Commission to:• Coordinate all Railways activities in Africa. This will accelerate development as we build our

own infrastructure in new technology of “Modular construction”• Spearhead the formulations of standards, rules and policies• Create a Think Tank for total African solution• Streamline borrowing so that projects are efficiently executed based on African design and

construction methods that will guarantee quality• Organise the finances and create a balanced borrowing system that is low cost through banks

such as AfDB• Build Human Capacity to develop sustainable African businesses and industries that will

Add-Value to Raw Materials. Industrial Clusters to be built based on the Industrialisation Strategy for Africa. For example – copper can move by rail from Zambia to South Africa asfinished sub- assembly products to be used in electronic equipment; Cocoa will move by rail from Ivory Coast to Ethiopia to make Chocolates.

NO MORE RAW MATERIALS GOING OUT OF AFRICA

“An Engineer Chews Big Chunks Of Problems&

Spits Real Practical Solutions”Professor Clive E Chirwa, 2000

EVERYTHING SUGGESTED HERE IS SIMPLE

AFRICA CAN DO ITWITH ITS OWN

RECOURCESMANPOWER

ANDENGINUITY

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