polinsar at low frequency and ionospheric...
TRANSCRIPT
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POLINSAR AT LOW FREQUENCY AND IONOSPHERIC EFFECTS
Pascale Dubois-Fernandez, Sébastien Angelliaume, My-Linh Truong-Loi, ONERAAnthony Freeman, JPL
Eric Pottier, IETR CNRS 6164, Université de Rennes
SAPHIR
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Ionopheric Effect
• Dispersive effect• Propagation time depends on the TEC and on the
frequency. This creates a distortion of the chirp.
• Spatial variation of the TEC• Effect similar to trajectory disturbances ⇒ extensive
experience on very high resolution processing• Needs to be validated with representative 2-D phase
screens
• Faraday rotation
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Faraday rotation
⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛ΩΩ−ΩΩ
⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛ΩΩ−ΩΩ
=Ω cossinsincos
cossinsincos
VVHV
HVHH
SSSS
M
Ω−Ω= 22 sincos VVHHHH SSM
Ω−Ω= 22 sincos HHVVVV SSM
ΩΩ++= cossin)( VVHHHVHV SSSM
ΩΩ+−= cossin)( VVHHHVVH SSSM
HVHVVH SMM 2=+
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Standard RVoG inversion (*)
dze
dzeee
v x
z
v x
h z
zikh z
iV
∫
∫=
0
cos2
0
cos2
0
θσ
θσ
ϕγ
h σx
* Cloude and Papathanassiou
*22
*11
*21
SSSS
SSS =γ
vγ
gγ
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SAPHIR
Standard RVoG inversion + ionosphere
*22
*11
*21
MMMM
MMM =γ
?TEC 1 TEC 2
M1 M2
SAPHIRSAPHIR
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The set of interferometric coherences
TTRRT kSkE 11 = T
TRRT kSkE 22 =
*22
*11
*21
RTRTRTTRT
RTRTRT
EEEE
EE=γ
{ }TRRT kandkallforγ=Ζ?{ }TRRT kandkallfor),( 2121
ΩΩ=Ζ ΩΩ γ
= {the set of all interferometric coherences}
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Two cases
{ }TRRT kandkallfor),( 2121ΩΩ=Ζ ΩΩ γ
{ }),( 1121ΩΩ=Ζ ΩΩ RTγ { }),( 2121
ΩΩ=Ζ ΩΩ RTγ21 Ω=Ω 21 Ω≠Ω
Full Pol/ Compact Pol Full Pol/ Compact Pol
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Assuming identical ionospheres
TTRRT kRSRkE ΩΩ= 11 T
TRRT kRSRkE ΩΩ= 22
Ω=Ω=Ω 21
For exemple
⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛==
01
TR kk °=Ω 0
°≠Ω 0
HHS
Ω−Ω= 22 sincos VVHHHH SSM
),(),( 0 TRTR kkkk γγ ≠Ω
{ }),( 2121ΩΩ=Ζ ΩΩ RTγ
21 Ω=Ω21 Ω≠Ω
Full polarimetry
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Assuming identical ionospheres
TTRRT kRSRkE ΩΩ= 11 T
TRRT kRSRkE ΩΩ= 22
TTRRT hShE 11 = T
TRRT hShE 22 =
{ }),( 2121ΩΩ=Ζ ΩΩ RTγ
21 Ω=Ω21 Ω≠Ω
Full polarimetry
Faraday rotation
TT hRk Ω−=
RR hRk Ω=TT kRh Ω=
RR kRh Ω−=
No Faraday rotation
Same measured signal
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{ }),( 2121ΩΩ=Ζ ΩΩ RTγ
21 Ω=Ω21 Ω≠Ω
such thatThe interferometric coherence set is invariant
No effect of ionosphere
),(),( 0 TRTR kkkk γγ ≠Ω
),(),( 0 TRTR hhkk γγ =Ω),(),,( TRTR hhkk ∃∀
0ZΩZ
Full polarimetry
No Faraday Rotation Faraday Rotation
One-to-one relation
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Assuming identical ionospheres
Z=ΖΩThe set of interferometric coherences is invariant
such thatThe interferometric coherence set is invariant
No effect of ionosphere
),(),( 0 TRTR kkkk γγ ≠Ω
),(),(0 TRTR hhkk Ω= γγ),(),,( TRTR hhkk ∃∀
21 Ω=Ω
{ }),( 2121ΩΩ=Ζ ΩΩ RTγ
21 Ω=Ω21 Ω≠Ω
The inversion can proceed without any adjustement except the selection of the ground. For that, use HVHVVH SMM 2=+
Full polarimetry
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Compact PolInSAR & same ionosphere
• The compact polarimetry mode:• π/2 mode: 1 circular transmit and 2 independent receive
polarizations: (RR,RL) or (RH, RV)
• Circular on transmit at lower frequency is essential• The single polarization on receive will be rotated through
the ionosphere; To insure the invariance of polarization at the surface level, circular polarization is the only choice
• Synthesis can be done on receive:
⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛−
=j
SkE TRR
12
111 ⎟⎟
⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛−
= Ω
Ω−
jSRkeE T
R
j
R
12 11
Without ionosphere With ionosphere
{ }),( 2121ΩΩ=Ζ ΩΩ RTγ
21 Ω=Ω21 Ω≠Ω
Compact polarimetry
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Assuming identical ionospheres
⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛−
= ΩΩ−
jSRkeE T
Rj
RC
111
*22
*11
*21
RCRCRCTC
RCRC
EEEE
EE=Ωγ
{ }RRT kallforγ=ΖΩ
Rj
RRj
R hRekkReh ΩΩ
Ω−Ω− == ;
Z=ΖΩThe set of interferometric coherence is invariant
⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛−
=j
ShE TRRC
111
⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛−
= ΩΩ−
jSRkeE T
Rj
RC
122
{ }),( 2121ΩΩ=Ζ ΩΩ RTγ
21 Ω=Ω21 Ω≠Ω
Compact polarimetry
This is not the case if the transmit polarisation is not circular!!!
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Identical Faraday rotation
• Full polarimetry• The set of interferometric coherences is globally invariant• No effect on the inversion
• Compact polarimetry• If the transmit polarization is circular, the set of
interferometric coherence is globally invariant• no effect on the inversion
{ }),( 2121ΩΩ=Ζ ΩΩ RTγ
21 Ω=Ω21 Ω≠Ω
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Different ionospheres { }),( 2121ΩΩ=Ζ ΩΩ RTγ
21 Ω=Ω21 Ω≠Ω
• Differential Faraday rotation• Correction of the data prior to PolInSAR inversion
• Full polarimetric case: Bickell and Bates, Freeman
• Compact pol: more later• What is the required accuracy of the correction?
Full polarimetry
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SAPHIR
Assuming a different ionosphere on co-pol
• Notion of differential ionosphere• Assume no FR on acquisition 1
*22
*11
*21
EEEE
EE=Ωγ
Ω−Ω= 222 sincos VVHH SSE
HHSE =1
02cos γγ Ω>Ω
VVHHHH SSSEE *222*21 sincos Ω−Ω=
• Ω < 2°, • Small loss of coherence = 2%• Small error on the interf. phase < 2°
HH or VV
{ }),( 2121ΩΩ=Ζ ΩΩ RTγ
21 Ω=Ω21 Ω≠Ω
Full polarimetry
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SAPHIR
Assuming a different ionosphere
• Assume no FR on acquisition 1
*22
*11
*21
EEEE
EE=Ωγ
RRSE =2
RRSE =1
0γγ =Ω
RR or LL
{ }),( 2121ΩΩ=Ζ ΩΩ RTγ
21 Ω=Ω21 Ω≠Ω
Full polarimetry
Invariant with FR
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Assuming a different ionosphere
• Notion of differential ionosphere• Assume no FR on acquisition 1
*22
*11
*21
EEEE
EE=Ωγ
RLj SeE Ω−= 2
2
RLSE =1
02 γγ Ω
Ω = je
VVHHHH SSSEE *222*21 sincos Ω−Ω=
• Ω < 2°, • no loss of coherence
RL
{ }),( 2121ΩΩ=Ζ ΩΩ RTγ
21 Ω=Ω21 Ω≠Ω
Full polarimetry
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Different ionospheres for PolInSAR
• Correction of the differential Faraday rot. to within 2°• Bickell and Bates, Freeman…
• Apply PolInSAR inversion on corrected data
• Make good use of 3 FR invariant coherences
{ }),( 2121ΩΩ=Ζ ΩΩ RTγ
21 Ω=Ω21 Ω≠Ω
HVHVVH SMM 2=+
RRRR SM =
LLLL SM =
Full polarimetry
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Assuming different ionospheres
• Compact PolInSAR
• Only one Faraday rotation invariant coherence
• We know that Faraday rotation will lower the coherence: The two polarisation states are not matched
{ }),( 2121ΩΩ=Ζ ΩΩ RTγ
21 Ω=Ω21 Ω≠Ω
⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛−⎟⎟
⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛=⎟⎟
⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛jSS
SSSS
VVVH
HVHH
RV
RH 12
1
RRRR SM =
Compact polarimetry
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SAPHIR
Assuming a different ionophere
Therefore, the correct correction of FR will maximize the interferometric coherence
{ }),( 2121ΩΩ=Ζ ΩΩ RTγ
21 Ω=Ω21 Ω≠Ω
Compact polarimetry
*22
*11
*21
ΩΩ
Ω
Ω =CCMM
CM
RHRH
RHγ
RHM1
RHM 2 ⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛⎟⎟⎠
⎞⎜⎜⎝
⎛= Ω−
ΩΩ
RV
RHT
j
MM
ReC2
22 0
1FR correction
Faraday rotation of 100°
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SAPHIR
Inte
rfer
omet
ric c
oher
ence RV
RH
PolInSAR and ionophere: Large differential FR?
Different areas: ionospheric differences of 100°RVRH
180°
ΔΩ within 5°
Simulation over Airborne dataΩ = 0° on Day 1Ω =100° on Day 2
We maximize the coherence by correcting the second acquisition with a varying FRYes with an accuracy better than 5°
Can we estimate the differential FR and correct for it?
Variation of the coherence with respect to a FR correction on the second acquisition
Compact polarimetry
{ }),( 2121ΩΩ=Ζ ΩΩ RTγ
21 Ω=Ω21 Ω≠Ω
Dubois-Fernandez et al. “The compact polarimetry alternative … ”, IEEE TGRS October 2008
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Compact PolInSAR inversion
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Angular extension with FP data [°]
Angu
lar
exte
nsio
n w
ith C
P da
ta [°
]
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Measured Height [m]
Estim
ated
Hei
ght [
m]
FPCP
Mode π/2
Mode FP
Angular sector
Inversion results
Compact polarimetry
{ }),( 2121ΩΩ=Ζ ΩΩ RTγ
21 Ω=Ω21 Ω≠Ω
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Compact PolInSAR inversion
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
0 5 10 15 20
Faraday Angle [°]
RM
S he
ight
err
or [m
]
CP pi/2CP pi/4
Compact polarimetry
{ }),( 2121ΩΩ=Ζ ΩΩ RTγ
21 Ω=Ω21 Ω≠Ω
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Conclusions
• Identical ionospheres• Invariance of the set of interferometric coherences when the
ionospheres are identical on both measurements• Full polarimetry and compact polarimetry (Circular transmit)
• Different ionospheres• 3 invariant coherences with Faraday rotation for FP• 1 invariant coherence with CP• Full polarimetry
• Correct the two datasets prior to data analysis• Compact polarimetry
• Correct for the differential FR by maximizing the interferometric coherences over all linear polarisations