polish presidency of the council of the european union(pz 2013 i)

8/13/2019 Polish Presidency of the Council of the European Union(PZ 2013 I)

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Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoykn tbc Okufolmkn tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf

A Zcvlcw af` Asscssgcft kn tbc UkmlsbUrcsl`cfoy

Mca`crsblp lf tbc CS lf tbc Okftcxtkn tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy

Pbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy af` tbc Ju`dct kntbc CS

Zalskf `tat af` tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy

Oumturam Urkdraggc kn tbc UkmlsbUrcsl`cfoy

Ukmaf` af` Dcrgafy lf tbc CS

Dcrgaf Urcss Okggcftarlcs kf Ukmaf`sUrcsl`cfoy

Nrcfob-Dcrgaf Mca`crsblp lf tbc CS

Pbc CS lf tbc Naoc kn tbc _kvcrcldf-@cjtOrlsls

Ukmaf`s Fatlkfam af` Nkrcldf @cjt

Mcdlsmatlvc Obammcfdcs nkr tbc CS antcrtbc Prcaty kn Mlsjkf

CS Lggldratlkf Ukmloy

Au`lkvlsuam Ukmloy kn tbc CS


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Pajmc kn Okftcfts

Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy kn tbc Okufolm

kn tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf

Iafusz Izcn To

A Zcvlcw af` Asscssgcft kn tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy kn tbc Okufolmkn tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf

Cmjlcta Gamah, Glhkai I. Pkgaszyh

Mca`crsblp lf tbc CS lf tbc Okftcxt kn tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoykn tbc Okufolm kn tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf

_l`kfla I`rzcicwsha

Pbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy af` tbc Ju`dct kn tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf

Fatamla Iaohkwsha

Zalskf `tat af` tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy

Affa Sglsha-Tkrkflcoha

Oumturam Urkdraggc kn tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy9 _tratcdy af` Zcamlty

Hrzysztkn Gamlfkwshl

Ukmaf` af` Dcrgafy lf tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf9 Okkpcratlkf

Kppkrtufltlcs af` JarrlcrsLzajcma Iafloha

Dcrgaf Urcss Okggcftarlcs kf Ukmaf`s Urcsl`cfoykn tbc Okufolm kn tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf

Jkdàf Hkszcm

Nrcfob-Dcrgaf Mca`crsblp lf tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf uf`cr tbc Zumckn Obafocmmkr Afdcma Gcrhcm

Ulktr Hamha

Pbc Curkpcaf Sflkf lf tbc Naoc kn tbc _kvcrcldf-@cjt Orlsls

Icrzy Zuthkwshl

Ukmaf`s Fatlkfam af` Nkrcldf @cjt

Aàg Hlrpsza

Mcdlsmatlvc Obammcfdcs nkr tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf antcr tbc Prcatykn Mlsjkf Cftcrc` lftk Nkroc

Affa Uktyraa

CS Lggldratlkf Ukmloy lf tbc Mldbt kn tbc Araj _prlfd

I`rzci _hrzypozah

Au`lkvlsuam Ukmloy kn tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf

4

?3

3?

3 kjicotlvcs. Pbc gkst lgpkrtaft kfcs wcrc91) A`vafocgcft k tbc lftcrfam garhct (lfomu`lfd c-okggcroc) tk jkkst CS cok-

fkglo drkwtb, lf partloumar tbc lgpmcgcftatlkf k lfltlatlvcs mal` `kwf lf tbcOkggufloatlkf k 1? Aprlm :511 rkg tbc Curkpcaf Okgglsslkf tltmc` _lfdmcGarhct Aot9 Pwcmvc mcvcrs tk jkkst drkwtb af` strcfdtbcf okf`cfoc. Tkrhlfdtkdctbcr tk orcatc fcw drkwtb.:

:) Okfomuslkf k wkrh kf tbc cstajmlsbgcft k a ufltary patcft prktcotlkf systcglf tbc CS. ?) Okggcfocgcft k fcdktlatlkfs kf a`kptlfd tbc Gumtlaffuam nlfaf-

olam nragcwkrh kr tbc ycars :510-:5:5 jasc` kf Iufc :511 prkpksam k tbc Cu-rkpcaf Okgglsslkf. 0) Lfltlatlkf k tbc lsousslkf kf tbc Okbcslkf Ukmloy rckrgatcr :51? lf okffcotlkf wltb tbc lgpmcgcftatlkf k tbc Curkpc :5:5 stratcdyaf` fcdktlatlkfs kf tbc a`kptlkf k tbc Gumtlaffuam nlfafolam nragcwkrh.

?) Okggcfocgcft k fcdktlatlkfs kf a`kptlfd tbc Gumtlaffuam nlfafolam nragc-wkrh kr tbc ycars :510-:5:5 jasc` kf Iufc :511 prkpksam k tbc CurkpcafOkgglsslkf.

0) Lfltlatlkf k tbc `lsousslkf kf tbc Okbcslkf Ukmloy rckrg atcr :51? lf okffco-tlkf wltb tbc lgpmcgcftatlkf k tbc Curkpc :5:5 stratcdy af` fcdktlatlkfs kftbc a`kptlkf k tbc Gumtlaffuam nlfafolam nragcwkrh.

3) Cfbafocgcft k cokfkglo dkvcrfafoc lf tbc Curkkfc af` lf tbc CS.>) A`kptlkf k tbc :51: dcfcram ju`dct k tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf. 4) nurtbcr mljcram-lsatlkf k adrloumturam raw af` prkocssc` prkùots tra`lfd jctwccf tbc CS af`Fkrway af` _wltcrmaf`.

4) nurtbcr mljcramlsatlkf k adrloumturam raw af` prkocssc` prkùots tra`lfd jc-twccf tbc CS af` Fkrway af` _wltcrmaf`

2) @cvcmkpgcft k tbc CS Okggkf _courlty af` @ccfoc Ukmloy, lf partloumarlgprkvlfd tbc colcfoy k Curkpcs rcspkfsc oapajlmltlcs tk orlsls sltuatlkfs lftbc okftcxt k Ukmaf`s prkpksams mal` `kwf lf tbc Tclgar mcttcr k > @cocg-jcr :515 sldfc` jy krcldf aalrs af` `ccfoc glflstcrs k Ukmaf`, Dcrgafy

af` nrafoc, a``rcssc` tk tbc Bldb Zcprcscftatlvc k tbc CS af` a`kptc` jy tbcnkrcldf Aalrs Okufolm kf ?1 Iafuary :511.?

1Urkdraggc kn tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy kn tbc Okufolm kn tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf 1 Iumy :511-?1@cocgjcr :511, Glflstry k nkrcldf Aalrs, Tarsaw :511, pp. 3- fam, pp. 1-?5.

? Pbc Tclgar mcttcr lfomu`c`, lftcr amla, tbc prkpksam tk okftlfuc `cvcmkplfd jattmc drkups af`cstajmlsb a pcrgafcft olvlm-glmltary pmafflfd af` okfùot oapajlmlty lf tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf, o..

_ltzufd cs Zatcs Auswrtldc Afdcmcdcfbcltcf. Glttclmufd af `lc Urcssc, Jrsscm, `cf ?1. Iafuar :511,3222/1/11, ZC^ 1, p. :1.


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15 Iafus Ic To

:. Mlgltatlkfs Cfokuftcrc` jy tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy

Ukmaf`s Urcsl`cfoy cfokuftcrc` gafy jarrlcrs wblob fcdatlvcmy lfucfoc` lts

`yfaglos. nkr kfc, tbc lfstltutlkf k tbc prcsl`cfoy ltscm was wcahcfc` atcr tbc lg-pmcgcftatlkf k tbc Prcaty k Mlsjkf k 1? @cocgjcr :554.3Ukmaf`s Urcsl`cfoy cf-okuftcrc` tbc kmmkwlfd gaikr bur`mcs9 tbc skvcrcldf-`cjt orlsls lf tbc Curkkfc, tbcAraj _prlfd cvcfts af` tbclr lftcrfatlkfam lgpaot, tbc pkmltloam sltuatlkf lf Shralfcaf` lf Jcmarus, tbc aot tbat fkfc k tbc trlk gcgjcrs ba` partlolpatc` lf amm tbc CSpkmlolcs, af` a rcmatlvcmy mlttmc `lpmkgatlo cxpcrlcfoc k Ukmlsb autbkrltlcs lf `camlfdwltb CS gattcrs.

Pbc skvcrcldf-`cjt orlsls lf tbc Curkkfc was tbc drcatcst mlgltatlkf. Lt okf`l-tlkfc` tbc pksltlkfs k lf`lvlùam Gcgjcr _tatcs kf amm fcw `lpmkgatlo lfltlatlvcsuf`crtahcf jy tbc Prlk, Ukmaf` lfomu`c`. Pbc soamc af` sokpc k obammcfdcs tbat tbcCS aoc` oammc` kr gcasurcs tk rcstrlot ju`dct `colts af` rcùoc pujmlo `cjts, krurtbcrlfd CS lftcdratlkf prkocsscs af` lftcfsc aotlkfs a``rcsslfd tbc lssuc k cok-fkglo drkwtb. Bkwcvcr, tbrcc ycars k cokfkglo dkvcrfafoc rckrgs, lfomu`lfdtbc cstajmlsbgcft k fcw gcobaflsgs af` lfstltutlkfs, ba` almc` tk jrlfd ajkuttbc awaltc` jrcahtbrkudb. Lt turfc` kut tbat tbc struddmc adalfst tbc skvcrcldf orlslsrcqulrc` gaikr struoturam obafdcs lf tbc Curkkfc af` tbc Cokfkglo af` GkfctarySflkf.

Pbc cvcfts k tbc Araj _prlfd, cspcolammy tbc okfscqucfocs k tbc cvcfts lf Pu-flsla, Cdypt af` Mljya, ba` af ufavkurajmc ccot kf tbc pursults k tbc Ukmlsb Urcs-

l`cfoy. Pbc FAPK glmltary lftcrvcftlkf lf Mljya af` tbc Mljyaf olvlm war wcrc fktokfùolvc tk Ukmaf`s kjicotlvcs cltbcr. _tlmm, Ukmlsb `lpmkgatlo lfltlatlvcs okuftcr-aotlfd gasslvc gldratlkf rkg Fkrtbcrf Arloaf okuftrlcs tk tbc CS lf tbc atcrgatbk tbc Araj _prlfd sccgc` tk jc tkk mlttmc. Pbc pkmltloam sltuatlkf lf Shralfc (tbctralm k \umla Pygksbcfhk) af` lf Jcmarus (tbc pksltlkf k Amcxaf`cr Muhasbcfhksrcdlgc kf tbc Jcmaruslaf kppksltlkf) wcrc fkt avkurajmc kr Ukmlsb `lpmkgatlo ao-tlvltlcs cltbcr.

Afktbcr mlgltatlkf was tbat tbc Prlktbat bcm` tbc Urcsl`cfoy rkg 1 Iumy :511tk ?1 @cocgjcr :51: was okgpksc` k Gcgjcr _tatcs tbat ba` fkt ummy partlolpat-c` lf amm CS pkmlolcs. Ukmaf` okum` fkt partlolpatc lf tbc tahlfd k gafy `colslkfsokfocrflfd skmutlkfs tk tbc skvcrcldf `cjt orlsls lf tbc Curkkfc jcoausc sbc ls fkta gcgjcr k lt. Fcvcrtbcmcss, tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy usc` lts gc`latlkf, okkr`lfatlkfaf` a`glflstratlvc ufotlkfs tk pmay af lgpkrtaft rkmc lf tbc prcparatlkf k CurkpcafOkufolm gcctlfds `c`loatc` tk tbc orlsls jy tahlfd a pksltlkf kf tbc lssuc kf jcbamk amm fkf-Curkkfc Gcgjcr _tatcs af` attcgptlfd tk prcvcft a `ccpcflfd k CS`lvl`cs. Ukmaf`s mlttmc `lpmkgatlo cxpcrlcfoc lf fcdktlatlfd CS lftcrfam lssucs cs-pcolammy tbksc lrcotmy rcmcvaft tk kpcratlkfs k tbc prcsl`cfoy okum` bavc jccf, jutcvcftuammy was fkt, a mlgltlfd aotkr.

3 nkr gkrc kf tbls lssuc, o.. I.I. To (:511), Prahtat Mlzjkshl, Ukmltyozfc aspchty rcnkrgyustrkikwci Sfll Curkpcishlci w mataob :554-:55-122.


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11A Zcvlcw af` Asscssgcft k tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy

AOBLC^CGCFP_ Kn PBC UKML_B UZC_L@CFO\

@cspltc tbc ajkvcgcftlkfc` blf`rafocs, tbc dcfcram kutokgc k tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl-

`cfoy bas jccf dkk`. Pbc Ukmlsb dkvcrfgcft gafadc` tk aoblcvc amgkst amm k tbcprcsct prlkrltlcs af` a vast gaikrlty k tbc a`kptc` kpcratlkfam dkams. Gkrckvcr, tbcUkmlsb dkvcrfgcft mc` lts prcsl`cfoy lf a vcry colcft gaffcr. Aoblcvcgcfts ktbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy oaf jc `lvl`c` lftk tbksc lfltlatc` jy Ukmaf` af` kvcrmapplfdwltb tbc kjicotlvcs k Ukmaf`s krcldf pkmloy af`/kr tbc lftcdratlkf dkams k tbc CS,af` tbksc tbat mc` tk a jrcahtbrkudb lf mcdlsmatlvc wkrh af` tbksc wblob wcrc a okf-tlfuatlkf k mcdlsmatlvc wkrh af` pkmltloam cjatcs lfltlatc` jy prcvlkus Urcsl`cfolcs.

1. Aoblcvcgcft kn dkams lfltlatc` jy Ukmaf` af` kvcrmapplfd wltbUkmaf`s nkrcldf pkmloy kjicotlvcs af`/kr CS lftcdratlkf algs

1.1. Okggcfocgcft kn fcdktlatlkfs kf tbc a`kptlkf kn tbc GumtlaffuamNlfafolam Nragcwkrh nkr tbc ycars :510-:5:5

Kf :< Iufc :511, tbc Curkpcaf Okgglsslkf prcscftc` lts `rat Gumtlaffuamnlfafolam nragcwkrh kr tbc ycars :510-:5:5, wblob gcaft af kolam jcdlfflfd kfcdktlatlkfs kf tbat lssuc. Pbc ju`dct prkpksc` jy tbc Curkpcaf Okgglsslkf was tkjc slglmar tk tbc kfc `csldfc` kr tbc ycars :554-:51?. Pkdctbcr wltb tbc sk-oammc`fkf-ju`dctary cxpcf`lturc (agkfd ktbcrs tbc Curkpcaf @cvcmkpgcft nuf`, tbc Cu-rkpcaf Dmkjamlsatlkf Aìustgcft nuf` af` tbc _kmlàrlty nuf`), tbc Gumtlaffuam nl-fafolam nragcwkrh kr tbc ycars :510-:5:5 was fkt tk cxocc` 1.11% (CSZ 152?.3jlmmlkf) k tbc CSs drkss fatlkfam lfokgc, wbcrc tbc oclmlfd k paygcfts apprkprla-tlkfs was tk cquam 1% (CSZ , outs kf tbc Okggkf Adrloumturam Ukmloyrkg ? Pbc fcw oatcdkry k trafsltlkf rcdlkfs was put krwar` jy tbc Curkpcaf Okgglsslkf. PbcOkgglsslkf lftcf`c` tk, agkfd ktbcrs, pcrsua`c Gcgjcr _tatcs wbksc rcdlkfs `l` fkt quamly krfafolam suppkrt (as tbcy cxocc`c` tbcpcr oaplta tbrcsbkm` k 43% k D@U kr tbc CS-:4 avcradc) tkvktc lf avkur k tbc `rat Gumtlaffuam nlfafolam nragcwkrh k :< Iufc :511. Lf aookràfoc wltb tbcprkpksam k tbc Curkpcaf Okgglsslkf, CS rcdlkfs wkum` jc `lvl`c` lftk tbc mcss `cvcmkpc` rcdlkfs

(43% k D@U), trafsltlkf rcdlkfs (43%-


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1: Iafus Ic To

rckrgs c.d. a dra`uam amldfgcft k `lrcot paygcfts kr CS-13 af` CS-1: argcrs

af` omkscr mlfhadc jctwccf tbc Okggkf Adrloumturam Ukmloy af` tbc Cfvlrkfgcftam

Ukmloy. Pbc obafdcs lf tbc lfokgc struoturc wcrc tk okfslst lf, lftcr amla, tbc cmlgl-

fatlkf k tbc ourrcft AP-jasc` kwf rcskuroc lf tbc cf` k :51? af` lts rcpmaocgcftwltb fcw kwf rcskurocs (a fafolam trafsaotlkf tax kr a tbkrkudbmy rcvlsc` ^AP

gcobaflsg) jy :512 at tbc matcst. Urkpksams k tbc Okgglsslkf amsk krcsaw rcpmao-

lfd tbc ourrcft rcjatcs wltb mugp-sug paygcfts okrrcspkf`lfd tk a Gcgjcr _tatcs

prkspcrlty. Gkrckvcr, tbc Curkpcaf Okgglsslkfs `rat `cvlsc` a fcw Okffcot-

lfd Curkpc aolmlty. Pbls uf` was `csldfc` tk fafoc orkss-jkr`cr trafspkrtatlkf,

cfcrdy af` tcmcokg lfrastruoturc prkicots tk lftcrokffcot Curkpc jcttcr (CSZ 0


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1?A Zcvlcw af` Asscssgcft k tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy

`uoc ju`dct cxpcf`lturc.


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10 Iafus Ic To

1.:. Maufob kn tbc @lsousslkf kf tbc Zcnkrgkn tbc Okbcslkf Ukmloy antcr :51?

Kf 1: Gay :511, jckrc Ukmaf` assugc` tbc Urcsl`cfoy, Curkpcaf Aalrs Glf-lstcrs k tblrtccf Gcgjcr _tatcs (Drccoc, Ukrtudam, _palf af` 15 fcw Gcgjcr _tatcs wltbkut Gamta af` Oyprus) amsk rccrrc` tk as tbc okamltlkf k tbc rlcf`s k ok-bcslkf, gct lf Tarsaw af` col`c` tbat tbcy wkum` iklftmy suppkrt ckrts algc` atgalftalflfd tbc prlfolpmcs k fafolfd tbc Okbcslkf Ukmloy.1?

Lf `lsousslkfs kf tbc rckrg k tbc Okbcslkf Ukmloy atcr :51?, tbc pksltlkfk tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy was jasc` kf tbc prcglsc tbat OU sbkum` jc tbc jaslo lf-strugcft kr lgpmcgcftlfd kjicotlvcs k tbc Curkpc :5:5 cokfkglo stratcdy af`,as suob, sbkum` rcgalf tk jc a hcy pkmloy k tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf.10At tbc sagc tlgc

tbc Gumtlaffuam nlfafolam nragcwkrh kr tbc ycars :510-:5:5 sbkum` jc cgpmkyc`tk jkkst okgpctltlvcfcss k tbc CS cokfkgy. _uob af apprkaob k tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl-`cfoy tk tbc Okbcslkf Ukmloy was dcfcrammy okfvcrdcft wltb tbc pksltlkf k tbc Curk-pcaf Okgglsslkf.

Kf > Kotkjcr :511, tbc Curkpcaf Okgglsslkf prcscftc` lts mcdlsmatlvc paoh-adc kr tbc Okbcslkf Ukmloy kr tbc ycars :510-:5:5 tbat okfslstc` k cldbt `ratrcdumatlkfs.13Pbls paohadc, prcscftc` ? gkftbs atcr tbc `comarc` `ca`mlfc, mardcmyrccotc` galf tkplos lf tbc Okbcslkf Ukmloy amrca`y `cjatc` kr 0 ycars jy Gcgjcr_tatcs af` CS lfstltutlkfs lf tbc okftcxt k tbc fcw fafolam pcrspcotlvc. Pbc cjatcpartlolpafts ufaflgkusmy asocrtalfc` tbat tbc Okbcslkf Ukmloy sbkum` jc af lgpkr-

taft lfstrugcft k lgpmcgcftlfd tbc Curkpc :5:5 stratcdy wblmst tbc uf`s fcocss-ary kr lts rcamlsatlkf sbkum` suppkrt amm CS rcdlkfs af` tbc mcast `cvcmkpc` rcdlkfslf partloumar. Lf aookr`afoc wltb tbc prkpksam k tbc Curkpcaf Okgglsslkf kf tbcGumtlaffuam nlfafolam nragcwkrh k :< Iufc :511, tbc Okbcslkf Ukmloy lf tbc ycars:510-:5:5 sbkum` bavc a ju`dct k CSZ ??> jlmmlkf, wbcrc CSZ 5.< jf sbkum` jcammkoatc` tk pcrlpbcram af` mcss-`cvcmkpc` rcdlkfs, CSZ 1>:.> jf tk mcast cvcmkpc`rcdlkfs, CSZ ?< jf tk trafsltlkf rcdlkfs, af` CSZ 3?.1 jf tk gkst `cvcmkpc` rc-dlkfs. Gkrckvcr, CSZ 11.4 jlmmlkf sbkum` jc assldfc` tk tcrrltkrlam okkpcratlkf, af`CSZ >2.4 jlmmlkf tk tbc Okbcslkf nuf`. Pbc fafolam al` lspksltlkf was tk jc jcttcr

okkr`lfatc` wltb ktbcr CS pkmlolcs af` gkrc strkfdmy algc` at aoblcvlfd spcolodkams.1>

1?Ukmltyha spifkol tk flc nafajcrlc ujkdlob, Lftcrvlcw wltb Cmjlcta Jlchkwsha, Glflstcr kZcdlkfam @cvcmkpgcft, Dacta Tyjkroa 10.53.:511.

10Urkdraggc kn tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy..., pp. >-?0.13 Okbcslkf Ukmloy. Urkdraggc kn tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy kn tbc Okufolm kn tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf

lfnkrgatlkf jrkoburc, Glflstry k Zcdlkfam @cvcmkpgcft k tbc Zcpujmlo k Ukmaf`, bttp9//www.grr.dkv.pm/, pp. 2-Lfnkrgatlkf kf tbc pujmloatlkf kn tbc sct kn rcdumatlkfs kf tbc :510-:5:5 Okbcslkf Ukmloy..., p. 1.


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13A Zcvlcw af` Asscssgcft k tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy

Pbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy okfsl`crc` tbc mcdlsmatlvc paohadc k tbc Curkpcaf Okg-glsslkf tk jc a dkk` startlfd pklft kr kolam fcdktlatlkfs kf tbc rckrg k tbc Ok-bcslkf Ukmloy atcr :51?. Kf 11 Kotkjcr :511, rcprcscftatlvcs k tbc Curkpcaf Okg-

glsslkf kolammy prcscftc` tbc paohadc tk tbc Dcfcram Aalrs Okufolm. A cw wcchsmatcr, kf 13 Fkvcgjcr :511, tbc Okufolm `lsoussc` tbc fafolam ragcwkrh k tbcOkbcslkf Ukmloy kr tbc ycars :510-:5:5. At tbc sagc tlgc, tbc mcdlsmatlvc paoh-adc was uf`cr `lsousslkf as part k tbc fcw Gumtlaffuam nlfafolam nragcwkrh. Pbcaotlvlty k tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy lf tbc arca k tbc rckrg k tbc Okbcslkf Ukmloywas orkwfc` jy tbc rst cvcr krgam gcctlfd k glflstcrs rcspkfsljmc kr tbls pkmloy.Pbat gcctlfd was bcm` kf 1> @cocgjcr :511 as part k tbc Dcfcram Aalrs Okufolmsgcctlfd wblob was tbc kfmy gcctlfd k tbc Dcfcram Aalrs Okufolm `c`loatc` skmc-my tk tbc Okbcslkf Ukmloy ùrlfd tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy. At tbat gcctlfd, tbc UkmlsbUrcsl`cfoy prcscftc` lts rcpkrt kf tbc fcdktlatlkfs kf tbc Curkpcaf Okgglsslkfsmcdlsmatlvc paohadc.14

Pbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy statc` lf tbc rcpkrt tbat twcfty-slx Gcgjcr _tatcs ufaf-lgkusmy suppkrtc` tbc a`kptlkf k tbc Okggkf _tratcdlo nragcwkrh put krwar`kf 15 Fkvcgjcr :515 jy tbc Curkpcaf Okgglsslkf lf lts tb okbcslkf rcpkrt. PbcOkggkf _tratcdlo nragcwkrh sbkum` jc a`kptc` jy tbc Curkpcaf Uarmlagcft af`tbc Okufolm k tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf lf tbc kr`lfary mcdlsmatlvc prkocùrc, wbcrcjygkst `cmcdatlkfs cxprcssc` tbclr rca`lfcss tk a`kpt lt lf tbc krg k af Affcx tk tbcjaslo rcdumatlkf. Pbls kougcft was tk scrvc jcttcr okkr`lfatlkf k tbc Okbcslkf Ukm-loy, tbc Okggkf Adrloumturam Ukmloy af` tbc Okggkf nlsbcrlcs Ukmloy af` aotlkfs

fafoc` wltb tbclr vc uf`s, af` lt was tk rccr tk ktbcr CS pkmlolcs tbat cxpmlolt-my bavc a tcrrltkrlam `lgcfslkf. Lt was amsk tbc kjicotlvc k tbc Okggkf _tratcdlonragcwkrh tk suppkrt tbc Curkpc :5:5 stratcdy lf tbc kmmkwlfd arcas9 rcscarobaf` cvcmkpgcft, lffkvatlkf, cgpmkygcft, cùoatlkf, skolam cxomuslkf, pkvcrty, afòkuftcraotlfd omlgatc af` cfcrdy obafdcs.12Amm Gcgjcr _tatcs amsk suppkrtc` tbcmlfhlfd k tbc Okbcslkf Ukmloy wltb tbc Curkpc :5:5 stratcdy, bkwcvcr a vastgaikrlty k Gcgjcr _tatcs oammc` kr tahlfd lftk aookuft spcololtlcs k varlkus

14Ljl`. Zapkrt prczy`cfoil z fcdkoiaoil pahlctu mcdlsmaoyifcdk pkmltyhl spifkol fa mata :510--:5:5, Jrusscms, 4.1:.:511, 125.1:.:511, Glflstry kZcdlkfam @cvcmkpgcft k tbc Zcpujmlo k Ukmaf`, bttp9//www.grr.dkv.pm/, pp. 1-0.

12 Pbc fcw stratcdy k prkdragglfd tbc Okbcslkf Ukmloy prcscftc` lf tbc tb okbcslkf rcpkrt,apart rkg tbc Okggkf _tratcdlo nragcwkrh, was tk okvcr amsk partfcrsblp adrccgcfts lf tbc arcak `cvcmkpgcft af` lfvcstgcfts, af` kpcratlkfam prkdraggcs. Uartfcrsblp adrccgcfts wkum` `cfc(kf tbc jasls k tbc Okggkf _tratcdlo nragcwkrh) lfvcstgcft prlkrltlcs, ammkoatlkf k fatlkfam af`CS uf`s tk prlkrlty arcas af` prkdraggcs, as wcmm as kjicotlvcs tbat a Gcgjcr _tatc wkum` lftcf` tkaoblcvc. Kf tbc ktbcr baf`, kpcratlkfam prkdraggcs, slglmarmy as lf tbc :554-:51? fafolam pcrspcotlvc,wkum` okfstltutc tbc galf gafadcgcft tkkm, o. Okggufloatlkf k tbc Okgglsslkf tk tbc CurkpcafUarmlagcft, tbc Okufolm, tbc Curkpcaf Cokfkglo af` _kolam Okgglttcc, tbc Okgglttcc k tbc Zcdlkfs

af` tbc Curkpcaf Lfvcstgcft Jafh. Okfomuslkfs kn tbc ntb rcpkrt kf tbc cokfkglo, skolam af` tcrrltkrlamokbcslkf9 tbc nuturc kn tbc okbcslkf pkmloy, Jrusscms, 15.11.:515, OKG (:515) >0:/?, pp. 1-1:.


17/243

1> Iafus Ic To

rcdlkfs af` pklftc` tk fugcrkus prkjmcgs tbat gldbt arlsc l rcokggcfàtlkfs ktbc Okufolm k tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf kr partloumar Gcgjcr _tatcs lssuc` uf`cr tbcscokf` paradrapb k Artlomc 1:1 af` tbc kurtb paradrapb k Artlomc 102 k tbc Prcaty

kf tbc nufotlkflfd k tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf wcrc tbc pklft k rccrcfoc. As a rcsumt,gkst Gcgjcr _tatcs adrcc` tk tbc prkpksam k tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy tk a`kpt fkt tbcrcokggcfàtlkfs jut Fatlkfam Zckrg Urkdraggcs as tbc rccrcfoc kr tbc Okbc-slkf Ukmloy as tbat skmutlkf wkum` ammkw kr jcttcr aìustgcft k tbc Okbcslkf Ukmloylfstrugcfts tk spcolo fcc`s af` cfsurc bldbcr ccotlvcfcss k okbcslkf lfvcst-gcfts. Amm Gcgjcr _tatcs apprkvc` k tbc `lrcotlkfs af` kjicotlvcs sct lf tbc Cu -rkpc :5:5 stratcdy as apprkprlatc tbus okfscftlfd tk tbc ammkoatlkf k uf`s rkgtbc Okbcslkf Ukmloy ju`dct tk tbc `cvcmkpgcft k cftrcprcfcursblp, rcscarob af``cvcmkpgcft, lffkvatlkf, cfcrdy colcfoy, okuftcraotlfd omlgatc obafdc, suppkrt-

lfd cgpmkygcft af` skolam lftcdratlkf. Pbc rcpkrt k tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy, wblobwas tbc tkplo k tbc glflstcrlam krlcftatlkf cjatc tbat was bcm` urlfd tbc vcry sagcgcctlfd k tbc Dcfcram Aalrs Okufolm, was pksltlvcmy rcoclvc` jy ktbcr Gcgjcr_tatcs af` sbkum` okfstltutc tbc jasls kr tbc @aflsb af` Oyprlkt Urcsl`cfolcs.1 Ko-tkjcr :553.::Lf rccrcfoc tk tbc tblr` okkpcratlkf kjicotlvc, tbc sldfatkrlcs k tbciklft `comaratlkf affkufoc` a rcvlcw k af` sujscqucft obafdcs lf tbc prlfolpmcs

k gutuam okkpcratlkf jlf`lfd tlmm tbcf. Gkrckvcr, CS Gcgjcr _tatcs `comarc` afktajmc lforcasc k uf`s ammkoatc` tk tbc lgpmcgcftatlkf k tbc Castcrf Uartfcrsblp:515-:51? dkams tbat ls rkg CSZ >55 glmmlkf tk CSZ 1.< glmmlkf kr jlmatcram af`rcdlkfam prkdraggcs.:?

As tbc sldfatkrlcs k tbc Iklft @comaratlkf k tbc Castcrf Uartfcrsblp _ug-glt `l` fkt suoocc` lf rcaoblfd af adrccgcft kf Jcmarus, a scparatc `comara-tlkf kf tbls lssuc was `ratc` af` a`kptc`. Pbc `comaratlkf kf tbc sltuatlkf lf Jc -marus was sldfc` kfmy jy tbc bca`s k statc af` dkvcrfgcft k CS Gcgjcr _tatcsaf` fkt jy tbc rcprcscftatlvcs k jcfcolarlcs. Lf tbc `comaratlkf, tbc sldfatkrlcscxprcssc` tbclr `ccp okfocrf at tbc ctcrlkratlfd bugaf rldbts, cgkoraoy af` rumck maw sltuatlkf lf Jcmarus. Pbc autbkrltlcs k Jcmarus wcrc oammc` upkf tk lggc-`latcmy rcmcasc af` rcbajlmltatc amm pkmltloam prlskfcrs, put af cf` tk tbc rcprcsslkf kolvlm skolcty af` gc`la af` start a pkmltloam lamkduc wltb tbc kppksltlkf. Pbc bca`sk statc af` dkvcrfgcft k CS Gcgjcr _tatcs rcltcratc` tbat tbc CS kcr tk `ccpcflts rcmatlkfs wltb Jcmarus ls okf`ltlkfam kf prkdrcss tkwar`s rcspcot jy tbc Jcmaru-slaf autbkrltlcs kr `cgkoraoy, tbc rumc k maw af` bugaf rldbts.:0

Cvcf tbkudb tbc Jcmarus oasc fcdatlvcmy lfucfoc` tbc okursc k tbc gcctlfdk tbc bca`s k statc af` dkvcrfgcft k Castcrf Uartfcrsblp okuftrlcs, tbc UkmlsbUrcsl`cfoy ufqucstlkfajmc aoblcvcgcfts lfomu`c` tbc omkslfd k fcdktlatlkfs kf tbc

sldflfd k tbc Asskolatlkf Adrccgcft wltb Shralfc af` maufoblfd adrccgcft fc-dktlatlkfs wltb Dckrdla af` Gkm`kva, tbc sldfc` Iklft @comaratlkf k tbc CastcrfUartfcrsblp _ugglt wblob was a jcttcr kcr k okkpcratlkf kr tbc jcfcolarlcs (tbcaffkufocgcft k c.d. mltlfd tbc vlsa rcqulrcgcft, lforcaslfd cfcrdy scourlty af`

:1Ljl`., p. :-3.::Ljl`., p. 3-4.Cfcrdy Okgguflty Prcaty, Atbcfs, :>.15.:553, KI M 1, pp. 12-:


19/243

12 Iafus Ic To

lforcaslfd fafolam kutmays kf tbc rcamlsatlkf k tbc Uartfcrsblp kjicotlvcs), af` tbccstajmlsbgcft k fcw jk`lcs9 tbc Castcrf Uartfcrsblp Juslfcss nkrug af` tbc Okf-crcfoc k tbc Zcdlkfam af` Mkoam Autbkrltlcs kr tbc Castcrf Uartfcrsblp.

1.0. _trcfdtbcflfd tbc Urcsl`cfoy Zkmc lf Lftcrfam CS Zcprcscftatlkf

As tbc rcmatlkfs jctwccf tbc Urcsl`cfoy af` tbc Bldb Zcprcscftatlvc k tbc Curk-pcaf Sflkf kr nkrcldf Aalrs af` _courlty Ukmloy arc stlmm jclfd `cfc` af`sbapc`, lt sbkum` jc bldbmldbtc` tbat tbc Ukmlsb dkvcrfgcft suoocc`c` lf strcfdtb-cflfd tbc pksltlkf k tbc rktatlfd Urcsl`cfoy. Pbc pattcrf tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoykmmkwc` lf lts okkpcratlkf wltb tbc Bldb Zcprcscftatlvc k tbc Sflkf was tbat kvcry rcqucft okftaots at jktb pkmltloam af` wkrhlfd mcvcms (c.d. wkrhlfd drkups).

Pbat pattcrf was garhc`my `lcrcft rkg tbc apprkaob k tbc Jcmdlaf kr BufdarlafUrcsl`cfolcs. Pbc gkst vlsljmc cxagpmc k strcfdtbcflfd tbc pksltlkf k tbc rktatlfdUrcsl`cfoy lf tbc sal` rcmatlkfs was tbc lfucfoc tbc Ukmlsb dkvcrfgcft ba` kf tbcadcf`a k tbc lfkrgam gcctlfd k krcldf aalrs glflstcrs k CS Gcgjcr _tatcs(Dygflob). _uob gcctlfds arc tra`ltlkfammy bcm` urlfd caob Urcsl`cfoy slfoc 1

:3Zcpkrt kn tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl cfoy. _cptcgjcr :511. Urcss rcmcasc, 0.15.:511, www.pm:511.cu8:> Adrccgcft jctwccf tbc dkvcrfgcft k tbc Zcpujmlo k Ukmaf` af` tbc dkvcrfgcft k tbc

Zusslaf nc`cratlkf kf mkoam jkr`cr trao, bttp9//www.gs.dkv.pm/, pp. 1-15.


20/243

1


21/243

:5 Iafus Ic To

`lsputc jctwccf tbc Curkpcaf Uarmlagcft af` tbc Okufolm k tbc Curkpcaf Sflkfokfocrflfd tbc gcobaflsg k tahlfd `colslkfs kf tbc safotlkf(s) appmloatlkf. PbcBufdarlaf Urcsl`cfoy l` fkt gafadc tk aoblcvc af adrccgcft kf tbls lssuc wltb tbc

Curkpcaf Uarmlagcft.Lt was tbc qucstlkf wbctbcr tbc safotlkfs sbkum` jc appmlc` autkgatloammy, l.c.tk wbat cxtcft a `colslkf kf safotlkfs sbkum` jc lf`cpcf`cft k tbc `colslkf ktbc Okufolm k tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf, tbat arkusc` gkst okftrkvcrslcs. nlfammy, lfgl`-_cptcgjcr :511, tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy gafadc` tk aoblcvc af adrccgcft. PbcCurkpcaf Okgglsslkfs rcokggcfàtlkf kf safotlkfs (rstmy lftcrcst-jcarlfd krfkf-lftcrcst-jcarlfd cpkslts l fcc`c`, okfvcrtc` tk fcs tbat wcrc tk agkuft tk 5.:D@U lf tbc prcoc`lfd ycar) wkum` jc a`kptc` jy rcvcrsc quamlc` gaikrlty vktlfdlf tbc Okufolm af` okfsl`crc` a`kptc`, ufmcss tbc Okufolm `col`cs tk tbc okftraryjy quamlc` gaikrlty wltblf tcf àys k tbc Okgglsslkf a`kptlfd lts prkpksam. Pblsgcafs tbat lt ls amways tbc Okufolms `colslkf wblob ls jlf`lfd.:2

Pbc ajkvc okgprkglsc kf tbc gcobaflsg k `colslkf-gahlfd kf safotlkfs am-mkwc` kr tbc a`kptlkf k tbc sct k slx mcdlsmatlvc aots.:, :511, pp. 1:-:08 Zcdumatlkf (CS) Fk. 114?/:511kn tbc Curkpcaf Uarmlagcft af` kn tbc Okufolm kn 1> Fkvcgjcr :511 kf tbc cnncotlvc cfnkrocgcftkn ju`dctary survclmmafoc lf tbc curk arca, KI M ?5>, :511, pp. 1-48 Okufolm Zcdumatlkf (CS) Fk.1144/:511 kn 2 Fkvcgjcr :511 agcf`lfd Zcdumatlkf (CO) Fk 10>4/, :511, pp. ??-05,Zcdumatlkf (CS) Fk114>/:511 kn tbc Curkpcaf Uarmlagcft af` kn tbc Okufolm kn 1> Fkvcgjcr :511 kf tbc prcvcftlkf afòkrrcotlkf kn gaorkcokfkglo lgjamafocs, KI M ?5>, :511, pp. :3-?:, Zcdumatlkf (CS) Fk 1140/:511kn tbc Curkpcaf Uarmlagcft af` kn tbc Okufolm kn 1> Fkvcgjcr :511 kf cfnkrocgcft gcasurcs tkokrrcot cxocsslvc gaorkcokfkglo lgjamafocs lf tbc curk arca, KI M ?5>, :511, pp. 2-11, Okufolm@lrcotlvc :511/23/CS kf rcqulrcgcfts nkr ju`dctary nragcwkrhs kn tbc Gcgjcr _tatcs, KI M ?5>, :511,pp. 01-0>.

?5 Pbc kjicotlvc k tbc prcvcftlvc arg k tbc _tajlmlty af` Drkwtb Uaot was tk okuftcraot cx-ocsslvc `colt lf tbc pujmlo fafoc scotkr at af carmy stadc, wblmst tbc dkam k tbc okrrcotlvc part wastk maufob tbc cxocsslvc `colt prkocùrc. nkr gkrc kf tbc dcfcsls af` prlfolpmcs k tbc _tajlmlty af`Drkwtb Uaot, o. I.I. To, (:55


22/243

:1A Zcvlcw af` Asscssgcft k tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy

lf tbc prcvcftlvc arg (lftcrcst-jcarlfd `cpkslts) af` lf tbc okrrcotlvc arg (fkf-lf-tcrcst-jcarlfd cpkslts, kr cvcf fcs). nlfcs gay jc amsk lgpksc` kf a Gcgjcr _tatcwblob gaflpumatcs statlstloam àta kf pujmlo `cjt af` ju`dct `colt. Pbc prkocss

k lgpkslfd safotlkfs wkum` ocasc tk jc `lsorctlkfary af` tbc rkmc k tbc CurkpcafOkgglsslkf ls fktajmy strcfdtbcfc` lf tbc arca k survclmmafoc. Gkrckvcr, tbc gcob-aflsg k okftrkmmlfd tbc pujmlo `cjt, wblob uftlm tbcf pmayc` a guob mcsscr rkmc tbaftbc ju`dct `colt okftrkm gcobaflsg, wkum` dalf guob lgpkrtafoc as pujmlo `cjtcxocc`lfd >5% k D@U sbkum` jc trcatc` iust as strlotmy as ju`dct `colt cxocc`lfd?% k D@U (rcokggcfàtlkfs, rcùotlkf `cgaf`, kr cvcf a fc).?1

Pbc obafdcs lftrkùoc` okvcr amsk lgprkvcgcft k tbc gaorkcokfkglo lamkducjctwccf CS lfstltutlkfs (cspcolammy tbc Curkpcaf Uarmlagcft, tbc Okufolm k tbc Cu-rkpcaf Sflkf, af` tbc Curkpcaf Okgglsslkf) af` tbc cstajmlsbgcft k tbc survclm-mafoc gcobaflsg as part k tbc cxocsslvc lgjamafoc prkocùrc. Pbc cxocsslvc lg-jamafoc prkocùrc (wltb pktcftlam safotlkfs kr maoh k lsolpmlfc) appmlcs tk Gcgjcr_tatcs tbat bavc a mardc `colt kr surpmus kf tbclr ourrcft aookuft, bkwcvcr tbc as-scssgcft k tbksc twk sltuatlkfs lcrs apprkprlatcmy. Pbc fcw lrcotlvc kf rcqulrc-gcfts kr ju`dctary ragcwkrhs cfsurcs, kf tbc ktbcr baf`, tbat fatlkfam skmutlkfswlmm jc okfùolvc tk strcfdtbcflfd soam `lsolpmlfc lf tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf.?:

:.:. Okgprkglsc kf tbc :51: CS Dcfcram Ju`dct

@cspltc tbc drkwlfd lsparltlcs agkfd Gcgjcr _tatcs tbat rcsumtc` galfmy rkg

tbc skvcrcldf `cjt orlsls lf tbc Curkkfc, tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy gafadc` tk c-olcftmy okfomu`c fcdktlatlkfs kf tbc :51: CS dcfcram ju`dct. Pbls was tbc rstju`dct atcr tbc lgpmcgcftatlkf k tbc Mlsjkf Prcaty tbat tbc Okufolm k tbc Curkpc-af Sflkf af` tbc Curkpcaf Uarmlagcft adrcc` upkf wltblf tbc tlgc-ragc spcolc`lf tbc appmloajmc prkvlslkfs k maw, l.c. jy :1 Fkvcgjcr.

Pbc wkrh kf tbc ju`dct was maufobc` lf Iafuary :511 wbcf tbc Ju`dct Okg-glttcc k tbc Okufolm k tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf mc` jy tbc Bufdarlaf Urcsl`cfoy, lf ok-kpcratlkf wltb Ukmaf`, jcdaf `ratlfd dul`cmlfcs kr tbc :51: dcfcram ju`dct. Bkw-cvcr, lt was fkt uftlm Ukmaf` assugc` bcr Urcsl`cfoy tbat tbc prkocùrc kr adrcclfd

kf tbc ju`dct was okgpmctc`. Ju`dct fcdktlatlkfs rcvcamc` `lsadrccgcfts kf tbc:51: ju`dct cxpcf`lturc vkmugc agkfd tbc Okufolm k tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf, tbcCurkpcaf Okgglsslkf af` tbc Curkpcaf Uarmlagcft. Uklftlfd tk tbc fcocsslty tk lf-trkùoc outs ùrlfd tbc skvcrcldf orlsls, dkvcrfgcfts k tbc Gcgjcr _tatcs, galfmyuf`cr tbc prcssurc cxcrtc` jy tbc SH suppkrtc` jy nrafoc af` Dcrgafy, prkpksc` tkrccc ju`dct cxpcf`lturc at lts :511 mcvcm. Pbclr pkstumatc was tbat tbc :51: ju`dct

?1 nlfcs oaffkt jc lgpksc` kf fkf-Curkkfc statcs. Pbcsc okuftrlcs rcoclvc rcokggcfàtlkfs krarc rcqucstc` tk mkwcr tbclr pujmlo `colt kr pujmlo `cjt.

?:Faiwaflciszc rczumtaty prao prczy`cfoil pkmshlci w Za`zlc Sfll Curkpcishlci. Urcss rcmcasc,::.1:.:511, www. pm:511.cu.


23/243

:: Iafus Ic To

cxpcf`lturc vkmugc sbkum` agkuft tk CSZ 1:


24/243

:?A Zcvlcw af` Asscssgcft k tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy

aflsg. Pbc Curkpcaf Okgglsslkf af` tbc Curkpcaf Cxtcrfam Aotlkf _crvloc wcrckjmldc` tk prcscft a rcpkrt kf tbc arrafdcgcfts lgpmcgcftatlkf jy tbc cf` k :51:.?0Pbc aoblcvc` okgprkglsc wlmm uf`kujtc`my strcfdtbcf tbc staf`lfd k tbc Curkpcaf

Sflkf lf lts rcmatlkfs wltb cxtcrfam partfcrs, as lt wlmm ammkw tbc CS tk spcah wltbkfc vkloc tk gumtlfatlkfam krdaflsatlkfs, c.d. tbc Sfltc` Fatlkfs kr tbc K_OC.?3

?. Aoblcvcgcfts Okfstltutlfd A`vafocgcft kn Mcdlsmatlvc Tkrhlf Urkdrcss af` Ukmltloam @cjatcs

?.1. @cjatc kf @ccpcflfd tbc Lftcrfam Garhct af` _kurocskn Cokfkglo Drkwtb

Pbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy okftlfuc` tbc `cjatc kf tbc `ccpcflfd k tbc slfdmc gar-hct as tbc fcocssary okf`ltlkf kr jkkstlfd cokfkglo drkwtb lf tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf.Pbls `cjatc was maufobc` jy tbc Jcmdlaf Urcsl`cfoy.?>Kf ?-0 Kotkjcr :511, lf Ora-okw, tbc rst _lfdmc Garhct nkrug was bcm`. Pbls cvcft was krdaflsc` iklftmy jy tbcUkmlsb Urcsl`cfoy, tbc Curkpcaf Uarmlagcft af` tbc Curkpcaf Okgglsslkf. Lt wasa gcctlfd k pkmltlolafs, cftrcprcfcurs, rcprcscftatlvcs k cgpmkycr krdaflsatlkfs,tra`c uflkfs af` fkf-dkvcrfgcftam krdaflsatlkfs. Pbc gkst lgpkrtaft kjicotlvc ktbc nkrug was tk l`cftly jarrlcrs tbat blf`cr tbc drkwtb af` ufotlkflfd k tbcslfdmc garhct, as wcmm as tk f`lfd gctbk`s cmlglfatlfd tbcg. Pbc tkplos `lsoussc`lfomu`c` tbc rckrg k tbc CS pujmlo prkourcgcft maw, cvcmkpgcft k c-okggcroc,lfocftlvcs kr cokfkglo aotlvltlcs af` jcttcr okggufloatlkf jctwccf slfdmc garhctlfstltutlkfs af` oltlcfs.

Pbc _lfdmc Garhct nkrug a`kptc` lts pkmltloam `comaratlkf tbat was prcscftc` tktbc Okufolm kn tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf, tbc Curkpcaf Uarmlagcft af` tbc Curkpcaf Okg-

glsslkf. Pbc `comaratlkf kjmldc` tbc dkvcrfgcfts k Gcgjcr _tatcs, tbc CurkpcafOkgglsslkf af` tbc Curkpcaf Uarmlagcft tk uf`crtahc aotlvltlcs algc` at uslfd tbc

?0Faiwaflciszc rczumtaty prao prczy`cfoil Ukmshl w Za`zlc Sfll Curkpcishlci w pa`zlcrflhuX:511 r.W. Urcss rcmcasc, :2.15.:511, www. pm:511.cu8 H. Flhmcwlo,Hkgprkgls w sprawlc zcwftrzfcircprczcftaoil Sfll, bttp9//pm:511.cu/okftcft/hkgprkgls-w-sprawlc-cwfctr- fci-rcprccftaoil-ufll,p. 1.

?3 Pbc jrcahtbrkudb aoblcvcgcfts k tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy amsk lfomu`c tbc fcdktlatlkfskf tbc cstajmlsbgcft k a ufltary systcg kr patcft prktcotlkf lf tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf af` tbc cxtcfslkfk tbc ufotlkflfd k tbc kk` al` prkdraggc kr tbc mcast aucft CS oltlcfs tk tbc ycars :51:- -:51?, on.Gcctlfd kn tbc Okgpctltlvcfcss Okufolm (Lftcrfam Garhct, Lf`ustry, Zcscarob af` _paoc).Urcss rcmcasc, Jrusscms, :


25/243

:0 Iafus Ic To

slfdmc garhct as af cokfkglo drkwtb rlvc lf tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf. Pbc Oraokw co-maratlkf l`cftlc` af` affkufoc` tbat twcfty rcdumatkry jarrlcrs l`cftlc` as gkstpalfum kr cftrcprcfcurs af` cgpmkyccs wkum` jc cmlglfatc`. Pbc `comaratlkf oammc`

kf Curkpcaf lfstltutlkfs af` CS bca`s k statc af` dkvcrfgcft tk uf`crtahc okf-orctc aotlkfs lf kr`cr tk usc kppkrtufltlcs prkvl`c` jy tbc slfdmc garhct af` cfsurclts urtbcr drkwtb. Lt was prkpksc` tk lftrkùoc tbc Curkpcaf Urkcsslkfam Oar` af``lrcotlvcs kr tbc rcokdfltlkf k prkcsslkfam quamloatlkfs lf amm CS Gcgjcr _tatcs.Pbc fcc` tk lgprkvc pujmlo prkourcgcft mcdlsmatlkf tk cfsurc tbat _GCs okum` cftcrtcf`cr prkocùrcs was l`cftlc` as urdcft. Pbc `comaratlkf amsk pklftc` tk tbc fcc`tk lforcasc gkjlmlty k scrvlocs af` pcrskfs wltblf tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf, tk lftrkùoccftrcprcfcursblp lfocftlvcs af` slgpmly prkocùrcs, af` tk `cvcmkp c-okggcrocurtbcr. Pbc ajkvc was okfsl`crc` rcmcvaft tk dbtlfd tbc cokfkglo orlsls.?4

Pbc Oraokw comaratlkf scrvc` as tbc jaslo kougcft kr tbc okfomuslkfs a`kpt-c` jy tbc Okgpctltlvcfcss Okufolm (Lftcrfam Garhct, Lfùstry, Zcscarob af` _paoc)ùrlfd lts gcctlfd kf 3-> @cocgjcr :511 lf Jrusscms. Pbc Okufolm `comarc` lt waswlmmlfd tk afamysc tbc Curkpcaf Urkcsslkfam Oar` lssuc, af` adrcc` tbat c-okg-gcroc was a aotkr tbat gldbt okftrljutc tk cokfkglo drkwtb af` orcatlkf k fcwikjs, af` lt apprkvc` k tbc Curkpcaf Okgglsslkfs lftcftlkf tk slgpmly pujmloprkourcgcft mcdlsmatlkf. Pbc Okufolm amsk oammc` kf tbc Curkpcaf Okgglsslkf tkprcscft mcdlsmatlvc skmutlkfs tk tbc twcmvc prlkrlty gcasurcs l`cftlc` lf tbc _lfdmcGarhct Aot as sobcùmc` lf tbc Aot.?2

Pk a`vafoc tbc `cjatc kf `ccpcflfd tbc slfdmc garhct, tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy

af` tbc Curkpcaf Okgglsslkf prcparc` a rcpkrt kf pktcftlam skurocs k cokfkglodrkwtb. Lt was tltmc` Pkwar`s a Curkpcaf Okfscfsus kf Drkwtb af` prcscftc` lfJrusscms kf > Kotkjcr :511. Pbc rcpkrt okftalfc` aotlkf prkpksams tbat wcft jcykfàfy a` bkoaotlkfs algc` at skmvlfd tbc skvcrcldf `cjt orlsls. Pbc kjicotlvc k tbcrcpkrt was tk afswcr twk jaslo qucstlkfs9 wbat `rlvlfd krocs sbkum` jc scmcotc`tk aoocmcratc drkwtb, af` bkw tk rcokfolmc tbc fcc` kr drkwtb-cfbafolfd lfvcst-gcfts wltb tbc fcc` kr sustalfajmc pujmlo fafocs. Pbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy l`cftlc`tbc kmmkwlfd arcas wltb sldfloaft drkwtb pktcftlam9 bugaf oapltam, slfdmc garhct(c-cokfkgy, scrvlocs af` lfrastruoturc), _GC scotkr, drccf cokfkgy, rcdlkfampkmloy, lforcasc` cxtcrfam tra`c af` tbc CS kpcflfd tk solcftlo af` tcobfkmkdloamokkpcratlkf wltb tblr` statcs. Apart rkg tbc ajkvcgcftlkfc` `ladfksls, tbc rcpkrtamsk okftalfc` rcokggcfàtlkfs kr tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf tk tahc spcolo aotlkfs lftbc gcftlkfc` arcas.?.1:. :511, 12113/11, pp. 15-1>.

?


26/243


Kf :? Kotkjcr :511, tbc Urcsl`cfoys rcpkrt was aoocptc` jy tbc CurkpcafOkufolm ùrlfd lts gcctlfd lf Jrusscms. Lf tbc mldbt k tbc rcpkrt, tbc CurkpcafOkufolm lf lts okfomuslkfs l`cftlc` hcy prlkrltlcs fcc`c` tk jc pursuc` lf kr`cr tk

aoblcvc drkwtb. Pk a mardc cxtcft tbcy wcrc okfvcrdcft wltb tbc prkpksams k tbcUkmlsb Urcsl`cfoy.05

?.:. Mcdlsmatlvc Tkrh kf CS Cfcrdy _courlty

Pbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy amsk okftlfuc` tbc mcdlsmatlvc wkrh kf tbc CS cfcrdyscourlty lfltlatc` jy tbc Bufdarlaf Urcsl`cfoy kmmkwlfd tbc okfomuslkfs k tbc Cu-rkpcaf Okufolm k 0 ncjruary :511 kf tbc cfcrdy af` lffkvatlkf pkmloy, af` tbcokfomuslkfs k tbc Prafspkrt, Pcmcokggufloatlkfs af` Cfcrdy Okufolm k :2 ncjru-

ary :511 tbat spcolc` tbc kjicotlvcs k tbc CSs cfcrdy pkmloy stratcdy tlmm :5:5.01

Pbc Ukmlsb dkvcrfgcft, lf okgpmlafoc wltb lts kpcratlkfam prkdraggc, krdaflsc` a`cjatc kf tbc `lrcotlkfs k `cvcmkplfd tbc CS cxtcrfam cfcrdy pkmloy, omksc` fcdk-tlatlkfs kf tbc rcdumatlkf kf okbcslkf af` trafsparcfoy k tbc cfcrdy garhct, afòkftlfuc` tbc wkrh kf tbc lfrastruoturc paohadc af` aots kf cfcrdy colcfoy. Pbcpkstumatcs k tbc Ukmlsb dkvcrfgcft vkloc` ùrlfd tbc fcdktlatlkfs okfocrfc` galf-my cfcrdy skmlàrlty, prlfolpmcs k fafolfd lfvcstgcft prkicots lf cfcrdy lfrastruo-turc, lftcrfam skurocs k cfcrdy, as wcmm as cstajmlsblfd af lftcrfam das af` cmcotrloltygarhct lf a gaffcr tbat wkum` gahc CS cftcrprlscs okgpctltlvc.

Pbc `cjatc kf tbc `lrcotlkfs k tbc CS cxtcrfam cfcrdy pkmloy lf tbc okglfd

ycars mc` tk okfomuslkfs k tbc Prafspkrt, Pcmcokggufloatlkfs af` Cfcrdy Okufolmk :0 Fkvcgjcr :511 kf strcfdtbcflfd tbc cxtcrfam cfcrdy pkmloy. Lf tbc okfomu-slkfs tbc kmmkwlfd, lftcr amla, wcrc `cfc`9 garhct prlfolpmcs jlf`lfd lf cxtcrfamrcmatlkfs, gkst lgpkrtaft lfrastruoturam prkicots aolmltatlfd raw prkùots `cmlvcryrkg kutsl`c tbc SC, af` a sct k okkpcratlkf krgats kr CS Gcgjcr _tatcs tk jckmmkwc` wltb lftcrfatlkfam jk`lcs, cspcolammy wltb tbc Lftcrfatlkfam Cfcrdy Adcfoyaf` tbc Lftcrfatlkfam Zcfcwajmc Cfcrdy Adcfoy (LZCFA).0:Zcspcotlfd tbc okgpc-tcfocs k tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf af` tbc Gcgjcr _tatcs, tbc cxtcrfam cfcrdy pkmloy ktbc Curkpcaf Sflkf was tk jc okbcrcft wltb lts stratcdy kf cfcrdy af` mkw-oarjkf

pkmloy tlmm :535. Bkwcvcr, tbc ccotlvcfcss k tbc cxtcrfam cfcrdy pkmloy rcgalfc``cpcfàft kf tbc cstajmlsbgcft k a slfdmc cfcrdy garhct lf tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf.

05Gcctlfd kn tbc Curkpcaf Okufolm kn :? Kotkjcr :511. Okfomuslkfs, Jrusscms, ?5.11.:511, CSOK3:/1/11, ZC^ 1, pp. 1->8 pp. 1-4.

01Gcctlfd kn tbc Curkpcaf Okufolm kn 0 Ncjruary :511. Okfomuslkfs, Jrusscms, 0.5:.:511, CSOK:/11, pp. 1-13.Gcctlfd kn Prafspkrt, Pcmcokggufloatlkfs af` Cfcrdy Okufolm kn :2 Ncjruary :511.Urcss rcmcasc, Jrusscms, :2.5:.:511, >13/11, pp. 1-1?.


27/243

:> Iafus Ic To

Kf < @cocgjcr :511, tbc okfomuslkfs k tbc Prafspkrt, Pcmcokggufloatlkfs af`Cfcrdy Okufolm wcrc a`kptc` jy tbc Curkpcaf Okufolm.0?

Pbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy amsk okgpmctc` fcdktlatlkfs wltb tbc Curkpcaf Uarmlagcft

kf tbc a`kptlkf k tbc Zcdumatlkf kf Tbkmcsamc Cfcrdy Garhct Lftcdrlty af` Prafs-parcfoy (ZCGLP). Pbc rcdumatlkf was a`kptc` jy tbc Curkpcaf Uarmlagcft af` tbcOkufolm k tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf kf :3 Kotkjcr :511. Pbc rcdumatlkf `cfc` prlfol-pmcs k trafsparcft wbkmcsamc tra`lfd lf cfcrdy af` lftrkùoc` prkvlslkfs prcvcftlfdsusplolkus praotlocs. Lt amsk krcsaw tbc gkfltkrlfd k wbkmcsamc cfcrdy garhcts jytbc Adcfoy kr tbc Okkpcratlkf k Cfcrdy Zcdumatkrs lf omksc okkpcratlkf wltb fa-tlkfam rcdumatkry jk`lcs as wcmm as k tbc lgpaot k tbc CS cglsslkfs tra`lfd sobcgckf wbkmcsamc cfcrdy garhcts. Okfscqucftmy, a gaikr stcp was ga`c tkwar` tbc cs-tajmlsbgcft k tbc CS slfdmc cfcrdy garhct jy :510.00

Pbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy amsk okftrljutc` tk tbc a`vafocgcft k mcdlsmatlvc wkrhkf tbc cfcrdy colcfoy `lrcotlvc af` tbc rcdumatlkf kf tbc trafs-Curkpcaf cfcrdylfrastruoturc lf fcdktlatlkfs kf tbc lfrastruoturam paohadc af` aots kf cfcrdy c-cotlvcfcss. Tblmc prcparlfd tbc tcxt k a rat lrcotlvc, tbc kjicotlvc k Ukmlsb dkv-crfgcft was tk rcaob af adrccgcft kf af ccotlvc af` cxljmc mcdam ragcwkrh krcfcrdy ccotlvcfcss tk drkw jy :5% jy :5:5. Afktbcr rat rcdumatlkf prcparc` waskf tbc trafs-Curkpcaf cfcrdy lfrastruoturc af` okftalfc` prkpksams kf sbkrtcflfdtbc tlgc k lssulfd pcrglts, cstajmlsblfd a gcobaflsg k `lvl`lfd oksts ammkoatc` tkorkss-jkr`cr prkicots af` kf a systcg k lfvcstgcft lfocftlvcs af` stlguml. Pbc dkamwas tk cfsurc dkk` okf`ltlkfs kr lfvcstgcfts lf trafs-Curkpcaf lfùstry lfrastruo-

turc wblob sbkum` okftrljutc tk tbc scourlty k stratcdlo suppmy, colcft gkvlfd tk amkw-oarjkf cokfkgy af` lgpmcgcftatlkf k tbc lftcrfam cfcrdy garhct.

?.?. Cfmardcgcft _tratcdy

Pbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy gafadc` tk upbkm` tbc l`ca k CS cfmardcgcft wltb af-ktbcr statcs as af lgpkrtaft cmcgcft k tbc Curkpcaf adcfà `cspltc rcscrvatlkfsaf` kjicotlkfs k tbc dkvcrfgcfts k gafy Gcgjcr _tatcs, stcgglfd galfmy rkgtbc skvcrcldf `cjt orlsls lf tbc Curkkfc af` tbc fcc` kr af lftcrfam af` cxtcrfam

okfskmlàtlkf k tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf. Lf tbc pcrlk` wbcf Ukmaf` bcm` tbc Urcsl`cfoyk tbc Okufolm k tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf, tbc aoocsslkf trcaty wltb Orkatla was sldfc`,af` aoocsslkf fcdktlatlkfs wltb Locmaf` wcrc okftlfuc`. Pbc maufob k fcdktlatlkfswltb Gkftcfcdrk was affkufoc`, as wcmm as a pkssljmc `colslkf k draftlfd _crjlatbc status k a oaf`làtc okuftry.

Kf 3 @cocgjcr :511, tbc Dcfcram Aalrs Okufolm at lts gcctlfd lf Jrusscms,a`kptc` tbc okfomuslkfs kf tbc cfmardcgcft af` tbc prkocss k stajlmlsatlkf af` as-

0?Gcctlfd kn tbc Curkpcaf Okufolm kn < @cocgjcr :511, Okfomuslkfs..., p. ?.00Zcdumatlkf (CS) Fk 1::4/:511 kn tbc Curkpcaf Uarmlagcft af` kn tbc Okufolm kn :3 Kotkjcr

:511 kf wbkmcsamc cfcrdy garhct lftcdrlty af` trafsparcfoy, KI M ?:>, :511, pp. 1-13.


28/243


skolatlkf. Pbc Okufolm rccrrc` tk tbc Curkpcaf Okgglsslkfs Okggufloatlkfk 1: Kotkjcr :511 kf tbc cfmardcgcft stratcdy, lts kplflkf kf _crjlas aoocsslkfappmloatlkf, as wcmm as lts prkdrcss rcpkrt kf Purhcy, Locmaf`, Zcpujmlo k Gaoc-

`kfla, Gkftcfcdrk, Amjafla, Jksfla af` Bcrcdkvlfa, af` Hkskvk. Pbc Okufolmwcmokgc` tbc wkrh `kfc kf tbc CS cfmardcgcft stratcdy, statlfd, lftcr amla, tbattbc trafskrgatlvc pkwcr k tbc cfmardcgcft prkocss dcfcratcs ar-rcaoblfd pkmltloamaf` cokfkglo rckrg lf tbc cfmardcgcft okuftrlcs wblob amsk jcfcts tbc CS as awbkmc.03

Kf < @cocgjcr :511 tbc Curkpcaf Okufolm, at lts gcctlfd lf Jrusscms, cf`krsc`tbc okfomuslkfs k tbc Dcfcram Aalrs Okufolm. Jckrc tbc gcctlfd, tbc aoocsslkftrcaty wltb Orkatla was sldfc`. Pbc Curkpcaf Okufolm affkufoc` tbc maufob kaoocsslkf fcdktlatlkfs wltb Gkftcfcdrk lf Iufc :51:. Lt amsk kjmldc` tbc DcfcramAalrs Okufolm tk pcrkrg af afamysls k tbc prcvlkus prkocss k ratlfd af` lgpmc-gcftlfd aìustgcft rckrgs, wltb a partloumar kous kf tbc arca k rumc k maw afùfàgcftam rldbts, cspcolammy tbc dbt adalfst okrruptlkf af` krdaflsc` orlgc, kf tbcjasls k a rcpkrt tbat was tk jc prcscftc` jy tbc Okgglsslkf lf tbc rst bam k :51:.Gkrckvcr, tbc Curkpcaf Okufolm tashc` tbc Dcfcram Aalrs Okufolm wltb cxag-lflfd af` okfrglfd wbctbcr _crjla gct tbc gcgjcrsblp orltcrla. L tbc kplflkf waspksltlvc, tbcf lf ncjruary :51: tbc Dcfcram Aalrs Okufolm wkum` tahc lts `colslkfkf draftlfd _crjla tbc status k a oaf`làtc statc wblmc tbc Curkpcaf Okufolms col-slkf was tk jc tahcf lf Garob :51:. Lf rccrcfoc tk Purhcys statcgcfts af` tbrcatsk Purhcy tkwar` tbc Oyprlkt Urcsl`cfoy, tbc Curkpcaf Okufolm oammc` kf Purhcy tk

ummy rcspcot tbc rkmc k tbc Urcsl`cfoy k tbc Okufolm.0>

?.0. Fcw Zcdumatlkfs kf Nrcc`kg, _courlty af` Iustloc

Lf tbc arca k cxtcrfam jkr`cr okftrkm af` draùam lftrkùotlkf k tbc lftcdratc`jkr`cr gafadcgcft systcg, tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy ba` lgpkrtaft aoblcvcgcfts aswcmm.

nlrstmy lt was tbc rcvlslkf af` tbc mast agcf`gcft k tbc Zcdumatlkf kf tbc nufo-tlkflfd k tbc Curkpcaf Adcfoy kr tbc Gafadcgcft k Kpcratlkfam Okkpcratlkf at

tbc Cxtcrfam Jkr`crs k tbc Gcgjcr _tatcs k tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf (nrkftcx). Pbcprkocss was mardcmy qulohcfc` jy tbc cvcfts k tbc Araj _prlfd. Pbc gass lfkwk lggldrafts rkg Fkrtb Arloa tk tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf ga`c lt omcar tbat lt wasfcocssary tk tldbtcf okkpcratlkf jctwccf Gcgjcr _tatcs af` nrkftcx lf tbc arca kscourlty af` prktcotlkf k CS cxtcrfam jkr`crs. Okfscqucftmy, lt amsk jcoagc fco-cssary tk strcfdtbcf tbc gafàtc k nrkftcx. Pbc okgprkglsc kf agcf`lfd tbc sal`Zcdumatlkf was wkrhc` kut jy tbc Urcsl`cfoy af` tbc Curkpcaf Uarmlagcft. Kf :3

03Gcctlfd kn tbc Dcfcram Annalrs Okufolm kn 3 @cocgjcr :511. Okfomuslkfs kn tbc Okufolm kf tbccfmardcgcft af` tbc stajlmlsatlkf af` asskolatlkf prkocss, Jrusscms, 3.1:.:511, 121Gcctlfd kn tbc Curkpcaf Okufolm kn < @cocgjcr :511. Okfomuslkfs..., pp. 0->.


29/243

:2 Iafus Ic To

Kotkjcr :511, tbc Zcdumatlkf k tbc Curkpcaf Uarmlagcft af` tbc Okufolm agcf`-lfd tbc Zcdumatlkf k tbc Okufolm k :> Kotkjcr :550 was a`kptc`. Pbls `kougcftls a gaikr stcp tkwar` lforcaslfd tbc prktcotlkf af` scourlty k tbc cxtcrfam CS

jkr`crs. Lf cgcrdcfoy sltuatlkfs, lt cfajmcs nrkftcx tk dlvc Gcgjcr _tatcs gkrcccotlvc suppkrt. Fcw tashs k nrkftcx wkum` lfomu`c `cpmkylfd Curkpcaf Jkr`crDuar` Pcags. Pbc tcags arc tk jc okgpksc` k fatlkfam jkr`cr duar`s `cmcdatc` jyGcgjcr _tatcs tk nrkftcx uf`cr affuam adrccgcfts. Pbcy sbkum` suppkrt fatlkfamjkr`cr duar` tcags lf okgjatlfd ufokftrkmmajmc lfkw k lggldrafts af` prkvl`lfdsurvclmmafoc k pmaffc` gass cvcfts, c.d. spkrt cvcfts. Lftcrvcftlkfs k tbc CurkpcafJkr`cr Duar` Pcags, bkwcvcr, arc tk jc oarrlc` kut skmcmy at tbc rcqucst k af lf -tcrcstc` Gcgjcr _tatc(s). Amsk tbc tcobfloam af` ju`dct rcskurocs k nrkftcx arc tkjc lforcasc`. Kpcratlkfs lforcaslfd tbc sacty af` scourlty k CS cxtcrfam jkr`crsgust rcspcot bugaf rldbts af` okgpmy wltb rcmcvaft lftcrfatlkfam maw. Amm nrkftcxaotlvltlcs wblob bavc afy lgpaot kf bugaf rldbts arc tk jc supcrvlsc` jy twk fcw-my-cstajmlsbc` jk`lcs9 tbc nrkftcx Okfsumtatlvc nkrug tbat ls tk asslst tbc Cxcoutlvc@lrcotkr af` Gafadcgcft Jkar` k nrkftcx lf ufàgcftam rldbts gattcrs, af` anufàgcftam Zldbts Kocr wbk wlmm gkfltkr af` rcpkrt kf tbc okgpmlafoc k nrkf-tcx aotlvltlcs wltb maw. Pbc Kocr wkum` jc ummy lf`cpcf`cft af` rcpkrt lrcotmy tktbc nrkftcx Gafadcgcft Jkar` af` Okfsumtatlvc nkrug.04

Lf tbc arca k gldratlkf pkmloy, tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy suoocssummy fcdktlatc` tbca`kptlkf k tbc slfdmc pcrglt `lrcotlvc. Pbls `lrcotlvc ls kf a slfdmc appmloatlkfprkocùrc kr a slfdmc pcrglt kr tblr`-okuftry fatlkfams, l.c. fkf-CS oltlcfs, tk

rcsl`c af` wkrh lf tbc tcrrltkry k a Gcgjcr _tatc af` kf a okggkf sct k rldbtskr tblr`-okuftry fatlkfams mcdammy cgpmkyc` af` rcsl`lfd lf a Gcgjcr _tatc. Pbcfcw prkvlslkfs sbkum` slgpmly a`glflstratlvc rcqulrcgcfts kf pcrglts kr fkf-CSoltlcfs af` tk slgpmly prkocùrcs gkfltkrlfd tbclr status. Pbc ajkvcgcftlkfc`stafàr` sct k maws ls jasc` kf tbc prlfolpmc k cquam trcatgcft k fkf-CS fatlkfamswltb oltlcfs k a Gcgjcr _tatc. Pbc @lrcotlvc k tbc Curkpcaf Uarmlagcft af` tbcOkufolm kf tbc slfdmc pcrglt was a`kptc` kf 1? @cocgjcr :511.02

Pbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy amsk okftrljutc` tk rcaoblfd tbc fam adrccgcft wltb tbcCurkpcaf Uarmlagcft kf tbc fcw tcxt af` a`kptlkf k tbc @lrcotlvc kf quamloatlkfstafàr`s af` orltcrla kr pcrskfs scchlfd lftcrfatlkfam prktcotlkf lf tbc CS, wblobwas fcc`c` tk cstajmlsb tbc Okggkf Curkpcaf Asymug _ystcg jy tbc cf` k :51:.Pbc @lrcotlvc duaraftccs tbat lrrcspcotlvc k wbcrc lf tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf a dlvcfpcrskf rcqucsts asymug, tbc appmloafts lftcrfatlkfam prktcotlkf fcc`s wkum` jc cvam-

04Zcdumatlkf (CS) Fk 11>2/:511 kn tbc Curkpcaf Uarmlagcft af` kn tbc Okufolm kn :3 Kotkjcr:511 agcf`lfd Okufolm Zcdumatlkf (CO) Fk :554/:550 cstajmlsblfd a Curkpcaf Adcfoy nkr tbc Gaf-adcgcft kn Kpcratlkfam Okkpcratlkf at tbc Cxtcrfam Jkr`crs kn tbc Gcgjcr _tatcs kn tbc CurkpcafSflkf, KI M ?50, :511, pp. 1-14.

02@lrcotlvc :511/


30/243

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31/243

?5 Iafus Ic To

fkrs, as fcw ajusc aots lfomu`lfd tbksc cgpmkylfd gk`crf tcobfkmkdlcs, wkum` jclfvcstldatc`. Pbc @lrcotlvc spcolcs glflgug pcfamtlcs kr apprkxlgatcmy twcftyorlgcs k scxuam ajusc k oblm`rcf, l.c. gafy gkrc tbaf prcvlkusmy. Gkrckvcr, lt am-

mkws kr bcarlfd tbc oblm`rcf, atcr tbc Ukmlsb gk`cm. L a okurt bcarlfd ls fcocssary,oblm`rcf sbkum` jc bcar` lf spcolammy csldfc` kr aìustc` rkkgs, l.c. lf oblm`-rlcf`-my cfvlrkfgcft.31

?.3. Okggkf Pra`c Ukmloy

nkmmkwlfd tbc fcw tra`c stratcdy k tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf prcscftc` jy tbc Curk-pcaf Okgglsslkf lf autugf :515, a gkst lgpkrtaft lssuc kr tbc CS was tk omksctbc TPK @kba Zkuf` fcdktlatlkfs as skkf as pkssljmc. Pbc jaslo tash k tbc

Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy was tk prcparc a statcgcft k tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf tk jc ga`cat tbc Cldbtb TPK Glflstcrlam Okfcrcfoc kf 13-14 @cocgjcr :511 lf Dcfcva.Pbc Ukmlsb dkvcrfgcft prkùoc` a `rat statcgcft af` okfsumtc` lt at tbc krug ktbc nkrcldf Aalrs Okufolm (Pra`c) wltb tbc okfcrcfoc `cmcdatlkfs k tbc Gcg-jcr _tatcs tbat gct lf Dcfcva kf 10 @cocgjcr :511. nlfammy, tbc nkrcldf AalrsOkufolm (Pra`c) aoocptc` tbc iklft statcgcft k tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf kr tbc CldbtbTPK Glflstcrlam Okfcrcfoc. Pbc Okufolm col`c` kr prccrcftlam trcatgcft k scr-vlocs af` scrvloc prkvl`crs rkg mcast-`cvcmkpc` okuftrlcs jy TPK gcgjcrs af`kr Zusslas aoocsslkf tk tbc TPK. Lf okffcotlkf wltb tbc mattcr, tbc nkrcldf AalrsOkufolm (Pra`c) amsk apprkvc` `rats k kur TPK-Zussla jlmatcram adrccgcfts, l.c.

tbc aoocsslkf paohadc tbat okgprlsc` hcy okf`ltlkfs kf Zussla iklflfd tbc TPK.Pbcsc adrccgcfts okfocrfc` wkk` lgpkrts rkg Zussla tk tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf afàppmloajmc tarl-ratc quktas, a okgpcfsatlkf gcobaflsg tk cfsurc tbat tbc lgpkrt kparts af` okgpkfcfts k gktkr vcblomcs rkg tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf tk Zussla kcs fkt`corcasc as a rcsumt k tbc appmloatlkf k tbc Zusslaf lfvcstgcft prkdraggc lf tbcautkgktlvc scotkr, sustalflfd tbc kjmldatlkfs lf tbc arca k scrvloc tra`lfd spcolc`lf tbc jlf`lfd partfcrsblp af` okkpcratlkf adrccgcft jctwccf tbc CS af` Zussla,af` lftrkùolfd kr lforcaslfd jy Zussla lts cxpkrt taxcs kf raw gatcrlams. Gkrckvcr,tbc Okufolm autbkrlsc` tbc Curkpcaf Okgglsslkf tk uf`crtahc jlmatcram fcdktlatlkfs

wltb Cdypt, Ikràf, Gkrkook, af` Puflsla kf tbc cstajmlsbgcft k lftcfslc` afòkgprcbcfslvc rcc tra`c kfcs uf`cr tbc amrca`y sldfc` asskolatlkf adrccgcfts.3:

31@lrcotlvc :511/2/IBA, KI M ??3, :511, pp. 1-10. Okrrldcfùg tk @lrcotlvc:511/2/IBA, KI M ??3, :511, p.1.

3:Gcctlfd kn tbc Nkrcldf Annalrs Okufolm (Pra`c). Urcss rcmcasc, Dcfcva, 10.1:.:511, 12>23/11,pp. 0-3.


32/243

?1A Zcvlcw af` Asscssgcft k tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy

Cvcf tbkudb tbc TPK Cldbtb Glflstcrlam Okfcrcfoc bcm` kf 13-14 @cocgjcr:511 lf Dcfcva `l` fkt jrlfd ajkut a jrcahtbrkudb lf tbc fcdktlatlkfs kf tbc @kba`cvcmkpgcft adcfà, lt `l` mca` tk tbc `colslkf kf aoocptlfd Zussla as a gcgjcr k

tbc TPK. @urlfd tbc Okfcrcfoc, lt was tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy tbat sldfc`, kf jcbamk tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf, tbc kur ajkvcgcftlkfc` jlmatcram adrccgcfts wltb Zusslatbat wcrc mlstc` lf tbc aoocsslkf prktkokm. Pbus tbc Ukmlsb dkvcrfgcft okgpmctc` tbcaoocsslkf fcdktlatlkfs tbat ba` jccf bcm` jctwccf tbc TPK af` Zussla kr cldbtccfycars.3?

nALMSZC_ Kn PBC UKML_B UZC_L@CFO\

Apart rkg tbc ajkvcgcftlkfc` aoblcvcgcfts, tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy cxpcrl-

cfoc` skgc almurcs, tbkudb tbcy wcrc lf fk way spcotaoumar. Pbcsc almurcs rcsumtc`rkg jktb a fcdatlvc attltu`c k skgc CS Gcgjcr _tatcs kr fkf-CS okuftrlcs tk-war` Ukmlsb lfltlatlvcs af` tbc Urcsl`cfoys almurc tk aot kr fcdmldcfoc. Pbc fcdatlvcattltu`c k ktbcr okuftrlcs ba` a gaikr lgpaot kf slx lssucs. nlrstmy, tbc Urcsl`cfoyalmc` tk fcdktlatc a okggkf pksltlkf kf Jcmarus at tbc Castcrf Uartfcrsblp suggltlf Tarsaw tbat wkum` okf`cgf tbc Jcmaruslaf autbkrltlcs kr vlkmatlfd bugaf rldbts,`cgkoraoy af` tbc rumc k maw, as wcmm as tbclr rcprcsslkfs adalfst tbc olvlm skolctyaf` tbc gc`la. Bkwcvcr, guob pklfts tk Dckrdlas kjicotlkf adalfst okf`cgflfdJcmarus lf tbc Tarsaw @comaratlkf bavlfd jccf `colslvc. Pbc kjicotlkf stcggc`

rkg Dckrdlas okfocrf tbat Jcmarus wkum` rctkrt jy rcokdflslfd tbc lf`cpcf`cfock Ajhbala af` _kutb Kssctla. _cokf`my, tbc fcdktlatc` Asskolatlkf Adrccgcftjctwccf tbc CS af` Shralfc (Ukmaf`s kpcratlkfam dkam) was fkt lfltlammc` ùc tktbc pkmltloam sltuatlkf lf Shralfc (tbc tralm k \umla Pygksbcfhk). Pblr`my, Jumdarlaaf` Zkgafla wcrc jmkohc` rkg iklflfd tbc _obcfdcf Arca ùc tk tbc vctk k tbcFctbcrmaf`s. At tbc tlgc, tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy gafadc` tk pcrsua`c ktbcr kppkslfdstatcs nrafoc, Dcrgafy, _wc`cf af` Jcmdlug tk obafdc tbclr pksltlkfs, wblmstnlfmaf` `comarc` rca`lfcss tk fcdktlatc. Bkwcvcr, lt sbkum` jc uf`crmlfc` tbat tbccfmardcgcft k tbc _obcfdcf arca was sk okftrkvcrslam af lssuc lf tbc Fctbcrmaf`stbat lt was lfomu`c` lf tbc dkvcrflfd okamltlkfs adrccgcft af` as suob okfstltutc`

a sldfloaft cmcgcft k tbc ourrcft @utob bkgc pkmloy. nkurtbmy, lf tbc arca k CSscourlty af` `ccfoc aalrs (afktbcr Ukmaf`s kpcratlkfam dkam) tbc Urcsl`cfoy `l`fkt gafadc tk fcdktlatc gcasurcs algc` at gkrc ccotlvc rufflfd k orlsls gafadc-gcft kpcratlkfs as lt was vctkc` jy skgc Gcgjcr _tatcs, galfmy tbc SH suppkrtc`jy Mltbuafla. Pbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy lftcf`c` tk lforcasc tbc CSs coaoy tbrkudburtbcr `cvcmkpgcft k CS jattmc drkups, cstajmlsbgcft k pcrgafcft olvlm-glmltarypmafflfd af` okfùot oapaoltlcs, af` scttlfd up a iklft Curkpcaf kpcratlkfam bca`-quartcrs kr tbc CS. Pbksc prkpksams wcrc julmt kf tbc Tclgar Prlafdmc lfltlatlvc

3? Tlocprcglcr Uawmah9 Zksia w TPK `zlhl staraflkg pkmshlci prczy`cfoil, bttp9//www.gd.dkv.pm, p. 1. GD9Zksia w TPK `zlhl staraflkg pkmshlci prczy`cfoil (hkguflhat), UAU, 1>.1:.:511.


33/243

?: Iafus Ic To

k :515. Pbc vctk k tbc SH rcsumtc` rkg lts okfocrfs tbat tbc cstajmlsbgcft ksuob oapaoltlcs wkum` jc tkk cxpcfslvc af` okgpctc wltb FAPK. Bkwcvcr, BldbZcprcscftatlvc Oatbcrlfc Asbtkf lf bcr rcpkrt k 11 Iumy :511, mardcmy kmmkwc` tbc

ajkvcgcftlkfc` lfltlatlvc k nrafoc, Dcrgafy af` Ukmaf`. Atcr tbc SH af` Mltbu-afla jmkohc` tbc lfltlatlvc, kf : _cptcgjcr :511 krcldf aalrs glflstcrs k Ukmaf`,Dcrgafy, nrafoc, Ltamy af` _palf wrktc a mcttcr tk Oatbcrlfc Asbtkf iklftmy pkstumat-lfd tk usc tbc okggkf struoturam okkpcratlkf gcobaflsg tk cstajmlsb a pcrgafcftolvlm-glmltary pmafflfd af` okf`uot oapaolty kr tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf.30Nlntbmy, tbcrcwas fk prkdrcss lf aoocsslkf fcdktlatlkfs jctwccf tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf af` Purhcy,as Purhcy almc` tk gcct amm tbc Okpcfbadcf orltcrla af`, as bas jccf gcftlkfc`ajkvc, cxprcssc` lts lftcftlkf tk rccc rcmatlkfs wltb tbc Oyprlkt Urcsl`cfoy lf tbcscokf` bam k :51:. _lxtbmy, lt oaf jc arduc` tbat tbcrc wcrc mlttmc `lpmkgatlo lfltla-tlvcs k tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy tk okuftcraot tbc ccots k tbc Araj _prlfd fagcmy agass lfkw k gldrafts rkg Fkrtbcrf Arloa tk tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf. Bkwcvcr, kfcsbkum` cgpbaslsc tbat tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy l` fkt bavc guob rkkg kr gafkcuvrctbcrc. Pbc rckrg k tbc _obcfdcf systcg put krwar` lf _cptcgjcr :511 jy tbcCurkpcaf Okgglsslkf mlgltc` tbc rldbt k Gcgjcr _tatcs tk tahc uflmatcram `col-slkf kf tcgpkrary rclfstltutlkf k jkr`cr okftrkm wblob was vcbcgcftmy kppksc` jynrafoc, Ltamy af` _palf. Lf tbclr iklft `comaratlkf, lftcrfam aalrs glflstcrs k tbksctbrcc statcs statc` tbat lt ls tbc dkvcrfgcft k a Gcgjcr _tatc af` fkt CS lfstltutlkfstbat jcars rcspkfsljlmlty kr tahlfd `colslkfs kf tbc tcgpkrary rcstkratlkf k jkr`crokftrkm lf a oasc k tbrcat tk pujmlo kr`cr.33

Lt gay jc arduc` tbat tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy almc` tk aot (fcdmldcfoc) kf kurlssucs. nlrstmy, tbc Urcsl`cfoy was ratbcr passlvc, cspcolammy lf okgparlskf tk CSOkgglsslkfcr kr Omlgatc Aotlkf Okfflc Bc`cdaar` urlfd tbc SF Omlgatc ObafdcOkfcrcfoc lf @urjaf (:2 Fkvcgjcr 11 @cocgjcr :511). Bkwcvcr lt gafadc` tkpcrsua`c rcmuotaft CS Gcgjcr _tatcs tk a`kpt af CS okggkf statcgcft. _cokf`my,tbcrc was fkt guob prkdrcss lf tbc cjatc kf tbc rckrg k tbc Okggkf AdrloumturamUkmloy. Pbc Ukmlsb dkvcrfgcft okggcfoc` fcdktlatlkfs kf mcdlsmatlvc prkpksams ktbc Curkpcaf Okgglsslkf k 1: Kotkjcr :511 okfocrflfd tbc rckrg k OAU atcr:51?, jut lt l` fkt gafadc tk okfvlfoc cvcryjk`y tk adrcc kf rc`lstrljutlkf k lrcotpaygcfts jy gkvlfd tk a at-ratc systcg, wblob was kfc k tbc Urcsl`cfoys dkams.Pblr`my, tbcrc was mlttmc a`vafocgcft lf wkrh kf tbc rckrg k tbc Okggkf nlsbcr-lcs Ukmloy. Pbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy maufobc` a `cjatc kf tbat lssuc atcr tbc CurkpcafOkgglsslkf prcscftc` lts mcdlsmatlvc prkpksams kf 1? Iumy :511, jut tbc wkrh kftbc rckrg kousc` kf tcobfloamltlcs galfmy af` `l` fkt jrlfd ajkut guob prkdrcss.nkurtbmy, tbcrc was maoh k okfstruotlvc prkpksams kf skmvlfd tbc gkst `lsputajmclssucs lf tbc skolam af` cgpmkygcft pkmloy (lfomu`lfd tbc gatcrflty `lrcotlvc). Kf

30 On. Glflstcr _lhkrshl9 Flc wszysoy obo stacdk `kw`ztwa ahoil oywlmfk-wkishkwyob SC,UAU, 1


34/243

??A Zcvlcw af` Asscssgcft k tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy

tbc ktbcr baf`, bkwcvcr, tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy suoocssummy mc` tk tbc a`kptlkf k tbcOkufolms okfomuslkfs kf tbc rkmc k vkmuftary wkrh lf skolam pkmloy (`ratc` at tbclfltlatlvc k tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy) af` tbc okfomuslkfs kf `cgkdrapblo obammcfdcs

aolfd tbc CS at tbc gcctlfd k tbc Okufolm kr Cgpmkygcft, _kolam Ukmloy, Bcamtbaf` Okfsugcr Aalrs kf ? Kotkjcr :511. Matcr, kf 1 @cocgjcr :511, amsk tbafhs tktbc Urcsl`cfoys gc`latlkf, tbc Okufolm rcaobc` a dcfcram apprkaob kf af agcf`c`rcdumatlkf kf tbc okkr`lfatlkf k skolam scourlty systcgs.

OKFOMS_LKF_

Pbc prcscftc` rcvlcw k tbc rst Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy mca`s tk a dcfcrammy pksltlvcasscssgcft. A gkst lgpkrtaft quamlty k tbc Urcsl`cfoy was tbc ccotlvc gafadc-

gcft af` cxcoutlkf k tbc ufotlkf af` tashs k tbc Urcsl`cfoy. Pbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cf-oy vcry ccotlvcmy pmaffc`, gc`latc`, stccrc` af` okkr`lfatc` tbc Okufolms wkrhas wcmm as rcprcscftc` tbc Okufolm bcmplfd Gcgjcr _tatcs rcaob adrccgcft wbcf`lcrcfocs lf kplflkf cgcrdc` af` lf lts `camlfds wltb ktbcr CS lfstltutlkfs. PbcUkmlsb dkvcrfgcft amsk sldfloaftmy strcfdtbcfc` tbc pksltlkf k tbc Urcsl`cfoy lftbc arca k tbc CS cxtcrfam rcprcscftatlkf. Gkst lgpkrtaftmy, tbc Ukmlsb dkvcrfgcftgafadc` tk aoblcvc amgkst amm k tbc prcsct prlkrltlcs af` a vast gaikrlty k tbca`kptc` kpcratlkfam dkams. Amtbkudb tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy, mlhc amm prcvlkus Urcsl-`cfolcs, ba` lts almurcs, gkst k tbcg rcsumtc` rkg a fcdatlvc attltu`c k skgc CSGcgjcr _tatcs kr tblr` okuftrlcs tk Ukmlsb lfltlatlvcs, af` kfmy cw wcrc a rcsumt ktbc Urcsl`cfoys fcdmldcfoc.

AJ_PZAOP

Pbc artlomc prkvl`cs af asscssgcft kn tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy kn tbc Okufolm kn tbc Curkpcaf Sf-lkf. Pbc autbkr prcscfts tbc kpcratlkfam af` stratcdlo prkdraggc (prlkrltlcs) kn tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cf-oy, tbc mlgltatlkfs lt cfokuftcrc`, af` tbc gaikr aoblcvcgcfts af` nalmurcs kn tbc Ukmlsb dkvcrfgcftlf tbc lgpmcgcftatlkf kn tbc sct dkams (tbclr oatcdkrlsatlkf bas amsk jccf prcscftc`). Pbc gkst lgpkrtaft

aoblcvcgcfts kn tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy lfomu`c9 a`kptlkf kn a paohadc kn rcdumatlkfs rclfnkrolfd tbcokftrkm kn pujmlo fafocs kn tbc Gcgjcr _tatcs kn tbc Curkzkfc af` tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf8 a okgprkglsckf tbc CS dcfcram ju`dct nkr :51:8 start kn fcdktlatlkfs kf tbc Gumtlaffuam Nlfafolam Nragcwkrh nkr:510-:5:58 lfltlatlkf kn tbc `cjatc kf tbc rcnkrg kn tbc Okbcslkf Ukmloy antcr :51?8 okftlfuatlkf knwkrh kf tbc CSs cfcrdy scourlty8 prkmkfdatlkf kn tbc nkk` al` prkdraggc nkr tbc gkst `cprlvc` CSoltlzcfs8 nurtbcr prkdrcss lf tbc lgpmcgcftatlkf kn tbc CS cfmardcgcft stratcdy8 tbc Castcrf Uartfcr-sblp sugglt8 okgpmctlkf kn fcdktlatlkfs kf tbc sldflfd kn tbc Asskolatlkf Adrccgcft wltb Shralfc af`jcdlfflfd slglmar fcdktlatlkfs wltb Dckrdla af` Gkm`kva8 okftlfuatlkf kn tbc `cjatc kf tbc `ccpcflfdkn tbc lftcrfam garhct af` skurocs kn drkwtb8 mcdlsmatlvc wkrh kf tbc lftrk`uotlkf kn a ufltary patcftprktcotlkf systcg af` fcw rcdumatlkfs lf tbc arca kn nrcc`kg, scourlty af` iustloc.

Lf asscsslfd tbc nalmurcs lt gust jc fktc` tbat tbcy rcsumtc` galfmy nrkg tbc fcdatlvc attltu`c kn

skgc CS Gcgjcr _tatcs kr tblr` statcs tk tbc Ukmlsb lfltlatlvcs, wblmc kfmy a ncw oaf jc attrljutc` tkfcdmldcfoc kn tbc Urcsl`cfoy as suob. Pbc nkmmkwlfd ocrtalfmy jcmkfd tk tbc rst oatcdkry9 tbc maoh kn


35/243

?0 Iafus Ic To

a uflc` staf` tkwar`s Jcmarus lf tbc Tarsaw @comaratlkf8 nalmurc tk sldf tbc Asskolatlkf Adrccgcftwltb Shralfc8 maoh kn a`glsslkf kn Jumdarla af` Zkgafla tk tbc _obcfdcf arca8 nalmurc tk lgpmcgcft tbcsct dkams okfocrflfd a okggkf pkmloy kf scourlty af` `cncfoc8 maoh kn prkdrcss lf aoocsslkf fcdktla-tlkfs wltb Purhcy8 maoh kn prkdrcss lf wkrhs kf tbc rcnkrg kn tbc _obcfdcf systcg. Pbc scokf` oatcdkry

kn nalmurcs lfomu`cs9 a ratbcr passlvc attltu`c kn tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy `urlfd tbc SF Omlgatc ObafdcOkfncrcfoc lf @urjaf8 nalmurc tk lgpmcgcft tbc sct dkams okfocrflfd tbc Okggkf Adrloumturam Ukmloy8maoh kn sujstaftlam prkdrcss lf fcdktlatlkfs kf tbc rcnkrg kn tbc Okggkf Nlsbcrlcs Ukmloy af` lf tbcarca kn tbc skolam af` cgpmkygcft pkmloy.


36/243

CMJLCPA GAMAH,GLHKAI I. PKGA_z\H Ukfa

MCA@CZ_BLU LF PBC CS LF PBC OKFPCRP KN PBC UKML_BUZC_L@CFO\ KN PBC OKSFOLM KN PBC CSZKUCAF SFLKF

LFPZK@SOPLKF

Lf mast cw ycars, tbc tcrg orlsls bas jccf okggkfmy usc` lf tbc CSs okftcxtjy Curkpcaflsts af` ikurfamlsts.1Pbc tcrg ls appmlc` tk `csorljc tbc mcvcm k Curk-pcaf lftcdratlkf wblob ls okf`ltlkfc` jy tbc lgpaot k tbc dmkjam cokfkglo orlslswltb wblob CS Gcgjcr _tatcs struddmc `lrcotmy, af` kf colcft af` quloh rcsouc`colslkfs tahcf jy CS lfstltutlkfs af` a``rcssc` tk amm :4 Gcgjcr _tatcs. Lt ls ap-parcft tbat fk ktbcr tcrg tbat bas oapturc` tbc okmmcotlvc lgadlfatlkf k Curkpcafsrcocftmy ls sk mka`c` wltb gcaflfd as tbc wkr` orlsls ls9 tbc orlsls k `cgkoraoy, tbcstatc, trust, mca`crsblp, lftcdratlkf, af` fammy tbc curk.:

Pk spcah ajkut orlsls, kfc fcc`s tk prcsuppksc kr a`kpt a gk`cm k a systcg tbatuf`cr varlkus orlsls-rcmatc` `cvcmkpgcfts `kcs fkt ufotlkf as lt sbkum`. Pbcrc gayjc obafdcs wltblf tbc systcg jut lt `kcs fkt ocasc tk cxlst. Ocftrludam krocs af`cxtcrfam lgpaots, cmcgcfts k tbc systcg af` lts cfvlrkfgcft gahc lt aàpt tk tbcobafdlfd rcamlty cstajmlsblfd fcw bkgckstatlo rcmatlkfs kr gcobaflsgs.?

1 C.d. T. Tcl`cfcm`,@cutsobmaf` gu Nbrufdsrkmmc lf Curkpa clffcbgcf, mcoturc dlvcf at Gc-`lcfdlpcm ag Armjcrd, ?.1:.:5118 I.Haujc,Curkpa lf `cr Hrlsc. Blftcr vcrsobmksscfcf Prcf, nrafh-urtcr Ammdcgclfc zcltufd 12.5>. I. :5118 A. @avl`skf, I. Dkm`stclf, O. Hcffcy, Curkpcs Nlfafolam

Orlsls, lf Umalf Cfdmlsb, Pbc Fcw \krh Plgcs 0.1:.:511, bttp9//www.fytlgcs.okg/:511/1:/50/gad-alfc/aàg-àvl`skf-curkpcaf-fafoc.btgm;padcwaf-tc`7amm, 2.1:.:5118 T. _osfy,Aspchty tckrc-tyozfc wspozcsfcdk hryzysu fafskwcdk, _tu`la l Gatcrlay. Glsocmmafca Kcokfkgloac fk. 1/:55


37/243

?> Cmjlcta Gamah, Glhkai I. Pkgasyh

Orlsls k pkmltloam af`/kr lfstltutlkfam mca`crsblp lf tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf bas jccf`cjatc` slfoc tbc 1


38/243

?4Mca`crsblp lf tbc CS lf tbc Okftcxt k tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy

tkrs lf tbc Curkpcaf lftcdratlkf. Pbcsc lfomu`c CS lfstltutlkfs, galfmy tbc CurkpcafOkgglsslkf wblob ls cxpcotc` tk tahc tbc mca`lfd rkmc lf `cflfd af` okfslstcftmylgpmcgcftlfd l`cas csscftlam tk tbc CS lftcrcst.3

Pbc scokf` `lgcfslkf okvcrs afamyscs k amm kr skgc Gcgjcr _tatcs lfucfockf tbc okursc k cvcfts lf tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf. A`vkoatcs k suob af apprkaob rawattcftlkf tk tbc aot tbat tbc galf lfstltutlkfam aotkr lf Curkpcaf lftcdratlkf ls aGcgjcr _tatc. Tltbkut lts wlmm af` aotlkf, as wcmm as lts `cfc` lftcrcsts, tbc CSoaffkt uf`crtahc ccotlvc aotlkfs. Pbcrckrc, lt kudbt tk jc cxpcotc` tbat Gcgjcr_tatcs af` tbclr okamltlkfs wlmm pcrkrg mca`crsblp ufotlkfs oapajmc k lgpkslfdtbclr wlmm kf ktbcr lftcdratlkf aotkrs usuammy wltb tbclr apprkvam af` suppkrt.

Pbc tblr` `lgcfslkf k rcscarob kouscs kf tbc trafskrgatlkf k lftcrfam af`cxtcrfam Curkpcaf pkmlolcs lftk a okggkf lftcr-spbcrc k Gcgjcr _tatcs. Pbls okg-gkf spbcrc appcars tk jc tbc jcst pkmltloam krdaflsatlkfam krguma tk spcah kf jcbam

k Curkpc.>As a rcsumt k tbc lftcdratlkf rkuf` tajmc pkmltlos, Curkpcaf pkmltlosaf` pkmltloam rcprcscftatlkf oaf jc kpcratlkfam prkvl`c` tbat kfc pcrskf kr lfstltutlkfgay spcah kf jcbam k gafy. Tbcf suob a pcrskf kr lfstltutlkf ls maohlfd lf tbcCurkpcaf Sflkf, kfc oaf spcah k a pkmltloam mca`crsblp orlsls. Bkm`lfd mca`crsblppksltlkfs lfvkmvcs prkdragglfd tbc `lrcotlkfs k lftcdratlkf pkmlolcs af` aotlvltlcsfcc`c` lf a stratcdlo pcrspcotlvc as wcmm as shlmum af` ccotlvc aotlfd kf jcbam ktbc wbkmc CS. Mca`crs sbkum` bavc tbc gafàtc tk aot draftc` jy tbc Gcgjcr _tatcskr af cmcotkram gafàtc.

Blstkry k Curkpcaf lftcdratlkf omcarmy sbkws tbat tbcrc wcrc pcrlk`s wbcfpartloumar pkmltlolafs, lfomu`lfd prlgc glflstcrs kr prcsl`cfts k Gcgjcr _tatcs, krbca`s k lfstltutlkfs, c.d. k tbc Curkpcaf Okgglsslkf, wcrc `lsocrfc` as mca`crs.Kfc gay say tbat, `cpcf`lfd kf a pkmltloam af` cokfkglo omlgatc lf tbc CS, wbat lsjclfd artloumatc` ls a fcc` kr lfstltutlkfam (usuammy tbc Curkpcaf Okgglsslkf) af`/kr lf`lvlùam (Gcgjcr _tatc) Curkpcaf mca`crsblp. Lt ls wkrtb uf`crmlflfd tbat tbctwk socfarlks k fkt rumc caob ktbcr kut, as lt ls pkssljmc kr a prlgc glflstcr, a bca`k statc kr a prcsl`cft/obalrpcrskf k af lfstltutlkf tk jcokgc tbc pkmltloam mca`crwbk tbafhs tk bls/bcr obarlsga wlmm strcfdtbcf tbc mca`crsblp autbkrlty rcsumtlfdrkg Prcatlcs. Bkwcvcr, lf a jrka`cr pcrspcotlvc, tbc afswcr tk tbc qucstlkf wbk lsoapajmc k `cflfd af` cxcoutlfd Curkpcaf lftcrcsts, wlmm bavc a prkkuf` lgpaot

kf tbc obaraotcr k tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf, as wcmm as kf tbc cvamuatlkf k tbc lftcdra-tlkf yfaglos af` lts suprafatlkfam af`/kr lftcrdkvcrfgcftam obaraotcrlstlo.Pk sug up tbls part k okfsl`cratlkfs, lt sbkum` jc uf`crmlfc` tbat tbc `cslrc tk

l`cftly a pcrskf kr lfstltutlkf tbat wkum` spcah kf jcbam k Curkpc af` jcar tbcrcspkfsljlmlty kr Curkpc was artloumatc` jy gafy partlcs af` rccotc` lf tbc okf-tcfts k matcst agcf`gcfts tk tbc Prcatlcs. Agkfd ktbcrs, prkvlslkfs kf Urcsl`cft ktbc Curkpcaf Okufolm wcrc lftrkùoc` af` tbc pkmltloam rcspkfsljlmlty k Urcsl`cft

3 _cc I. Uctcrskf (:552), Kjcofa pkzyoia Hkglsil Curkpcishlci w uflifyg systcglc `coyzyifyg,Urcdm` Fatkmlshl. Fkwa Curkpa fk. 1(>):552, Tarsaw.

> On.M. vaf Gl``cmaar (:511),Urzciolc `k Curkpy. Blstkrla pcwfcdk pkozthu, Tarsaw, pp. :


39/243

?2 Cmjlcta Gamah, Glhkai I. Pkgasyh

k tbc Curkpcaf Okgglsslkf was strcfdtbcfc`.4As a sl`c fktc, lt okum` a``c` tbatrkg af lfstltutlkfam pcrspcotlvc, lt wkum` jc lftcrcstlfd tk okgjlfc tbc twk ufo-tlkfs.2nurtbcr lfstltutlkfam obafdcs lf tbc CS amkfd tbcsc mlfcs arc pkstumatc` jy c.d.

Obafocmmkr k tbc nc`cram Zcpujmlo k Dcrgafy Afdcma Gcrhcm af` Ukmlsb Glflstcrk nkrcldf Aalrs Za`ksaw _lhkrshl.

nAOPKZ_ @CPCZGLFLFD PBC CS UKMLPLOAM MCA@CZ_BLU OZL_L_

Kfc okum` mlst gyrla`s k aotkrs k varlkus rcmcvafoc tbat trlddcr cjatcs kf tbcCS orlsls. _kgc kplflkfs arc ufiustlc` as tbcy k fkt tahc lftk aookuft tbc yfag-lo obaraotcr k tbc CS, af` lt ls fkt tbat amm obafdcs af` gk`loatlkfs gust lf`uoca orlsls uf`crstkk` as a mkfd-tcrg lfajlmlty tk aot af` tbus stadfatlkf, lfomu`lfd tbclfajlmlty tk `cfc af` lgpmcgcft tbc fcc`c` okrrcotlvc gcasurcs af`/kr tk okkr`l-fatc CS pkmlolcs.

Pbc ourrcft cokfkglo orlsls, wbksc ccots lfucfoc` galfmy tbc Curkkfcgcgjcrs, bas rcvcamc` tbc wcahfcss k tbc CS `colslkf-gahlfd systcg af` rcglf`-c` ajkut glstahcs ga`c carmlcr wblmc maylfd tbc Curkkfc kuf`atlkfs af` ajkut`cmljcratcmy ldfkrc` okfscqucfocs k vlkmatlfd tbc Gaastrlobt okfvcrdcfoc orltcrla.Pbc orlsls ccpcfs prkjmcgs rcmatc` tk CS pkmltloam rckrgs. Pbcsc lssucs ktcf lf`l-oatc tbc CSs bcmpmcssfcss lf tbc aoc k sujstaftlam struoturam obammcfdcs lf tbc crak dmkjamlsatlkf.


40/243

?5). Tlcmkmctfl Umaf Nlfafskwy. Afa-mysls k 3.15.:511, OCU, Jcrmlf Tarsaw :5118 Nlfafzrabgcf uf` CS-Ju`dct aj :510, CurAotlv@cutsobmaf`8Lfvcstlfd wbcrc lt gattcrs. Af CS Ju`dct nkr Mkfd Pcrg Drkwtb, OCU, Jrusscms :51:8H. Ukpawshl, (:511) Flcgoy wkjco wlcmkmctflob rag fafskwyob SC fa mata :510-:5:5, Tarsaw8G. _apaa (:511), Ukmltyha spifkol w Tlcmkmctflob Zagaob Nlfafskwyob Sfll Curkpcishlci :510-

-:5:5. Yglafa l hkftyfuaoia, Ukmltyha spifkol l sslc`ztwa Sfll Curkpcishlci, Zkoflh LfstytutuCurkpy rk`hkwci l Tsobk`flci p. 0.


41/243

05 Cmjlcta Gamah, Glhkai I. Pkgasyh

Tbcf afamyslfd tbc ajkvc okf`ltlkfs, kfc kudbt tk tahc lftk okfsl`cratlkf tbclgpaot tbat tbc Mlsjkf Prcaty bas ba` kf tbc Curkpcaf pkmltloam rcprcscftatlkf lf-trkùolfd tbc Ucrgafcft Urcsl`cft k tbc Curkpcaf Okufolm.11Jckrc tbc rst pcr-

gafcft Urcsl`cft was appklftc`, tbc gkst rcqucftmy ashc` qucstlkfs wcrc9 Ls kfcpcrskf oapajmc k pcrkrglfd tbc rkmc k a `colslkf-gahlfd ocftrc kr :4 Gcgjcr_tatcs;, Lf wbat way wlmm pcrskfam tralts k tbat pcrskf lfucfoc krgam af` lf-krgam okf`ltlkfs wltblf tbat lfstltutlkf;, Bkw wlmm tbc Urcsl`cft sbapc rcmatlkfswltb Gcgjcr _tatcs, ktbcr lfstltutlkfs, galfmy wltb tbc Okufolm k tbc CurkpcafSflkf af` lts rktatlfd prcsl`cfoy;.1:_kgc cxpcrts bavc jccf k tbc kplflkf tbat tbcobafdlfd k tbc CS prcsl`cfoy gk`cm tk tbc rktatlfd Urcsl`cfoy k tbc Okufolm k tbcCurkpcaf Sflkf wkum` wcahcf tbc lfucfoc k Gcgjcr _tatcs kf tbc CS adcfàaf` mcsscf tbc prcstldc af` okkr`lfatlkf oapaolty k CS pkmlolcs. Kfc kudbt tk a`glttbat uf`cr tbc Prcaty k Floc, gaikrlty k Curkpcaf pkmltlolafs wlmmlfdmy jashc` lftbc prcstldc k tbc Urcsl`cfoy, wblob was a rcsumt k ktbcr tcrgs af` okf`ltlkfs ktbc Prcaty jut amsk k a `cslrc tk jc sccf lf tbc glmlcu k pkmltlolafs k dmkjam af`Curkpcaf krgat.1?_uob jcbavlkurs wcrc ktcf oapltamlsc` lf tbc fatlkfam pkmltlosk tbc statc wbksc bca` k dkvcrfgcft kr prcsl`cft ùrlfd af` atcr a suoocssumUrcsl`cfoy okum` okuft kf lforcasc` pkpumarlty af` suppkrt agkfd cmcotkrs kr blskr bcr pkmltloam aotlvltlcs.

Apart rkg tbc gcftlkfc` tcrgs af` okf`ltlkfs k Prcatlcs, a mca`lfd rkmc ka Gcgjcr _tatc lf tbc CS gldbt jc, af` ktcf ls, ùc tk lts cokfkglo, pkmltloam krokamltlkf-krglfd pktcftlam lf tbc Okufolm, as wcmm as lts gcgjcrsblp mcfdtb, tbc

vkmugc k paygcfts tk tbc okgguflty ju`dct af` tbc obaraotcrlstlo tralts k tbcmca`cr k a Gcgjcr _tatc. Lf tbls okftcxt, tbc Dcrgaf-nrcfob lftcdratlkf ùk10 lsktcf gcftlkfc` as a okamltlkf k jld lftcrfam garhct pmaycrs13as wcmm as tbc rkmc af`lgpkrtafoc k Muxcgjkurd Urlgc Glflstcr Icaf Omau`c Iufohcr, wbk prcsl`cs kvcrtbc Curkdrkup.

Afktbcr aotkr okf`ltlkflfd tbc rcokdfltlkf k a pcrskf kr lfstltutlkf as a pk-mltloam mca`cr ls skolam trust. _kolam trust ls jasc` kf tbc jcmlc tbat tbc pcrskf lf

11 A. H. Olafolara (:511),Iahlc przyw`ztwk; Zaà Curkpcisha pk wciolu w yolc Prahtatu z Mlz-jkfy, lf9 T. Hkfarshl, A. @ursha, _. Jaobryfkwshl (c`.) (:511),Hryzys przyw`ztwa wc wspozcsfcipkmltyoc, Tarsaw, pp. 15:-153.

1: _cc I. Uawkwshl, _ystcg lfstytuoikfamfy Sfll Curkpcishlci w cjaolc Hkfwcftu Curkpcishlcdk,_tu`la Curkpcishlc fk. ?/:55?.

1? On.A. Iashumshl, _truhtura l nufhoic prczy`cfoil w Za`zlc Sfll Curkpcishlci, lf9 z. Oaobr,G. Pkgasyh (c`.) (:55/:51:8 G. Dt, P. Ju`flhkwshl (:51:),Curkpa w hryzyslc. Hryzys w Curkplc, Jlumctyf Lfstytutuzaobk`flcdk, fk. 44/:51:, Ukfa8 J. Hkscm, Zkma zic`fkozkfyob Flcglco w prkocslc lftcdraoil

curkpcishlci, lf9Ukmltyha zadraflozfa zic`fkozkfyob Flcglco, Ukfa :511, p. :4 .13 C.d. Dcrgafy, nrafoc, Ltamy af` tbc SH.


42/243

01Mca`crsblp lf tbc CS lf tbc Okftcxt k tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy

pkwcr ls `cstlfc` tk dkvcrf pckpmc, af krdaflsatlkf kr lfstltutlkf. A mca`cr ls ajmctk pcrsua`c ktbcrs tk aot vkmuftarlmy as bc kr sbc wlsbcs.1>Lf bls fcwcst jkkh tltmc`wlat `k przcrjhl, Tltkm` G. Krkwshl afamyscs tbc kutrcaob af` oauscs k tbc

rcocft cokfkglo orlsls af` kcrs skgc socfarlks kr a fcw lftcrfatlkfam kr`cr. Attbc sagc tlgc, bc pklfts tk tbc `corcaslfd ccotlvcfcss k tra`ltlkfam cokfkglo,soam af` gkfctary pkmlolcs.14Krkwshl uf`crmlfcs tbc fcc` tk gkrc prcolscmy cfcrcspkfsljlmltlcs k km` af` fcw `colslkf-gahlfd lfstltutlkfs af` pkstumatcs tbc fcc`kr fcw fkf-stafàr` dmkjam skmutlkfs tbat sbkum` bcmp kvcrokgc tbc staf`stlmm lftra`c mljcramlsatlkf af` tbc rlslfd tl`c k fcw prktcotlkflsg.12Lf tbc pcrspcotlvc ka cw ycars k af ufavkurajmc cokfkglo sltuatlkf, bldb rlsh af` ufocrtalfty lf tbcarca k cokfkglo pkmloy, af` lforcasc` garhct spcoumatlkf, sbltlfd oapltam rkg kfcgarhct tk afktbcr tk avkl` mksscs, af adrccgcft jctwccf tbc S_A, tbc CS, Iapaf afÒblfa gldbt jc af kppkrtuflty kr fcw dmkjam orlsls gafadcgcft.1 On. G. Drcmoyh, C. Gamah, Urzyw`ztwk pkmltyozfc pkòzas prczy`cfoil w Za`zlc SfllCurkpcishlci. Afdcma Gcrhcm l Flokmas _arhkzy afamlza pkrwfawoza, lf9 z. Oaobr, G. Pkgasyh

(c`.),Urzcwk`flotwk pastwa...14 On.T. Krkwshl, (:511) wlat `k przcrjhl, Tarsaw, p. 0?. As a rcsumt, tbc skolam statc gk`cm

praotlsc` lf Curkpc ls fkw lf rcocsslkf af` lt sccgs fcocssary tk out fatlkfam spcf`lfd lf tbksc arcas.Lf tbc mltcraturc k tbc cm`, tbc pkstumatc k rcpmaolfd tbc wcmarc statc gk`cm wltb tbc wkrhkroc statcgk`cm was `lsoussc` way jckrc tbc Curkpcaf orlsls.

12Ljl`., p. 35.1


43/243

0: Cmjlcta Gamah, Glhkai I. Pkgasyh

orlsls agkfd Curkpcaf pkmltlolafs af` tk tbc okfstaftmy mkwcrlfd trust k CS oltlcfslf CS lfstltutlkfs. Oltlcfs trust lf tbc CS bas jccf `corcaslfd slfoc :552[:511, Uujmlo Kplflkf Zcscarob Ocftrc, Tarsaw,Iufc :511.

:0 On.a `ctalmc` `lsousslkf k tbls lssuc tbat mca`s tk slglmar okfomuslkfs9 Zapkrt hkokwy... _ccamsk9 J. Fkwah (:51:), Kstatfla prczy`cfoia uyob kozchlwa. Zcchsic pk rczy`cfoil Ukmshl w ZSC,Zapkrty l Afamly, O_G :[:51:, Tarsaw.

:3 B. ^af Zkgpuys stymc k okkpcratlfd wltb tbc Okufolm k tbc CS af` tbc CO amsk pmays aflgpkrtaft rkmc bcrc. Lt oaf jc kjscrvc` tbat tbc jkttkg-up apprkaob ls jclfd rcpmaoc` wltb tbc jkt-


44/243

0?Mca`crsblp lf tbc CS lf tbc Okftcxt k tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy

`cpcf`cfolcs wcahcf tbc mca`lfd pkwcr k tbc Gcgjcr _tatc tbat prcsl`cs kvcr tbcOkufolm k tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf.

PBC UKML_B UZC_L@CFO\ Kn PBC OKSFOLM Kn PBC CSZKUCAF SFLKFAF@ UKMLPLOAM MCA@CZ_BLU LF PLGC_ Kn OZL_L_

Kfc k pkmltloam okfscqucfocs k tbc cokfkglo orlsls ls tbc strcfdtbcflfdk tbc pksltlkf af` rkmc k Gcgjcr _tatcs lf tbc CS lfstltutlkfam mkdlo. Kfoc adalf,tbc rkmc k tbc Curkpcaf mca`cr bas jccf assugc` jy tbc Dcrgaf-nrcfob ùk:>tbatbkm`s tbc Curkpcaf Okgglsslkf bkstadc tk tbclr l`cas, l.c. agcf`lfd Prcatlcs, cs-tajmlsblfd a Curkpcaf cokfkglo dkvcrfgcft af` sk kf.:4Gkrckvcr, tbc lfstltutlkfk tbc statc, as a rcsumt k tbc cokfkglo orlsls, bas jccf strcfdtbcfc` rkg wltblf.

Za`loam a`vkoatcs k tbc pkst-Tcstpbamlaf lftcrfatlkfam kr`cr wbk bavc prkpbcslscà`vafoc` crkslkf k tbc lfstltutlkf k tbc statc gust a`glt tbat lf tbc okftcxt k tbcorlsls, lt ls tbc statc tbat ls tbc kfmy pklft k rccrcfoc kr tbc cgcrdlfd pkst-orlslskr`cr. nrkg tbc pcrspcotlvc k suprafatlkfam af` lftcrfatlkfam caturcs k tbc Curk-pcaf Sflkf, kfc gldbt cxpcot tbat tbc lftcrdkvcrfgcftam okkpcratlkf lf orlsls gaf-adcgcft, fkt fcocssarlmy lf tbc drkup k :4 Gcgjcr _tatcs, wkum` jc tldbtcfc`.Bkwcvcr, tbls prkocss wlmm ratbcr tahc pmaoc kf fcw pmatkrgs kr okkr`lfatlfd Curk-pcaf gafadcgcft kr at tbc Curkpcaf Okufolms gcctlfds, wblmst tbc lfucfoc k

tkg-`kwf gctbk`, wblob tbc Okufolm uscs tk cxcrolsc lts rldbts rcsumtlfd rkg Prcatlcs. Pbc Okufolmprkvl`cs dcfcram dul`cmlfcs kr aotlkfs lf tbc arca k lts okgpctcfoc. Lt ls wkrtb uf`crmlflfd tbat lf tbcfcw systcg k tbc Urcsl`cftlam trlks, tbc lgpkrtaft ufotlkf k okkr`lfatlfd rcmatlkfs jctwccf tbc statctbat bkm`s tbc Urcsl`cfoy k tbc Okufolm k tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf af` tbc Curkpcaf Okufolm bas jccfbaf`c` kvcr tk tbc Dcfcram _corctarlat k tbc Okufolm k tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf. Pbls ls fkt wltbkut lgpaotkf tbc tcobfloam lgcfslkf k prcparatlkfs, af` cvcf gkrc lgpkrtaftmy kf tbc kppkrtufltlcs tk lgpmc-gcft prlkrltlcs. Pbc prcsl`lfd statc gust oatcr kr tbc mlgltlfd k tbc autkfkgy k tbc _corctarlat, wblobls scrvlfd afktbcr Urcsl`cfoy af` gldbt fkt amways f` lt rcaskfajmc tk prkvl`c lfkrgam asslstafocalgc` at gaxlglslfd tbc pkssljlmltlcs k aoblcvlfd tbc dkams k tbc ourrcft mca`cr.

:> On._. Bccr, Zlsc kn tbc Nkurtb Zclob, bkw Dcrgafy ls uslfd tbc fafolam orlsls tk okfqucrCurkpc;8 @almygalm k 14.52.:511, bttp9//www.àlmygalm.ok.uh/fcws/artlomc-:5:>205/Curkpcaf-`cjt-sugglt-Dcrgafy-uslfd-fafolam-orlsls-okfqucr-Curkpc.btgmlx1jcvnBjH


45/243


tbc prcsl`lfd statc kf tbc okursc k Curkpcaf gattcrs l lt ls fkt a umm gcgjcr kgumtl-tlcr, gumtl-spcc` Curkpc wlmm jc fktajmy mlgltc`.

Af cxagpmc k tbc drkuplfd k statc lftcrcsts ls tbc nrcfob-Dcrgaf taf`cg

wblob okftlfucs tk pmay tbc rkmc k Curkpcaf mca`crs.:2

Dcrgaf Obafocmmkr Afdc-ma Gcrhcm af` Urcsl`cft k tbc nltb Zcpujmlo k nrafoc Flokmas _arhky uf`cr-tahc iklft lfltlatlvcs c.d. appklftgcft k af cokfkglo dkvcrfgcft, vctk kf lssulfdCurkjkf`s, adrccgcft kf fcw skurocs k lfokgc tk tbc CS ju`dct, fcw adrccgcftkf obafdlfd tbc Mlsjkf Prcaty kr cxpcf`lturc outs prlkr tk tbc ratlfd k tbc affuamaf` gumtlaffuam ju`dct jy CS lfstltutlkfs. Pbcsc aotlkfs arc pcroclvc` jy ktbcrGcgjcr _tatcs as vclmlfd Dcrgafys pkwcr af` nrafocs wcahfcss as nrafocscokfkgy bappcfs tk jc iu`dc` bldbmy vkmatlmc.:


46/243


Dcrgafy (tbc Tclgar Prlafdmc) tk `ccpcf Curkpcaf lftcdratlkf. Pbls ls tbc okftcxtk tbc kf-dklfd `cjatc kf tbc gk`cm k omkscr okkpcratlkf, ktcf prcscftc` as tbcgk`cm kr gumtl-spcc` Curkpc. Lf rcspcot tk tbc aftl-orlsls socfarlk kr tbc Curkpcaf

Sflkf, tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy was `cfltcmy kr a `ccpcr CS lftcdratlkf af` fkt tbcCSs radgcftatlkf. @ccpcflfd tbc lftcdratlkf wltblf tbc CS ls drcatmy lgpkrtaftkr Curkpcaf skmlàrlty wblob sbkum` dul`c tbc `csldf k a fcw okbcslkf pkmloy.Gkrckvcr, prcsl`lfd tbc Okufolm k tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf gay jc jktb tbc orkwflfdk a pkmltlolafs aoblcvcgcfts af` tbc jcdlfflfd k a oarccr lf Curkpcaf lftcmmcotuamolromcs. Pbc mattcr agjltlkf was attrljutc` tk @kfam` Push jy tbc Ukmlsb parmlagcf-tary kppksltlkf.

Lf tbc sltuatlkf k a dcfcram cokfkglo af` lfstltutlkfam orlsls lf tbc CS, obafdc`prlfolpmcs k lftcr-lfstltutlkfam okkpcratlkf af` k tbc rkmc k tbc Urcsl`cfoy k tbcCS Okufolm, as wcmm as cxpcotatlkfs k Gcgjcr _tatcs af` tbclr oltlcfs tkwar` CSlfstltutlkfs, fkt tk gcftlkf rcmcvaft dckpkmltloam `cvcmkpgcfts?5, lt ls wkrtb afamys-lfd bkw Dcrgaf af` Ukmlsb gass gc`la okggcftc` kf tbc Curkpcaf lfvkmvcgcftk Ukmaf` af` lts Urlgc Glflstcr lf tbc scokf` bam k :51:. @l` Ukmaf`s UrlgcGlflstcr af` tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy appcasc, l kfmy tk a glflgug cxtcft, tbc CSsfcc` kr a okfsl`cratc mca`cr lf tbc CSs pkst-orlsls kr`cr;

At tbc lfauduratlkf k tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy, Urlgc Glflstcr Push sal`9 XW wcwlmm okftrljutc a drcat cam k Ukmlsb cftbuslasg, Ukmlsb cfcrdy af` Ukmlsb kptlglsg,skgctblfd wblob bas ammkwc` us tk okgc tbrkudb tbc orlsls alrmy sacmy, jcoausc wcrcammy k jcmlcvc lf Curkpc af` wc waft, tkdctbcr wltb yku af` jy oarrylfd kut tbcsc

praotloam tashs, tk cfajmc us tk kpcf a rcsb obaptcr k lfvcstgcft lf Curkpc, af` tkbcmp us amm tk jcmlcvc lf Curkpc adalf..?1Push uf`crmlfc` tbc gcaflfd k vamucs,af` galfmy tbc gcaflfd k altb lf ufltc` Curkpc. Pbc rccrcfoc tk skmlàrlty wasaf lgpkrtaft cmcgcft k bls spccob. Pbc Urlgc Glflstcr cgpbaslsc` tbat lf tlgcs korlsls, lt ls skmlàrlty tbat okfstltutcs tbc jasls kr kvcrokglfd cokfkglo prkjmcgs ktbc Curkpcaf Sflkf. Pbc tcrg orlsls was tbc gkst ktcf usc` wkr` lf tbc spccob k@kfam` Push. Pbc Urlgc Glflstcr usc` lt :> tlgcs. Pbc wkr`s skmlàrlty (2), cx-pcrlcfoc (2) af` vamucs (4) wcrc tbc rcspkfsc. Lt kmmkws tbat tbcsc kur hcywkr`s`csorljc tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy af` arc jaslo kr tbc asscssgcft k tbc lgpmcgcfta-tlkf k Ukmlsb prlkrltlcs.

Lf tbc Urcsl`cfoy prkdraggc, lts tbrcc oblc prlkrltlcs wcrc prcscftc`9 CurkpcafLftcdratlkf as a _kuroc k Drkwtb8 _courc Curkpc nkk`, Cfcrdy, @ccfoc8 CurkpcJcfctlfd rkg Kpcffcss.?:Pbc rst okggcfts atcr Pushs spccob tk tbc Curkpcaf

?5 O. Dkvcrfgcft rcpkrt..., p. 11.?1 _pccob k @kfam` Push jckrc tbc Curkpcaf Uarmlagcft lf _trasjkurd kf > Iumy :511 kpcflfd

tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy k tbc Okufolm k tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf, bttp9//www.curkparm.curkpa.cu/sl`cs/dct@ko.`k;typc7OZC&rccrcfoc7:511545>&scokf`Zc7LPCG-55:&krgat7RGM&mafduadc7CF.Aoocssc` 15.51.:51:.

?: Urkdraggc k tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy k tbc Okufolm k tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf, 1 Iumy :511-?1@cocgjcr :511, bttp9//pm:511.cu/sltcs/`caumt/mcs/uscrs/sbarc`/kprcy`cfoia/prkdragpkmshlciprcy`cfoilwra`lcuc.p`. Aoocssc` 13.5:.:511.


47/243

0> Cmjlcta Gamah, Glhkai I. Pkgasyh

Uarmlagcft wcrc pksltlvc. Iks Gafucm Jarrksk cxprcssc` tbc Curkpcaf Okggls-slkfs umm suppkrt kr Ukmlsb prlkrltlcs. Gartlf _obum, Dcrgaf GCU at tbc tlgc af`fkw Urcsl`cft k tbc Curkpcaf Uarmlagcft, ga`c af lgpkrtaft okggcft9 Lf @kfam`

Push wc bavc a Urcsl`cft wbk says Curkpc ls part k tbc skmutlkf, fkt tbc prkjmcg.??

Duy ^crbksta`t?0uf`crmlfc` tbat tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy oagc at tbc oruolam tlgclf tbc kf-dklfd orlsls, af` adrcc` wltb tbc Ukmlsb Urlgc Glflstcr tbat tk kvcrokgctbc orlsls, tbc CS fcc`c` gkrc Curkpcaf lftcdratlkf. crbksta`t rccrrc` tk Pushsc`uoatlkf saylfd tbat as a blstkrlaf, tbc Ukmlsb UG hfcw vcry wcmm tbat tbc okftlfcftwltbkut tbc CS was a maf` k `lsputc, war af` dcfkol`c.?3

Cxpcotatlkfs ajkut tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy k tbc Okufolm k tbc Curkpcaf Sflkfwcrc bldb. Ukmaf` was `ujjc` tbc drccf lsmaf` kr tbc gk`cm statc tk uf`crmlfctbat lt was tbc okuftry kfmy smldbtmy acotc` jy tbc cokfkglo orlsls.?> Lt ls wkrtbrcoammlfd tbat tbc Ocob Urcsl`cfoy was rcgcgjcrc` galfmy kr tbc Ocob lftcrfam

pkmltloam orlsls af` tbc curksocptlolsg k aomav Hmaus, wblmst Ukmaf`s prc`cocsskr,Bufdary, was asskolatc` galfmy wltb lts Gc`la Aot af` obafdcs tk tbc Bufdarlafpkmltloam systcg wblob gafy `ccgc` mlgltlfd tk Bufdarlaf oltlcfs olvlm rldbts.?4Lt was cxpcotc` k Ukmaf` tk ok-orcatc tbc lgadc k a Gcgjcr _tatc tbat scrvcs asa pksltlvc (jaoh)drkuf` adalfst tbc struddmc wltb tbc orlsls lf tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf,wbcrc tbc Curkkfc pmaycrs arc tbc galf pmaycrs. Ukmaf` was pcroclvc` as a stajmcpartfcr tbat was tk orcatc avkurajmc okf`ltlkfs kr tbc lgpmcgcftatlkf k tbc lftcr-csts k tbc gkst pkwcrum CS Gcgjcr _tatcs. Kfc gldbt adrcc tbat Ukmaf` ummmc`tbksc cxpcotatlkfs.

Tc mcavc Curkpc lf dkk` baf`s sal` Dcrgaf nkrcldf Glflstcr nrafh-Tamtcr_tclfgclcr upkf tbc baf`lfd kvcr k tbc Urcsl`cfoy tk Ukmaf`. Pbc kfmy okfocrfsgcftlkfc` rccrrc` tk tbc ufocrtalfty ajkut tbc struddmc kr tbc slfdmc CS ourrcfoy,as Ukmaf` ls fkt a Curkkfc gcgjcr, af` lts oltlcfs arc socptloam ajkut tbc curk.?2

Pbc kpcflfd k tbc Urcsl`cfoy jy tbc Ukmlsb Urlgc Glflstcr was wcmokgc` jyDcrgaf wcchmlcs. Ukmaf` was prcscftc` as a stajlmc okuftry bca`c` jy a pkmltlolafwbk `kcs fkt scch okflot af` ls a syfkfyg k trafqulmmlty kf tbc pkmltloam arcfa.Dcrgaf ikurfamlsts uf`crmlfc` tbat Push was tbc rcspkfsc tk tbc ourrcft sltuatlkf lftbc Curkpcaf Sflkf as tbc CS fcc`c` okforctc skmutlkfs af` fkt pkmltloam okflots.

?? Umcfary scsslkf lf _trasjkurd kf 0-4 Iumy :511, lf9 bttp9//www.curkparm.curkpa.cu/fcws/pm/bca`mlfcs/okftcft/:5115>:4nO_::>2>/15/btgm/@kfam`-Push-w-UC-Uktrcjuicgy-wl%O0%


48/243


Lt was amsk uf`crmlfc` tbat, kr tbc rst tlgc slfoc 1


49/243


skmutlkf tk tbc orlsls was skudbt lf Dcrgafy. Bkwcvcr, kfc sbkum` fkt krdct tbat lfGarob :511 Ukmaf`, wbcf prcparlfd kr bcr Urcsl`cfoy, put krwar` a rcamlstlo pmafk lfomuslkf k tbc fkf-Curkkfc gcgjcrs asplrlfd tk tbc a`kptlkf k tbc slfdmc

ourrcfoy, l.c. Curkkfc pmus. Pbat prkpksam sbkum` jc lftcrprctc` as af cmcgcftk tbc aftl-orlsls socfarlk k iklft ckrts tk okgjat tbc orlsls.Lf Dcrgafy, Ukmaf` hcpt jclfd gcftlkfc` galfmy lf tbc okftcxt k bcr dkk`

cokfkglo pcrkrgafoc. Ukmaf` was fagc` a fcw glraomc okuftry.03Pbc wcchmy_tcrf fktc` tbc maufob k tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy, tbc vlotkrlkus kr Olvlo Umatkrgcmcotlkfs af` tbc oarlfd attltu`c k tbc Ukmlsb Urlgc Glflstcr tk savlfd Curkpc. Pushwas ktcf csorljc` as a rlcf` k Curkpc. Lt was amsk cgpbaslsc` tbat rcmatlkfs jc-twccf Ukmaf` af` Dcrgafy `urlfd @kfam` Pushs rst tcrg wcrc cxcgpmary.0>Dcr-gaf-Ukmlsb rcmatlkfs wcrc amsk okggcftc` upkf wbcf @kfam` Push hlssc` AfdcmaGcrhcms baf`, omcarmy surprlslfd tbc Dcrgaf Obafocmmkr. Lf Ukmaf`, tbls dcsturc cx-prcsscs apprcolatlkf af` rcspcot wbcrcas lf Dcrgafy suob a okf`uot tkwar` wkgcfls vcry rarc. Lt was a`glttc` tbat tbat cvcft was k mlttmc lftcrcst tk tbc wkrm` jut ltwas wkrtb okfsl`crlfd lf tbc okftcxt k tbc cvcft krgamlty, pmaoc af` okftcxt.04

Pbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy k tbc Okufolm k tbc CS attraotc` drcat lftcrcst k cmco -trkflo gc`la. Zcscarob cgkfstratc` tbat a mardc part k tbc lfkrgatlkf kf tbc Urcs-l`cfoy hcpt obafdlfd wltb partloumar cvcfts, tbat ls tbc lftcrcst lf tbc Urcsl`cfoy ktbc Okufolm k tbc CS lforcasc` kr `corcasc` `cpcf`lfd kf tbc faturc k lts cvcfts.Lf Ukmaf` tbc Tlrtuamfa Ukmsha af` Kfct.pm wcj pkrtams wcrc tbc prlgary skuroc klfkrgatlkf. Dacta.pm was scokf`. @urlfd tbc Urcsl`cfoy, @kfam` Push was tbc

pkmltlolaf tbat attraotc` gkst lftcrcst (3:%), kmmkwc` jy Glflstcr k nkrcldf AalrsZa`ksaw _lhkrshl af` Urcsl`cft k tbc Zcpujmlo k Ukmaf` Jrkflsaw Hkgkrkwshl.Afamysts arc k tbc kplflkf tbat tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy cf`c` wltb a gc`la suoocss,`cspltc tbc aot tbat fkt amm sct dkams wcrc aoblcvc`. Pbc lgadc k tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl-

Obafocmmkr, tbcrc ls kfmy kfc rumc9 Pbc statc tbat pays `col`cs. Lt was ktcf uf`crmlfc` tbatAfdcma Gcrhcm wafts tk gk`cm tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf atcr Dcrgafy. On.@. Hurjiuwclt, Z. Fcuhlrob,Ob. Zclcrgaff, _. Obrlstkpb, Curkpa `cr zwcl Curkpas, @cr _plcdcm fk. 00/:511, ?1.15.:511,n. Cbmcrs, I.A. Bcycr8 Z. Fcuhlrob, I. Uubm8 G. Zkbr, B. zujcr, Sfbclgmlob cutsob, @cr _plcdcm fk.01,55.btgm. Aoocssc` 15.51.:51:.

0>Curkpanrcuf` dcwlfft `lc Tabm, _tcrf.`c, 15.15.:511, bttp9//www.stcrf.`c/pkmltlh/aus- maf`/pkmcf-curkparcuf`-tush-dcwlfft-`lc-wabm-14?>24.:511, bttp9//www. stcrf.`c/fcws:/ahtucmm/tush-slcbt-fafhrlsc-lg-glttcmpufht-vkf-pkmcfs-cu-ratsvkrslt-145151


50/243

02% k rcspkf`cfts `comarc` suob a jcmlc, wblob ls af lforcasc jy :1% lf

02Ukmsha prczy`cfoia w SC, Afamysls k tbc Ocftrc kr Ukmltloam Afamysls k tbc Sflvcrslty k Tarsaw,bttp9//kapuw.pm/lf`cx.pbp;kptlkf7okgokftcft&vlcw7artlomc&l`7?02%?Arcmaoia--scglfarlug-kap-uw-pt-qpkmsha-prcy`cfoia-w-ucq&oatl`713:%?Ahkgcftarc-artyhuy&Ltcgl`73&mafd7pm. Aoocssc`:


51/243


okgparlskf tk :550.35Pbc Ukmlsb skolcty appcars tk jc awarc k Ukmaf`s rkmc lf tbcCurkpcaf Sflkf af` ls oapajmc k pcrkrglfd lts rcamlstlo asscssgcft. Pbc sltuatlkfwas slglmar lf nrafoc af` Dcrgafy `urlfd tbc Dcrgaf Urcsl`cfoy af` jckrc tbc

nrcfob Urcsl`cfoy, wbcf tbc lssuc k tbc strcfdtb k a Gcgjcr _tatcs vkloc lf tbcCS was ralsc`. At tbc tlgc, 4%af` was tbc bldbcst lf tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf.31

Lf bls suggary k tbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy prcscftc` tk tbc Curkpcaf Uarmlagcftkf 10 @cocgjcr :511, Urlgc Glflstcr @kfam` Push uf`crmlfc` tbc lfvkmvcgcft af``ctcrglfatlkf k gafy pckpmc. @cspltc bls satlsaotlkf wltb tbc wkrh `kfc, bc `l`fkt ccm tbat Curkpc was gkrc ufltc` tbaf jckrc. Pbc Urlgc Glflstcr, mlhc lf blskpcflfd spccob, rcqucftmy usc` tbc wkr` orlsls (?> tlgcs). Bc lf`loatc` tbat tbcorlsls was fkt kvcr af` tbat lts rkkts bavc jccf fkt kfmy lf tbc jafhlfd scotkr jut amsk

lf tbc maoh k trust lf tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf, tbc l`ca k lftcdratlkf af` a waflfd ccm-lfd k jcmkfdlfd tk a okgguflty. Pbc wkr` okgguflty was usc` 10 tlgcs lf tbatspccob. Pbc Urlgc Glflstcr pklftc` tk tbc fcc` kr mca`crsblp lf tbc Curkpcaf Sflkf(tbls pbrasc was usc` > tlgcs). Push jkm`my suggc` bls spccob up jy saylfd tbatCurkpc was at tbc orkssrka`s af` tbat tbc kfmy skmutlkf was tk wkrh tkdctbcr wltblfvkmvcgcft af` tkwar` urtbcr lftcdratlkf.3:Bls wkr`s gct wltb a strkfd suppkrtk tbc mca`cr k tbc Dcrgaf _kolam @cgkoratlo Uarty, Gartlf _obum, wbk statc` tbattbc Ukmlsb Urcsl`cfoy was kfc k tbc jcst Urcsl`cfolcs k rcocft ycars. Iksc GafucmJarrksk tbafhc` tbc Ukmlsb Urlgc Glflstcr kr Ukmaf`s mca`crsblp af` lfvkmvcgc

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