political elites
DESCRIPTION
This is a thesis about the political families in San Miguel,LeyteTRANSCRIPT
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
Politics according to Ginsberg (2005) is conflict over the leadership,
structure, and policies of governments. (Ginsberg 2005, p. A37). Furthermore,
Heywood(2007) define politics as an activity through which people make,
preserve and amend the general rules under which they live. (Heywood 2007, p.
1).Thus, politics is the concerns of number of people in dealing conflict, making,
preserving and amending general rules and structures and policies of
governments. However, in the context of Philippine politics a significant statistics
shows that political leadership and its structure were in the hands of notable
families.
For several generations in the Philippines, the dominance of family-based
dynasties has been given in Filipino politics. (Aquino 1998, p.8) Alfred McCoy
(1994) stipulated that family name in the Philippines is a valuable asset. Together
with their money (capital), land and elite families, as Jeremy Beckett argues that
often thought to transmit their character and characteristic to their younger
generations. (McCoy 1994, p. 8). Thus, political positions in the Philippine
politics are inherited from single clan.
According to the study conducted by the Philippine Center for
Investigative Journalism from eighth to 12th congress 2/3 members of the house
belong to the political dynasties. (Simbulan 2007).
Partly to blame for the perpetuation of the dynasty phenomenon is the
Constitution itself, though inadvertently. Because of the disastrous experience
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with the Marcos regime, the framers of 1987 charter wanted to end political
dynasties. They included provisions for term limits for holders of public office—
one six-year term for president and vice president, two six-year terms for senators,
and three-year terms for representatives, governors, mayors and other local
officials. It seemed like a radical idea then which the electorate welcomed.
(Aquino 1998, p.17-18)
What happened in the last elections was that the officials who were
‘termed out’ simply ‘anointed’, as indicated above, or selected their own spouses,
children, and other relatives to run in their stead while they filed their candidacy
for other offices. (Aquino 1998, p. 17-18)
What the constitution should have provided as a safeguard is that a relative
up to a certain degree cannot be eligible for the incumbents’ position. Without it,
every ‘termed-vacated’ position has become fair game to the incumbent’s
relatives. Therefore, instead of contracting or undermining dynasticim, the
absence of such a provision in the Constitution greatly expanded the size of the
incumbent political dynasties. (Aquino 1998, p.18-19)
Objectives of the Study
The general purpose of this study is to determine the political dynasty
situation of San Miguel Leyte in relation to the responses of the key informants.
Specifically, this study aims to answer the following questions:
1. To identify personalities and families that holds key municipal positions in
San Miguel, Leyte from 1987 to present.
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2. To characterize dominant political families in San Miguel, Leyte from
1987 to present.
3. Determine the factors for their long staying in politics.
4. Determine the factors for their downfall in politics.
5. To determine strategies they did for their resurgence in politics.
6. To collate insights and views among key informants of San Miguel, Leyte
regarding the presence of political dynasty in the municipality.
Conceptual Framework
The schematic diagram shows that political dynasty is present in the
local political situation of San Miguel, Leyte. With the following
indicators:
POLITICAL DYNASTY
LOCAL POLITICAL SITUATION OF SAN
MIGUEL, LEYTE
(Dominant Families)
PERCEPTIONS OF KEY INFORMANTS ON THE LOCAL POLITICAL SITUATION OF SAN MIGUEL, LEYTE REGARDING POLITICAL DYNASTY IN THE MUNICIPALITY
FAMILIES ENGAGE
IN POLITICS
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1. Succession of people from the same family who play a
prominent role in politics. (New Oxford Dictionary of English
(2001)
2. Husbands, wives, sons, daughters, and close relative occupy
many public offices; during elections, we likewise see them all
running for public office. (Simbulan 2007)
From that, we can identify the dominant political families
that dominate in the municipality. In addition, perceptions and
opinions from the Punong Barangays and other Key informants
regarding local political dynasty situation in the municipality will
be solicited.
Theoretical Framework
Elitism
According to Vilredo Pareto, Gaetano Mosca and Robert Michels
democracy was no more than a foolish delusion, because a privileged minority
always exercises political power: called the elites. (Heywood 2002, p. 79) Mosca
explained that in all societies, ‘two classes of people appear- a class that rules and
a class that is ruled’. From that, he argues that the necessary resources or
attributes to rule are always unequally distributed, and the privilege minority will
always be able to manipulate and control the masses. (Heywood 2002, p. 79)
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On other hand, Pareto suggested that the qualities needed to rule are those
of one of two psychological types: ‘foxes and lions’. The foxes are those who rule
by cunning and are able to manipulate the consent of the masses. While the lions,
are those whose domination is typically achieved through coercion and violence.
(Heywood 2002, p. 79)
Heywood (2002) also noted the arguments of Michels which he termed as
‘the iron law of oligarchy’, accordingly, that for power to be concentrated in the
hands of a small group of dominant figures who can organize and make decisions,
rather than being in the hands of an apathetic rank and file.
Significance of the Study
The study is significant since it will determine political families that can
be considered build political dynasty in the municipality. Also, the study will be
able to voice out the points of views among the key informants regarding the
presence of political dynasty in the municipality. Furthermore, we can able to
signify factors that able the political families successful in holding positions and
how they were defeated and come back to power. Moreover, the study will be
able to determine possible recommendations regarding the subject matter.
Scope and Limitations of the Study
The study will focus on the presence of political dynasty of San Miguel
Leyte only. It will cover the political situation of the municipality from 1987 to
the present.
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Furthermore, insights of the key informants regarding political dynasty in
the municipality will not be similar with the views of other municipality.
However, the research is much significant since it will show the political dynasty
situation in the municipal level. Despite with these limitations, the researchers
hope that the said study will be a great help in the academic and research
community.
Definition of Terms
“Election” is a procedure that allows members of the community to choose representatives who will hold positions of authority within it.
“Katunaan” means lands usually used for agricultural production
“Lider” or wards means an individual that has
“Political Dynasty” is the dominance of family in politics
“Saop” means tenant of the land
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CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Political Dynasty Defined
According to Mazrui (2008), Political dynasties are those families that
have exerted disproportionate influence on the politics of their community.
Furthermore, according to the Webster Dictionary, dynasty means a line or
succession from the same family. (Sison 1987, p. 4) In addition, New Oxford
Dictionary of English (2001) defines dynasty as a succession of people from the
same family who play a prominent role in politics. Thus, political dynasty defined
as a succession among members of the family or clan in political positions.
CENPEG noted that in the Philippines, it has about 250 political dynasties
who have dominated the Philippine politics at the national and local level and
who have monopolized political power as families for the past 30 years and more.
(CENPEG, 2007)
Professor Roland Simbulan stipulated in his one lectures “Politics is a
family affair, so that from the national to the local level, we see long family
histories of political rule. Husbands, wives, sons, daughters, and close relative
occupy many public offices; during elections we likewise see them all running for
public office”. (Simbulan 2007)
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Gonzales narrated that due to the enormous wealth of some elite political
Filipino families, they have been able to perpetuate themselves in local and
national politics for generations forming political dynasties with solid control of
congressional districts, provinces and towns. (Fuston 2001, p.283)
Factors in Maintaining Political Dynasty in the Philippines
Money
It is a not denying fact that holding elective positions takes a great burden
in ones pocket. Thus, monetary factors are considered as a must to maintain ones
political career. Likewise, to extend and continue the family vested interest and
survival in monopolizing political positions, money is highly regarded.
PCIJ (2004) noted that families that endure and survive political upheaval
are more likely to be those that have a sustainable economic base to finance their
participation in electoral battles.
Furthermore, the case of Philippine elections is much costly. As of 2004,
to run a congressional campaign will cost up to 30 million for Metro Manila
Districts. On the part of rural areas, the price would cost a candidate for as much
less: P10 million on averages, although campaigns can be run for P3 million or
less in smaller districts where the competition is not too intense. (Coronel 2007)
Machines
Aside from monetary factors, machines are also valuable. With the
availability of money for political families, they were able to procure machineries
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that wield their winability. Accordingly, “Elections require the mobilization of
people and resources to ensure that votes are cast and counted in a candidate's
favor. A congressman's political machine typically includes a network of lider at
the village or barangay level, either the barangay captain, council member, or an
influential person, such as a successful local entrepreneur or the head of a
community organization. These lider in turn mobilize a network of campaigners
for the candidate. The campaigners will put up posters and streamers and conduct
house-to-house visits, reminding voters of the candidate's good deeds. The lider
may also get favors done for the villagers (such as help for a baptism or a burial),
and if necessary, transport them to the places where they register and vote”.
(Coronel 2007) As a result, the more lider that the politician has, the bigger the
network he acquires to vote for him.
Moreover, the author also expressed that “big landowners have an
advantage as they can mobilize the votes of their workers or tenants and use the
hacienda organization of overseers for the campaign. Others bring into their
campaigns whatever organizational advantage they have, whether these are
religious, business, school, fraternity, or civic (e.g. Rotary Clubs) affiliations that
enable a candidate to tap into the resources of organized groups. The family, of
course, is a built-in political machine, with the network of kin often proving to be
committed campaigners and contributors”. (Coronel 2007)
Media and/or movies
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At present time, not only civilian individuals are determined to hold public
positions. Big names such as stars and media icons and personalities were seen in
the lime of political arena. Entertainers were hired by politicians during the
previous elections to draw the crowds. But now, stars are also running and
aspiring to hold an office while others are married to politicians. (Coronel 2007)
As a result, showbiz dynasties have now emerged. These, however, have
been more successful in their bids for national, rather than local or district office.
In part, this is because name recall is of paramount importance when vying for
national positions, while money and machinery often matter more in local or
district elections. If showbiz clans are more successful, they are able to win both
national and local posts. (Coronel 2007)
Marriage
Politicians can consolidate political networks and expand the reach of
clans through political marriages. Just like the marriage of Benigno Aquino Jr.
and Corazon Cojuangco in 1954 that have united two of the most powerful
political clans in Tarlac. The case of Ilocos Sur Rep. Ferdinand Marcos can be
considered as a political marriage because he wed Imelda Romualdez after a
whirlwind 11-day courtship.
Coronel noted that families whose members marry astutely are able to
pool various assets together to enhance their political chances. For example, real-
estate entrepreneur Manuel Villar Jr. married into a political family, the Aguilars
of Las Piñas, whose political experience and electoral machine helped him win a
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seat in the House in 1992. Using the Aguilar political machine, Villar took over
the seat held by his father-in-law Filemon in the Eighth House. Villar's businesses
benefited from his political clout — several laws benefiting real-estate companies
were passed in the House during his term and he also successfully weathered a
congressional inquiry into government financing for his housing projects.
Murder and mayhem
To ensure the success beyond the operation of money and marriages,
politicians resorted to use violence to enable to control the situation. PCIJ (2004)
argues that the importance of political violence in dynasty building is exemplified
by the saga of the Singsons of Ilocos Sur, which shows how an upstart family can
wrest control of a political and economic bailiwick through violence. In 1970,
Luis 'Chavit' Singson allegedly killed his uncle, strongman Floro Crisologo, to
become, up to now, the undisputed boss of Ilocos Sur.
Furthermore, in Cavite, the only way Juanito Remulla could exercise
political hegemony over banditry and assorted criminality was by keeping a
private army. Remulla began his political career under the tutelage of Senator
Justiniano Montano, the Cavite strongman whose 35-year rule was marked by
violence and the coddling of smuggling and other syndicates that proliferated in
the province. In 1969, Remulla parted ways with Montano, and two years later,
when he was a Constitutional Convention delegate, he made his mark in the
gangster-style execution of the notorious bandit Leonardo Manecio, known as
Nardong Putik. The killing made Remulla a power to reckon with in Cavite.
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Elected to the provincial board in 1972, he became vice governor the same year,
after the governor was suspended. When the new governor, Dominador
Camerino, died suddenly in 1979, Remulla took over the post, which he kept until
1986. During that period, he laid the ground for the industrialization of Cavite, a
process that was marred by killings, threats, and intimidation of workers and
farmers by the governor and his men. He was reelected in 1988, and again in 1992
and 1995. His political machine was so formidable it ensured that his allies
monopolized Cavite's seats in Congress in the post-Marcos period. In 2001,
Remulla's son, erstwhile television reporter Gilbert, then only 31, became
congressional representative. (Coronel, 2004).
PCIJ (2004) added that violence is rooted in the political and economic
geography of a political territory. Some clans had to resort to violence to assert
and maintain their control. In other places, though, violence was not a requisite
for political domination.
Myth
With the concept of myth, Ferdinand Marcos comes to mind, if only
because he was so adept at the tactics of establishing political hegemony. Marcos
built his career by projecting himself as a World War II hero who formed
Maharlika, a 9,200-strong band of anti-Japanese guerrillas that staged daring raids
and sabotage operations in northern Luzon. The young Ferdinand was supposedly
such a daredevil operator that he got 32 medals for his valiant efforts during the
war. In 1947, as war hero, he was appointed to the Philippine Veterans
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Commission to lobby in the U.S. for better benefits for war veterans. In 1949, he
ran for Congress in Ilocos Sur, again projecting his wartime heroism to heighten
his electoral appeal. The emptiness of all his claims was exposed only in the
1980s: The war medals were fake and Maharlika never really existed. (Coronel
2004)
Coronel of PCIJ (2004) explained that with the illusion of Marcos his
myth was able to sustain his political family for several generations, but only as
long as the family attempts to live up to some part of that myth. Up to the last,
even when he was very weak from lupus and undergoing dialysis, Marcos tried to
project the myth of potency and invincibility, of the big, powerful man who
would lead his country to greatness. The myth ended with his fall, but endures in
many parts of the Ilocos region.
One source of developing a good myth is the media. Increasingly,
electorates make their choices based on the images they see on television. Like
the cases of Loren Legarda and Noli de Castro who toppled the 1998 and 2001
senatorial races. People perceived them in television, as intelligent, credible, and
authoritative, even when they are merely reading from a text written by others.
Mergers (alliances)
Dreaming for great success is not solely credited without the presence of
support of other groups. Despite of their available resources, they have to create
and extend their network to enable to gain more support that enhances their
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assurance of success. That is why many political families build alliances with
other clans and influential politicians in their native regions as well as with those
elsewhere who wield power nationally. As the cliché goes, Politics is addition.
Also, joining in the administration block the power in family serves well:
because it opens the doors to fund releases from the national government,
appointments for kin and supporters to various juicy government posts, and
favorable treatment for various family business interests. While joining the
opposition block it means the family will starved for funds for local projects and
being vulnerable to harassment by government regulators. (Coronel 2004)
Those political families who support the winning presidential candidate
can expect to be rewarded after the elections. The winning president can appoint
his or her choices to more than 6,000 positions in the bureaucracy. Traditionally
these are given out to political supporters. Being a presidential ally also means
access to government loans, contracts, and other benefits. This is why political
families pool their resources to support presidential candidates. Political parties as
discussed earlier are the organizational manifestation of clan alliances. (Coronel
2004)
Law on Political Dynasty
Our history is replete with accounts that political dynasty brings additional
hurt than smart to our nation. Political dynasty is one amongst the root causes
why it's troublesome to address the problem of graft and corruption (Aaron R
Daniel, www.articlecontentprovider.com).
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Pursuant to one of the newly enunciated State policies found in our present
Constitution which declares that “the state shall guarantee equal access to
opportunities for public service and prohibit political dynasties as may be defined
by law” (Art II Sec. 26), a bill has already been filed by Senate President Pro
tempore Teofisto Guingona, Jr. purposely to concretize and give meaning to this
laudable objective (Jose Sison 1988, p.4-5).
Today, political dynasties are supposed to be prohibited by the
Constitution. Sec.26 Art.II of the 1987 Constitution. Though this prohibition does
exist, an enabling law is needed. Since 1987, the anti-political dynasty bills filed
never got to first base. Why? Most lawmakers from the administration and
opposition oppose the Constitutional ban on political dynasties because they too
come from political ndynasties and clans, which have been long entrenched in
power (Simbulan, 2007).
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CHAPTER THREE
Research Methodology
This chapter presents the research design, locale of the study, research
respondent, sampling scheme, research instrument, unit of analysis, statistical
treatment employed in this study.
Research Design
The method that the study wishes to apply is the approach done by
Remigio Agpalo in his study “THE POLITICAL ELITE AND THE PEOPLE A
study of Politics in Occidental Mindoro. Agpalo used historical data, examined
available public records available in various government offices. After such data
has been collected, he collated various relevant pieces of information together
with the interviews from the political elite in 1962.
The time frame for the study is from 1987 since the new constitution
mentioned that “ the state shall guarantee equal access to opportunities for public
service and prohibit political dynasties as may be defined by law” (Art II Sec. 26).
Thus, the constitution insisted the prohibition of political dynasty after the long
tyrannical regime of President Ferdinand Marcos.
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Locale of the Study
The study will be conducted in the Municipality of San Miguel, Leyte.
This is one of the municipalities of province of Leyte located at the first
congressional district of the province surrounded by Municipalities of Babatngon,
Barugo and Alangalang. The municipality comprises of 21 barangays, some
barangays of which are located at the coastal zones of the municipality.
As a coastal municipality, fishing is one of the primary sources of income
among inhabitants specially those who were located at the coastal areas. Fishes
were sold and other aquatic products of the municipality mostly by roving
vendors.
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Moreover, the rest of its land area was concentrated in agriculture. Palay,
Coconut and other root crops were the common products coming from farming.
Constituents in the municipality were mostly dominated by Roman Catholics and
much devotee to the patron their patron Saint which the name of the municipality
was derived.
The researchers identified ten barangays to serve as research locale for the
study.
BARANGAYS OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF SAN MIGUEL
1. *BAGACAY 8. CAYARE 15. MALAGUINABOT
2. BAIRAN 9. * GUINCIAMAN
16. MAWODPAWOD
3. *BAHAY 1O. KINALUMSAN
17. PATONG
4. *CABATIANUHAN 11. IMPO 18.* SAN ANDRES
5. CANAP 12. *LIBTONG 19. PINARIGUSAN
6. CARAYCARAY 13.* LUKAY 20.STA. CRUZ
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7. CAPILIHAN 14. MALPAG 21.* SANTOL
The Barangays printed in bold are the chosen barangays for the study. All
barangays are listed in alphabetical order.
Research Respondent
The respondents of this study were the identified families that seated for
many times from 1987 up to the present. The member of the clan or family that is
an incumbent official will serve as the respondent.
In addition, insights from the elected Punong Barangays, Brgy.
Kagawads, SB members, Wards and other electorates of the Municipality will be
collected regarding the existing presence of political families that dominated the
local politics. Insights of Punong Barangays and Wards are important since they
were the closest man and much knowledgeable to the officials of the municipality
that transacts matters regarding politics.
Sampling Scheme
The member of the clan or family that presently holds position in the
municipality will serve as the respondent. Incumbent Punong Barangay and
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identified key informant per barangay will serve as additional respondents for this
study.
Research Instrument
The researchers would like to use data that shows lists of municipal
officials from 1987. Furthermore, the researchers would like to use an interview
questioner that will solicit opinions about political dynasty in the municipality.
Unit of Analyses
The actual data and responses that the respondents gave in the
aforementioned instrument served as the units of analysis in this study.
Statistical Treatment
Research data will be presented in textual and tabular form. Simple
frequencies and percentages will be utilized in presenting, analyzing, and
interpreting the research data.
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CHAPTER FOUR
RESEARCH FINDINGS
The research respondents for the study were the identified key
informants selected per barangay. These key informants are the incumbent
Punong Barangay or incumbent Barangay Officials and wards, also some
electorates serves as respondents.
Demographic Profile of Key Informants
Table 1. Gender====================================================
Gender f % Total
___________________________________________________________
Male 15 46.875% 46.785%
Female 17 53.125% 53.125%
____________________________________________________________
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32 100.00% 100.00%
====================================================
Table 1 indicates that majority (53.125%) of the respondents were
women.
Table 2. Age====================================================
Age Range f % Total
____________________________________________________________
21-30 years old 1 3.1255% 3.1255%
31-40 years old 7 21.875% 21.875%
41-50 years old 10 31.250% 31.250%
51-60 years old 8 25.000% 25.000%
61-70 years old 3 9.375% 9.375%
71-80 years old 1 3.125% 3.125%
____________________________________________________________
32 100.00% 100.00%
====================================================
A significant number of key informants (31.250%) ages from 41 to
50 years old.
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Table 3. Civil Status====================================================
f % Total
____________________________________________________________Married 26 81.25% 81.25%
Single 5 15.625% 15.625%
Widow 1 3.125% 3.125%____________________________________________________________
32 100.00% 100.00%
====================================================
Table 3 shows that majority of the key informants were married.
Only 15.625% of the key informants were single and only 1 is widow.
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Table 4. Highest Educational Attainment====================================================
f % Total
____________________________________________________________Elementary 10 31.250% 31.250%
Secondary 10 31.250% 31.250%
College 11 34.375% 34.375%
Vocational 1 3.125% 3.125%____________________________________________________________
32 100.00% 100.00%
====================================================
34.375 % of key informants reach College level of education.
While 31.25% both reaches elementary and secondary education.
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Table 5. Profession===============================================
f % Total
______________________________________________________
Unemployed 13 40.625% 40.625%
Employed 19 59.375% 59.375%
Carpenter 1 5.26%
Fisherman 5 26.32%
Farmer 9 47.37%
Store Owner 2 10.53%
Teacher 1 5.26%
Businessman 1 5.26%
____________________________________________________________
32 100.00% 100.00%
====================================================
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Table 5 shows that majority of the key informants were employed.
47.37% of the 59.375% of employed respondents were farmers.
Table 6. Position====================================================
f % Total____________________________________________________________Punong Barangay 7 21.875% 21.875%
Barangay Kagawad 9 28.125% 28.125%
Former Punong Barangay 1 3.125% 3.125%
Former Barangay Kagawad 2 6.250%
6.250%
SB Member 2 6.250% 3.125%
Electorates 11 34.375% 34.375%
____________________________________________________________
32 100.00% 100.00%
====================================================
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Table 6 indicates that majority of the key informants holds or
previously holds barangay positions. 28.125% of them that holds positions
are incumbent barangay kagawad.
The study sought to identify notable political families that lasted for a long
period since 1987. Thus, in this chapter will be discuss the gathered records of
lists of officials that ruled the municipality since it was established.
A. Political Families
Two political families were been identified by the researchers that fits to
the definition of political dynasty that is the succession of people from the same
family who play a prominent role in politics and lasted for a long period of time.
Namely the Lapidario and Brazil family.
Lapidario Family
The first member of the Lapidario clan that holds an elected position in the
municipality was Justina S. Lapidario serve as Municipal Councilor from 1960
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up to 1964. After that term, Atty. Uldarico A. Lapidario was elected as
Municipal Mayor for a three year term for the years 1964 up to 1968.
The term of office of Mayor Uldarico A. Lapidario or commonly called by
the constituents as “Ulding” was similar to President Ferdinand E. Marcos. After
1968, he was also served as the municipal mayor for the year 1968 up to 1986.
Mayor Ulding earned a 5term of office as a local patron of the Marcoses, as
told by the local residents. He served as Municipal Mayor from 1964 until 1986.
In the history of local politics of the municipality, he was the title holder as the
longest Mayor which he served for 22 years in the municipality until the People
Power revolution.
From 1986 until 1994, there was no Lapidario that hold key municipal
positions. In 1995 elections, Richard Len Lapidario at age 24 runs for the
Mayoralty race, unfortunately loss to his opponents. After three years, in the year
2001, the son of the former Mayor Ulding, Oscar ”Django” L. Lapidario, a
farmer and businessman, was elected as the Municipal Vice-Mayor for one term.
Unfortunately, seeking his second term was not visible on his part. He was
defeated by Almar C. Balais who was a three termer SB member of the
Sangguniang Bayan prior to his candidacy as the municipal Vice-Mayor.
In 2004 election, his son, Richard Len B. Lapidario, grandson of Mayor
Uldarico, seek for the position as SB member and luckily ended ranked number
eight (8). After his successful in his first term office, he decided to seek for
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another term. He was fortunate enough to ranked 6th among the elected SB
Members.
Recently, after earning his two terms as SB member, he decided to run for a
higher post in the legislative branch of the municipality, as Vice-Mayor. He
defeated the incumbent Vice-Mayor, Atty. Matusalem S. Calamaya who was
seeking for his second term.
The Lapidario family was able to have a Municipal Mayor, two Vice-
Mayors and a SB member in their family. They successfully hold elected
position in the municipality from the grandfather up to the grandson for almost
31 years and still counting because there is yet an incumbent Lapidario in the
Sangguniang Bayan serving as the Municipal Vice Mayor whose term expected
to end in 2013. The mode of transition practiced by the family was by seniority
and whoever was the most acceptable to the constituencies during their own
time, as told by the grandson.
Despite some of its members were elected, political conflict was not felt
within the family because consensus is always practiced. As explained by
Richard Len:
“Politics never caused divisiveness in the family. We always came up
with a consensus of who was and most qualified to run.”
Membership in political affiliation was not uniform from the start. Their
affiliations depend on that of the administration bloc.
“At the start of my grandfather’s political carreer, the two-party
system prevailed. He was primarily a member of the Nacionalista
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Party before he joined the Liberal party because of the influence of
the Marcos. When the multi-party system became prevalent starting
in the 70’s, it was now more of either belonging to the administration
of the opposition. Our family was mostly aligned with the
administration, locally at least” Richard Len asserted.
That is why when he ran for SB member and Vice-Mayor he belonged to
the bloc of the incumbent Mayor.
Supporters and allies from the barangays are seen to be important factors
in order to be successful. That is why earning the support of all Barangay
Captains in the municipality which are commonly their wards, gives them an edge
over other candidates. As practiced by their family and from the experienced of
the incumbent Vice Mayor “When you’re not running for the mayoralty position
you don’t limit or align yourself with the barangay chairmen who belong to your
group. As much as possible you seek the help of all of them”
They don’t limit their number of barangay captains. In his personal
experience he advised that “Substantial enough, I guess so as have me elected, by
God’s Grace, twice as Municipal Councilor starting 2004, and my current
position”
In response for the loyalty and support of their wards, he and his family
offer their help in their own little way, it can be financially or personal presence.
But they don’t only limit their generosity to their supporters during the election
period but also those who were against in their candidacy as explained by Vice
Mayor Chad.
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Political decisions of members of the family were consulted in the Family.
However, the last say were always at the individual. They just inform their
decisions as part of courtesy and asking for guidance. As told by Richard Len
Lapidario:
“I always give much weight to my family not only in deciding to run
for public office but also in every major decision in my political
career. But the final decision is mine and mine alone and nobody
can dictate it to me! I give much consideration to my family because
if they won’t support me how much more can I expect from those
with whom I am not related to.”
Based on the experience of Richard Len Lapidario, he always want his
family to be updated on whatever major decisions he has to made especially
matters regarding politics. One reason he wants his family to be informed is to
gain their support. If he was able to get their active support it only means that he
can also win the support of other people he wants to serve. But in the end,
whatever the outcome of the decision of the family, he has the final say.
As part of cultural tradition, closed family ties has been a trademark
among Filipino families. In every endeavor experienced by any member of the
family or clan, it is always given by support. Such custom and practice was also
seen in Lapidario family. On a personal note of Richard:
“I receive financial and moral support. They also give much
encouragement. From them primarily comes much faith that I am
worthy and capable of the position I aspire for and that I have what
it takes to win that position.”
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Financial support from the family is highly valuable for the candidate.
But what’s more inspiring and significant for the candidate is the moral support
that boosts his interest and confidence that he can make it for he is highly
qualified and fit for the job.
But the most important supporter that a Lapidario candidate wants to get
is the one hundred percent support from his family and even in his clan. As noted
by Chad “As much as possible we try to convince each and every member of the
family to support whoever is decided upon to run for public office because the
more support you have, the better chances you have of winning.”
BRAZIL FAMILY
After the Filipino American Revolution, Cornelio Brazil was the
Presidente, Town Executive of San Miguel from 1923 to 1924.
When the Marcos regime was ousted, interim municipal officials from
August 1986 until December 1987 served as an OIC officials for the
municipality. Proto Q. Brazil, Jr. served as the OIC Municipal Vice-Mayor
during that period. February 1988 he became the duly elected Municipal Vice-
Mayor until June 22, 1992.
During the 1992 election, he seek for the Mayoralty position and was
humbly elected as Municipal Mayor under Republic Act 7160 from June 22,
1992 to June 30, 1995. Mayor Proto or commonly called as “Toty” was fortunate
33
enough to excel on the 1995 elections. However, seeking on his third term was a
disaster on his part. He was defeated by Atty. Eulogio L. Laboga.
Losing on his former Mayor while he was a Vice Mayor did not end his
aspiration to be a Municipal Mayor for the next round. In the 2001 election he
defeated the incumbent Municipal Mayor Eulogio L. Laboga. Since 2001 until
2010 he was successful in holding a straight three terms position as Municipal
Mayor. He was able to serve the municipality for almost 21 years as Municipal
Mayor, 15 years of which was devoted as Mayor, two terms from 1992 to 1998
and three terms from 2001 until 2010. After ending his carrier as the Municipal
Mayor, he tries his luck for a provincial position. He run for Board Member for
the first District of Leyte in 2010, unfortunately he was defeated by former
Mayor of Tanuan Roque Tiu and incumbent Board Member Malou Go-Soco.
While Mayor Toty was serving Municipal Vice-Mayor in 1998, his
brother Prospero Brazil serve as the ABC President serving as an Ex.Officio
Member in the Sangguniang Bayan. When Mayor Toty was elected Mayor,
Prospero Brazil or commonly called “Pros” served as ABC President for the
third time and earned his third term as an Ex. Officio member until 1998.
After serving three terms as SB ex officio member, he decided to run for
SB Member together with his brother Toty seeking for revenge for the Mayoralty
position in 2004. He was successful enough to earn a three term of office from
2004 until 2010 as SB Member.
34
After an impressive consistent rank number one (1) SB Member during
election, he replaced his brother Toty as the Municipal Mayor last May 2010
election.
Another from Brazil family, Bryan Neil B. Brazil hold an ex-officio
position as SK president from 1992 and ended in August 14,2002 while his
uncles was serving as Municipal Mayor and Councilor,
In September 2002, Protacio Q. Brazil or “Tatas”,the brother of Mayor
Toty and Councilor Pros, served as the ABC President until 2004. Up to the
present he is on his 3rd term as the ABC President holding an Ex-Officio position
in the Sangguniang Barangay Elections.
The son of Protacio Brazil, Shirwin Patrick Brazil also holds an ex officio
position in the Sangguniang Bayan serving as the SK Federation President. Both
Father and Son were chosen by the Barangay Captains and SK Chairs of the
municipality in the recent ABC and SK Federation elections.
Protacio Brazil did not only aspire as ABC President, while serving as an
Ex. Officio Member, during the last two elections he competed with his brothers,
Toty and Pros, for the mayoralty position. Unfortunately he was just second in
the rank during elections.
The Brazil family was able to place two Mayors and one of which served
for five terms and another is serving as of the moment. They were able to
dominate the ex-officio positions in the Sangguniang Bayan from 1988 up to the
present serving as ABC President and SK Federation President. They were able
to serve the municipality for 23 years up to the present in different key positions
35
in the Municipality. Presently, the Municipal Mayor, ABC President and SK
Federation President belong to their family.
The Brazils are motivated to run for public office because they want to
serve the people and help improve the municipality of San Miguel, Leyte. It is
within their blood the capacity to lead and give out help and assistance for the
betterment of the municipality. They are given moral and financial support by
their family members. Recently, it is by personal choice that they decided to
strive for local positions. Decisions are made individually; hence family
members do not have the control in decision-making because it is agreed upon
independently. In actuality, family consensus was applied before the division
amongst their family happened.
The partition of the family happened when Protacio Q. Brazil, the
youngest brother from their clan decided to opposed the then incumbent Mayor
Toty Brazil last 2007 election. The family was put into a chaotic situation and
other members of the family were obliged to take sides. From then on, the rivalry
among members of the family then occurred. The supporters of their family were
then compelled to choose between them. It was not only their family that has
been divided but as well as their followers.
In terms of party affiliation, the Brazils are originally under the banner of
Liberal Party, but because of their unresolved differences, one must give way
and seek the support of other political parties. Luckily, former Mayor Toty Brazil
found its new home under LAKAS-CMD, now then LAKAS-KAMPI, while
Tatas Brazil remained from its own party. The incumbent mayor Pros Brazil is
36
supported by LAKAS-KAMPI. Currently, Pros Brazil have 210 liders and is
acquiring the support of 10 barangay captains. In return, he sees to it that he is
able to give rewards to his wards in return, it can be in kind or through cash.
The Brazils are seen to be good people and with wholesome intentions for
the municipality, but it have not stopped them from being torn apart. Politics in a
way had served them adverse effect that had put their family into disarray.
Table 7. Lapidario Family
NAME POSITION NUMBER OF TERMS
YEAR
JUSTINA LAPIDARIO Mun. Councilor
1 1960-1964
ULDARICO A. LAPIDARIO Mayor 41964-19681968-19721972-19801980-1986
OSCAR L. LAPIDARIO Vice-Mayor 1 1998-2001
37
RICHARD LEN B. LAPIDARIO
SB Member
Vice- Mayor
2
Present
2004-20072007-2010
2010-Present
Table 8. Brazil Family
NAME POSITIONNUMBER
OF TERMS
YEAR
CORNELIO BRAZIL Presidente 1 1923-1924
PROTO Q.BRAZIL, JR.
OIC, Municipal Vice-Mayor
Duly Elected Municipal Vice-Mayor
Municipal MayorMunicipal Mayor
-
1
23
1986-1987
1988-1992
1992-19982001-2010
38
PROSPERO Q. BRAZIL
ABC President(Ex. Officio Member)
SB MemberMun. Mayor
3
3_
1988-1998
2001-20102010-Present
BRYAN NEIL B. BRAZIL
SK President(Ex. Officio Member)
- 1992-2002
PROTACIO Q. BRAZIL
ABC President(Ex. Officio Member)
3 2002-Present
SHIRWIN PATRICKBRAZIL
SK President(Ex. Officio Member)
- 2010-Present
B. Characteristics of the Dominant Political Families
These were the characteristics that they observed with the identified
political families. They characterized the family both in terms of attitude and how
they perceived them as local politicians. Key informants characterized the Brazil
and Lapidario as Makitawo, Mag-upay, Nakaka-bulig, Pulititko.
“Makitawo” or People -Oriented
39
Sheila Coronel noted that “Elections require the mobilization of people
and resources to ensure that votes are cast and counted in a candidate's favor.
(PCIJ 2007)
Furthermore, PCIJ (2007) commented that political machine of a
congressional representative includes a network of so-called lider that are found
at the barangay level or village, which could be a council member, barangay
captain or the punong barangay or an influential person, such as head of a
community organization or a successful entrepreneur in the community. In return,
the local lider mobilize a network of campaigners for the candidate.
Since, election is the process wherein politicians legitimize themselves to
hold positions; they need a large number of man power to assist and operate and
most especially to vote for them. Thus, a candidate is portrayed to be people-
oriented to be able to grab and recruit more people at his side.
Local residents of the municipality find the dominant political families to
be “makitawo” or people-oriented.
According to Respondent B (47yrs.old, Brgy. Santol, San Miguel, Leyte),
the Brazil family was good in handling their people, as a result they were able to
win in any position they wish to run.“Maupay hira mag dara hin tawu, maupay
gud hira magdara sanglit nadaug gud hira”, Key informant B narrated.
Another Key informant shares his personal experience with the Lapidario
Family,
“Mag upay iton mga Lapidario, waray ako masisiring.
Maupay it mga Lapidario kay makitawo hiya, kay pulitiko
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gud, nasudoy hin kada barangay nangiginanu, kay baga ok
ako hadto han iya panahon, Anhi Uldarico.”. (Respondent
K,49yrs.old, Barangay Pinarigusan, San Miguel, Leyte)
(The Lapidario Family are good, I am speechless. The
Lapidario are good because they were people oriented since
they were politiicans, Uldarico used to visit each barangay
to monitor and observe the situation in the community. For
me, his time was good.)
In addition, Key Informant K noted that aside from witnessing the
leadership of Mayor Uldarico Lapidaro, he also experience some positive points
to his grandson the incumbent Vice-Mayor Richard, he narrated
“Kay hi vice bisan ngain mo makatapo
makikigistorya ngan dire ka tatalikdan niya, bisan hinu
kumadto ira diri gud matalikod ha imo”
(Wherever you meet the Vice-Mayor he will talk to
you and he won’t let you down. Even you visit in their
place they will not stare on you)
Thus the key informant concluded that as a politician you have to be
people-oriented. As a result, with these personal experiences, they are still
supporting the political aspirations of their bet political families.
“Magupay” or Good
41
Good as defined by Mirriam-Webster Dictionary (2004) as commendable,
salutary and a favorable character or tendency. Thus, defining good is subjective.
Here are the perceived opinions of the Key-informants why they characterized the
identified Political Families as “Mag-upay” or good.
Staying in the municipality since birth, Key informant F justified based in
his personal observation that the Lapidario officials were good since he
experienced the goodness of their leadership. “Kay waray man it hira, baga an
tatay ngan apoy maupay na nag Mayor, ngan Vice-Mayor han San Miguel, mag
upay man it hira, ok la”, Key informant F (53yrs.old, Brgy. Bagacay, San
Miguel, Leyte) stipulated.
(The Father and Grandfather were good Mayor and Vice-Mayor of San
Miguel).
Key informant B explained the goodness of Brazil Family “Maupay hira
mag-dara hin tawu, maupay gud hira magdara sanglit nadaug gud hira”.
(They were good in handling their people, as a result of their good
handling, they win).
Good handling of their people gives an edge for the Brazil family to win in
their political race against their opponent. Because of this attitude, their people or
supporters stays in their side and go for their leadership as noticed by the Key
informant.
Another side of characterizing the family is good is based on their
performance. As reported by Key informant A (42yrs.old, Brgy. Bahay, San
Miguel, Leyte), “Maupay gad hira na pagkatawo,dire gad ak nasiring maupay-
42
upayan,pero bagat nakakabuhat man hin mga project, mayda man nira
nahihimo”, as he characterized the Brazils.
(They were good persons, I am not saying that they were the best but they
were able to have projects, they have done something)
The Key informant sees goodness not just by the personal attitude of the
family but more on the performance and the establishment of visible projects for
the community. They were much concern with the good performance that the
family can offer and give for the constituents.
Respondent C agreed on the point raise by Key informant A about the
Brazil family, she stated that “Maupay man magdara han bungto, waray man
maraut”. (Good management of the municipality, nothing wrong)
In terms of performance, the record holder as the longest reigning
Municipal Mayor of the Municipality is highly applauded by Key informant K.
According to him:
“Maupay adto hi uldarico kay hi atty lapidario hadto
na panahon kun mayda project ultimo naabot ha imu an
project waray anu anu, yana mamiling kaw hin resolution,
makuri kun waray nagiinterest hin pag-aro, kaduha kun
waray nagdudukduk, kay dukdukay ito pina agi hin pulitika,
palakasay, kun malakas ka madali, kun iba na color di gad,
makuri matagal tagalan hin maguti, it priority it ira tawo”.
(Atty Lapidario was good during his time because the
barangay can receive a project even without any resolution
being given. Unlike at the present, if no one would show
interest to ask for a project and no one will urge since at the
43
present it is being politicized if you belong to the opposite
side, it will be hard for you to be acknowledge, but if you
were in their side you will be their priority).
On the other hand, the electoral process is one way to choose the fittest for
the post. Others perceived that elected officials were good since majority of the
electorates voted for them.
Respondent J ( 31yrs.old, Brgy. Pinarigusan, San Miguel, Leyte) believe
that the two families were good since they were chosen by the constituents to lead
the municipality, he explained that “an mga Brazil mag-upay, kay namamagdaog
balik kay kun dire it mag-upay dire iton mamagdaog. An Lapidaro Amu gihapun,
(mag-upay), Kay kun perde dire mag-upay, piniliay man iton”.
(The Brazil’s were good because they will not win if they were perceived
to be good. Also the Lapidario’s, because if they lose it only means that they were
not good since it is a process of selecting the best)
Another Key informant added that “maupay man kay an ira tatay
continuous an pagminiyor” (Good in the sense that their father was a consistent
mayor).
Judging from the length of time that the member of the family holds the
position and the results of the election, they perceived it to be good since they
believed that people will not choose local leaders whom they think to have
negative values and characteristics. Since the majority chose them and elected
them, they reasonably believe that these families good individuals and leaders for
their chosen post.
44
However, despite belonging to the same family, each member are not
similar from each other. As differentiated by Respondent O (43yrs.old, Brgy.
Libtong, San Miguel, Leyte) “ An Lapidario Ok la adto an ira Lolo kay 22 years
adto hya ha serbisyo. Pero an yana nga iya mga apo bagan dire na maupai kay
baga hin abusive”.
(On the Grandfather of Lapidario were okey since he served for 22 years.
However at the moment, judging the attitudes of his grandsons, they are somehow
not good because there are times that they became abusive).
Key informant Q (48yrs.old, Brgy. Lukay, San Miguel, Leyte) informed
that:
“durodako an bintaha han lolo, maaram ka iton
sumuronod danay gud ito may nakakalikat, waray gud
perpekto, nga iton lolo ngan hiton mga apo o mga anak,
dire gud paprehas,mauda gud pagkakaiba.”
(The grandfather has an edge over his successors,
sometimes the successors are alienated, there is no perfect
tandem wherein from the Grandfather up to the
grandchildren or children do the same things, there are
variations)
He further added, “maupay an lolo ngan yana liwat an apo amo liwat iton
nakakasunod ha iya”. (The best was the Grandfather and the grandson follows his
tract)
45
Despite the declined in performance of the oldest up to the younger
generation, the key informant still sees a reincarnation of the positive things done
by their ancestors in serving the community.
On the part of the Brazil family a Key informant commented that “ha mga
Brazil, dire man paprehas mag upay it mga Brazil sabagay dire kita
nakakasigurado na paprihas,kay pirmi man hira nag-aaragway, hira hira manla,
kun adto ka luyo kokontrahun ka ha kaluyo, kun adi ka luyo, kokontrahun ka ha
luyo, dire hira parehos kay nagaaraway, An ira pamamalakad han bungto
saktohay la”
(On the side of the Brazil, not all of them have good traits, I am not
definitely sure if the Brazils are all the same since they are always fighting, they
are the ones opposing each other, and they are the ones that compete for the same
position. If you belong to the opposition you will be objected by the other side,
they are not the same since they were always at war. I rated their administration as
average)
Thus, electorates judge these families to be good based on their attitude,
the way they deal with people and how they manage the municipality. However,
some local folks judge them negatively because of the not so good attitude by
other members of the family. The extremities between family members can affect
the assessment of the people.
The respondents pointed out that despite the well rounded performance of
the previous family members, their good image are being distorted because of the
undesirable acts of their younger kin.
46
Others were disappointed despite the good performance being exerted by
the Political Families because of their rivalries. As a result, all those good acts are
being pulled down and tainted by the wrong observations of the public because of
the strong rivalry and disunity within their family.
“Nakakabulig” or Helpful
Key informant I (58yrs.old, Brgy. San Andres, San Miguel, Leyte) noted
the Brazil family to be helpful. She quoted “nakabulig bulig ito hira, dida kami
ha ira parupangutang, nangungutang kami it ha ira”. (They help us, we borrow
money from them)
According to her, they usually borrow money from the Brazil family in
cases that they lack financial amount for their daily sustenance and in times of
emergency. However, this amount borrowed from the Brazil family was being
paid with interest by the borrower when they already have money to pay their
debt.
“Mahilig ha Pulitika” or Politician
With the length of time that their family hold positions in the municipality,
the people already noted them to be “mahilig ha pulitika” or politician. According
to Key informant G the Brazil family swaps positions within their family
members. “An Brazil, bisan it Mayor nagbabalyu la hira, it yana it manghod, It
47
akon pagkita ha ira mga gamhanan ba ha pulitika” Key informant G (38yrs.old,
Brgy. Pinarigusan, San Miguel, Leyte) narrated.
(The Brazil, the Mayoralty position where been swap within their family
members. I perceived them to be greedy in the realm of politics)
The change of leadership was not visible to other blood. The constituents
believe that this act can be considered to be a selfish move wherein the politics
were only manipulated, enjoyed and controlled by few.
Another respondent noted that the Brazil family were political oriented, he
narrated that “Ok manla..mga political oriented lugod hera”. (They’re fine, they
were the one who are political oriented)
Judging from the faces and names that compete for the positions in the
municipality as well as the number of the members that holds other positions,
electorates observes that these families were much oriented in the realm of
politics. Concretely judge by the key informant, seeing that same member of the
family (brothers) acting as close rivals for the mayoralty post is a big query and
astonishment among the local residents on how to judge their family. They
believe that they are arguing and competing with each other to rule the said
position. Thus, it resulted to disunity and factionalism in the name of politics.
This resulted for the people to judge them as highly politically oriented family.
C. Staying Power
To sustain ones success in the arena of politics, numerous factors can be
taken into consideration. Hon. Prospero Q. Brazil, incumbent Mayor of
48
Municipality of San Miguel noted several factors that make their family
successful in the realm of politics. According to Mayor Brazil, money, resources,
party affiliation and wards were the significant reasons why they were successful
in holding public offices.
Key informants also see similar factors why the Brazil family was able to
continually hold positions for the long period of time up to the moment. First is
Money. Respondent R (32yrs.ol, Brgy. Malaguinabot, San Miguel, Leyte)
explains that “kay tungod geap hit kwarta!. Kay kun diri hera ma dispose hin
kwarta dire ito hera madaog. Kwarta! damo, man it ira kwarta ngan powerful
man hera”
(It is because of money. If they will not dispose money then they will not
win in the election. They have lot of money and they were also powerful)
On the part of the Lapidario, Key informant F also noticed the
money factor why the Lapidario lasted for so long, “Amu iton kay may kwarta,
nakakagcontinue pag may pinili-ay hit pangkandidatuhan kay may kwarta, kay
kwartahan man it hira, may mga tuna, perme it hira makuan ha pulitika dire it
hira kukulangan”.
(Because they have money, they were able to continue their candidacy
whenever there is election because of their money. They are rich and have lands
that’s why they always participate in politics they will not experience shortage)
49
Money plays a big role in politics. It is one of the factors that can assist the
politician to win his/her candidacy. Financial edge among other candidate gives
you the possibility of winning. Hence, political families used their money as a
mode in gaining the support of the people whether it is in kind, or in the form of
debt.
It is not a new issue that “vote buying” is rampant all over the country
during election. It is said that once you engage into politics, you should have the
money and resources in order to win. At this recent time, money is what makes
politics on going. Politicians are judged based on how much they can give rather
than on what they can do to the community.
Financial capability of a political family is highly regarded to be able to
acquire more votes and active supporters and win over their opponents. As told by
Key informant J “May kwarta man nira, mga riko man hira, ngan damu it ira
mga tawo ngan batos”. (They have money, they are rich and they have lots of
people and wards)
Another factor is the available resources, Key informant A shared that
“para ha akon damu man it ira mga auto, tikang ngadi sta cruz ,mayda ba kapas
gud, mayda gud kwarta nira. Amu iton axa nagdaog hira kay ira negosyo na
auto. Haros hira na mga magburugto haros mayda mga auto”.
(In my opinion, they have a lot of automobile from Sta Cruz to Tacloban.
They were the one who have the gall to run since they were rich. That’s why they
50
won because of their Public Utility Vichecles. Almost all of their siblings have
Public Utility Vehicle)
He also added that “Ngadi seaside man an mga tawo tas ngadi ha proper,
Tapus makikisangkayon man ha mga tawo, amu iton nadaog gud hira. Labot la
hit ira impluwensya hit ira ka autohan, mga negosyo, amu iton nakakakuan ha ira
napadaog” (People from the sea side used to visit the town proper. Also, they
were friendly that is why they always won. Aside from their influence of their
Public Utility Vehicles, their businesses also able them to win)
Thus, the presence of their Public Utility Vehicles (Jeepney) of Brazil
Family gives them additional source of fund to finance their candidacy. In fact in
the municipality, they are the one that owned the largest number of PUJ that
travels from San Miguel to Tacloban.
Sheila S. Coronel of the Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism (2007)
related that, The most successful families are those able to establish business
empires not solely dependent on government largesse. They must also be
competent enough to run these businesses well, allowing their members to survive
electoral defeat and political ignominy.
Key informant C (51yrs.old, Brgy.San Andres, San Miguel, Leyte) sees other
factors that made the identified political families to be successful “Bangin sugad
iton nahiara kay maupay man hira magdara han bungto, ha tawo, kun meada
nadaop nakakabulig, axa iton nag-iha siguro hira hiton na butang. Maupay
51
magpalakat, pagpaupay han bungto, Natural man iton hit tawo it guin kikita it
performance it pagdara”.
(Maybe people were used to vote for them because they were able manage the
municipality, constituents well. If someone would ask for their assistance they can
provide, that is why they were able to last for so long in politics. It is natural for
the people to look for their performance)
Key informant U (62yrs.old, Brgy. San Andres, San Miguel, Leyte) added
“Maupay man magserbisyo han bungto.Sanglit naiiha hira. Maupay it ira
performance”. (They serve well in the municipality. That is why they lasted.
They have a good performance)
Another key informant suggested that the success of the Lapidario is due to
their active and honest service for the municipality. In addition, they rendered a
good management, good track record and gives no burden to the people. “Dara
siguro hit ira ka aktibo ngan ka honest nira ba magtrabaho,Maupay hira
magpalakat, maupay it ira mga record, waray hira poblema.”, Key informant H
(41yrs.ol, Brgy. Pinarigusan, San Miguel, Leyte) narrated.
The said information of the respondents can be attested by the Vice Mayor
himself, he stated: “ though we are not perfect we always strive to perform the
best way we can as dedicated public servants.”
The eagerness to render a good performance for the public is viable in their
family. They truly believe that through their service they are able to help in
52
improving the municipality. They know that public service takes a lot of time and
sacrifices, especially the time you spend with your family and the rumors that can
affect your status in the community, but in spite these things, theLapidario Family
considers that they have done what is best for the majority of the people while
they were in office.
On the other hand, Vice mayor Chad assured that at the end of his political
career, no one from his family might run for any position because he thinks that
its about time to give others the chance to serve the municipality. Their family
had served enough and through that, the constituents will remember their legacy.
“Kay buotan ngan maupay mag dumara hit mgatawo” Key informant T
(39yrs.old, Brgy. Guinciaman, San Miguel, leyte)
Key informant T analyzes on the success of the Brazil family are due to their
good attitude and how they lead their people.
Aside from the Brazil, other resident have similar reasons for the Lapidario
family on why they can still capture the hearts of the San Miguelnon. According
to key informant N, “maupay man hira magdumara”. (They were good
administrators)
Key informant B further suggested “Bangin siguro maupay hira magdumara
han mga tawo,axa nag-iiha hira”.(Perhaps they manage the people well that’s
why they lasted)
On the personal note of key informant M (43yrs.old, Brgy. Palayan, San
Miguel, Leyte), he thinks that “kay nakita man it tawo hin maupai na
53
material..mag-urusa ngani it mga Brazil ngan Lapidario, makuri it hera
mapirde”. (People seen a good material, once the Brazil and Lapidario formed an
alliance it will be difficult to defeat them)
With the presence of the two families forming an alliance in the local
politics of the municipality as present dominant political figures, it will be hard
for anyone to defeat them.
Another factor to be considered by key informant G is the love of the
people for the political families. The key informant stated that “Siguro, gugma
iton hit tawo, kun dire gugma hit tawo dire hira madaog, naaun gud it tawo ha
ira”. (Maybe, because of love of the people, if people don’t love them, they will
not win, people admires them…)
Aside from love, key informant O added that “Kay naruruyag pa it mga
tawo, kay dire it madaog kun dire naruruyag pa it mga tawo. Kay damu iton hit
ira mga tawo”.
(People still wants them, they will not won if people don’t want them
anymore. They have a lot of people)
With the love and loyalty of the people, the two political families were
made to be the rulers up to the present. Since they were still being supported by
the local folk at the present it only indicates that they are still admired and people
wants them to rule over them. In addition to the number of people, their loyalty
and love is the key factor to make them last in the realm of politics.
D. Defeat
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Despite their success in dominating the municipal positions, defeat was
inevitable in their family. The two identified political families experienced defeat
in their race to hold an elected position. Various factors were considered by the
family for their misfortune in their campaign.
For the Brazil family, eventhough Mayor “Toty” Brazil incurred his two
consecutive terms, his luck for the third term was unclear. His Brother, Prospero
Brazil pointed out that his brother was defeated Atty. Eulogio L. Laboga because
of lack of supporters. He also reasoned out that incumbent Congressman Alfred
Romualdez gives much support to his opponent. As a result, he was unlucky
enough to gain his third and last consecutive term as Mayor.
After his defeat, he tries to reinstate his self on his previous position.
Luckily he was competent enough to graduate with three consecutive terms from
2001-2010 as Municipal Mayor. Since he was prohibited by the law to hold
another term in same position, he takes his chance for the position as one of the
Provincial Board Members for the first district of Leyte. Because of unpopularity
in the district and lack of sufficient supporters for his campaign, he was defeated
by Mayor Roque Tui of Tanuan and incumbent Board Member Malou Go-Soco.
Aside from “Toty”, his brother “Tatas” also experienced defeat. In 2007
elections, he challenged his brother “Toty”, the incumbent Mayor, in the
Mayoralty position. Because of lack of supporters and the division of supporters
of Brazil family, he was defeated by his brother. His dream to be the municipal
Mayor did not ended after his defeat with his brother. “Tatas” once again
challenge another brother, “Pros”, whom his brother Toty was supporting. “Tatas”
55
is the bet of the Liberal Party while his brother “Pros” represented the Lakas-
Kampi Party. For the second time he was defeated with same reason of having
lack of supporters.
In the case of Lapidario, Vice Mayor Richard Lapidario confessed that:
“My father was defeated in his re-election bid in 2001. I first run as
mayor in 1995 against then incumbent Toty Brazil and Ex mayor
Laboga”
In the 1995 elections, Richard Lapidario was defeated by the incumbent
Mayor Toty Brazil and another aspirant Eugolio Laboga. While his father, Oscar
Lapidario was defeated for his bid for second term as Municipal Vice Mayor to
Almar Balais in 2001.
Hon. Lapidario reasoned out his misfortune due to:
“My suffered defeat because of tactical miscalculation. I was
defeated because my age was less acceptable to the people during
that time (24yrs.old) “
Competing with much older aspirants for a higher and very influential
position in the municipality was a disadvantage for Richard Lapidario. Although
his grandfather served as Municipal Mayor for so long, the voters seen that the
youngest candidate at the age of 24 was not competent to run the municipality as
the Municipal Mayor. Because of his misconception that people would prefer a
young and youthful Mayor he was then left behind in his bid for the race.
Lack of supporters, unpopularity and inexperienced for the position was
the observed factors for the defeat of their candidates.
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D. Resurgence
Despite that Toty was defeated on his third term as Mayor in 1998
elections. It did not end his hope to complete a successive term. In the 2001
elections, after years of waiting, he challenge the incumbent Mayor Laboga for
the same position. Earning the support of the Romualdezes, which in 1998 were
not visible in his campaign, and earning more solid supporters against Laboga, he
was able to regain his position. From 2001 election, his bid for 2004 elections was
meritorious enough to earn his success from his opponents. But in 2007, his
brother was his main contender. However, he was not threatened and he still
earned a sufficient number of supporters under their wing to fully complete his
final consecutive term. Now, he is enjoying his private life together with his wife
away from any political responsibilities in the society as told by Prosepero Brazil.
When Oscar Lapidario was defeated, he went back to farming. Up to the
present his father is engaging into Farming because their family’s livelihood
primarily comes from agricultural land. As explained by Richard Lapidario.
In 2004, Richard Lapidario was older enough to hold less high position in
the Municipality. He runs for the position as SB Member for he believes that he
fit in this post. After 3 years, he was successful once again to bid for his second
term. After enjoying his two terms as Sangguniang Bayan Member, he decided to
run for Vice Mayor and lucky enough to win over a small margin of votes.
The resurgence of these families in the realm of politics is accountable to
the party affiliation they have chosen and to the undying belief of their supporters
that they are capable of running the municipality with good intentions.
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E. Views of the Public
Presence of Political Dynasty
Numerous comments and opinions rise about the presence and existence
of political dynasty in the municipality. Key informants believe that political
dynasty exists in terms of defining political dynasty as families or clan that ruled
the municipality for the long period of time. Key Informants suggested that on
some instances political dynasty could be beneficial and sometimes can be terrible
for the municipality.
Key informant H stated that political dynasty in the municipality delivers
positive points and sometimes negative. Accordingly “Nakakaupay ngan
nakakaraut gihapun. Sugad hiton, parte gihapun it pulitika mahugaw,karuyag mo
maguyagay hin maupay hin natural la, adi salaktan man hin sugad hiton
kinwartahay, cge nala kwarta nla, karawat liwat. Mahugaw!Maupay gad gihapun
kun meada politician mayda kaw madadaupan, kun may poblema ka”.
(It can be good and somehow it is bad for the municipality. Like, when
money is used in politics, you want to play natural and fair. However money is
being used the tendency is to accept the offered amount. Dirty! On the other hand,
it is good because there are some politicians that you can rely on in times of
problems)
Another key informant also shares similar sentiments. Key informant E
believes that the effects of political dynasty depend on the intention and purpose
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of the political families on ruling for so long. She argued that there are some
intentions to abuse their powers to practice corruption since they can earn big
from government projects. On the other hand, she pointed out that there are some
that ruled for so many years without any vested interest but to provide genuine
service for their constituents. In her opinion, the two identified political families,
they lasted for many years and continue to hold positions as of the present
because they want to serve and help the people without any personal interest
being up hold.
Key informant E (46yrs.old, Brgy. Santol, San Miguel, Leyte) explained
that:
“depende iton, mayda man gud talaga nag-iiha kay dako it
ira income hit mga projects amu gud it tawo, pero mayda liwat
naghihimu hira kay gusto gud talaga nira magserbe hin maiha,
mayda man gud liwat na mga tawo na mga korakot.It tawo
nagkokorakot amu gud axa nag-iiha para mangurakot. Pero an
mga Brazil, I doubt na dire suga, it ira pag-iha para pagserbi hit
mga tawo. An Lapaidario, hadto waray paman ako hadto boot, pero
as far as I can remember maupay man adto hira, barkada nani
adto an akon tatay , pag mayda nangangaro hin bulig baga instant
man nagkakada bulig. Nabaton ba hit imu pangangaru hin bulig”
(It depends; there are politicians that lasted because they
earn much in the government projects. The corrupt ones lasted for
many years because they want to practice corruption for so long.
But there are some that resorted to dynasty because they want to
serve for long term. However, on the case of Brazil family, I doubt
that they were corrupt; they lasted because they want to serve the
people. The Lapidario, those times I’m not yet matured. As far as I
can remember during those times they were good, they were friends
59
with my father, whenever someone ask for help, instantly they
provide assistance. They shoulder your needs)
Key informant A also agreed that political dynasty sometimes can be good
or bad for the municipality; she added “Mayda naka upay, meada nakaraut.
Nakaupay kay meada guin hahatag na project kan Mayor na maupay, Meada
liwat di nakakaupay labi na hiton yana guin aangalan hit mga nagtitinda , na
angal daun, hi Mayor pagud dayun it ira nababagsakan iton parte hit pan
lisensya, heton na mga permit, na angal iton hira kan Mayor pagkayana. Siring
man namun, kay di gad it tikang kan Mayor,kay sugad yana it tindahan kunu
dagko it sukot,siring ko amu gadla it gihapun, pitsihado na kunu yana kay daw
kunu hi Pros kunu na it nakapot, pero dire ak maram”.
(Both give advantage and disadvantage. Advantage because there were
good projects given by the Municipal Mayor. Disadvantage on the other hand
since according to the small store owners the present administration is much strict
compared to the previous administrations since at the moment Pros is in the
position. They were mad with the implementation of business permit to the small
store owners. They always blame the Municipal Mayor; we told them that the
decision did not come from the municipal mayor)
With the active support and observed projects received from the officials,
key informant believes that political dynasty was good for the municipality.
However, despite their presence can be considered good for the community on
some grounds political dynasty was negative for the municipality. They pointed
out since they need to win the election, these politicians utilizes money in order to
60
attain their aspired position and to continue their ruling. Also, some members
gives a different kind of leadership, some are strict others are not.
Other key informants were convinced that political dynasty is not good for
the municipality. Key informant A stipulated that :
“Hiton pagiging pulitikiro hin duru nakakakuan, pamati ko dire
maupay it epekto hiton para hit bungto , heton aton bungto
nagiging kuan kita hit pulitika, baga waray free will hit mga
mulopyo, hit pagpili gud, nakagapus it mga mulopyo, bisan ini
mismo na panhatag hin hinabang naapihan na hit mga pulitikiro, so
baga waray upay it politika, Nakukuan na it aton bungto hit mga
politikiro, kinakaptan hit mga politikiro hit desisyon hit mga tawo
han bungto , kay baga waray na pagpipilian it mga tawo. Ada
naman, cge nala”.
(Too much politics is not good for the municipality, our
municipality now is inclined in politics, it seems that the free will of
the people is absent, since during election, the voters are being
mandated whom to vote. Our municipality is being ruled by
politicians in all aspect of politics)
Key informant F further added that “Karuyag ko ma stop it na systema , it
mangibabaw it karuyag hit tawo. It usa gud na bungto dapat it ungara hit mga
tawo it manaig dire hit ungara hiton pipira la ngada na mga pulitikiro. Amu it
akon karuyag”.
(I want the system to end. The free well of the people must prevail! In one
municipality, they free well of the people not by few politicians has to prevail.
That’s I want!) Key Informant F.
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Key informant R also agreed that political dynasty is not good for the
municipality. He tries to convince that it is not for the municipality to see that
almost all of the members of the family hold municipal positions. He also pointed
out that they have to give chance to other aspirants who are much deserving for
the position.
“Nakakaraot, kay dire gad maupay pagkita-kitaon na ada na harus tim
bug-os na pamilya nakadara hin posisyon..Tagi man hin iba na higayon it tawo
na mas deserving hito dida na posisyon” Key informant R.
(It is not good for the municipality to see that almost all of your members
of your family hold position. Give chance to others who are much deserving for
that particular position) Key informant R
Furthermore key informant X (61yrs.old, Brgy. Malaguinabot, San
Miguel, Leyte) thinks that :
“kun pursigihon ngani ito nga amo la geap ito na ira paagi pamati
ko dri gud maimprove ina na bungto, bis la ngani yana waray kami
mga ku-an projects, kinahanglan mahatag gud hin kuana! Aside hit
ira kabutangan, hera la personal na magburugto iton nag iina-
ragway. Inin kon baga may selfishness ito na ada hit ira
kabutanagn ngan ira pamilya, halot hera humatag hit iba na tawo
hin chance, karuyag la nira na hira la gihapon it magkikinapot!
Kay kun baga kuan mayda naman it hera mga kwarta, kay ano ada
la gihap hera ha politika. Meaning may ada gud butang hit politika
nga karuyag gud nira dire bubuhian, which I do not know!”.
(If they still insist, I think our municipality will not
improve. Just like now we haven’t done any projects, we need to
have a project! Aside from their situation, within their own family
they have political conflicts. It seems in that case selfishness exists
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in their family, they are greedy to give other people a chance to
serve! They want that they monopolize all the posts. Come to think
of it that they were already rich then why they are still active in
politics. It only means that there is something in politics that they
won’t give up, which I do not know!)
She also projects that “ 10 yrs from now, bangin guti-ay la it progreso o
kaya bangin liwat mangada hin dire maupay kay kun sugad hito
magkakasaramok na, dri na maupay it mananabo, syahan pala na butang kun
makikig-inagaw ka hin usa nga bahin, waray ka gud hingangadtuan kutob nala
ito dida, may opportunidad ka hito mintras ikaw it aada, hehemuon nim it im
karuyag kun baga may ada hto iba na makapot dida bangin dire ako
magbinunyog haira, kay kun baga naaprobaran naman ito na pamilya kun dri
kita mamiling hn iba”. Key informant X.
(10 years from now, maybe the municipality will experience little progress or
experience the worse if that conflict becomes worse. At the very start, if you will
insist to grab something, you will not progress; you have the opportunity while
you were in the position. You will do what you want to do. If there will be other
people that will be in position, maybe I will not join them anymore since their
family were already been tested)
In addition, Key informant R further added her objection on political
dynasty because of inequality of providing services, “dire! kay it gin-papakaupay
dire bug-os na San Miguel mayda la hira barangay na gin tatagan hin
importansya..Unta pantay pantay kay mayor naman hiya! Gintatagan gad hin
panahon it iba na barangay liwat”
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(No! Because they only give priority on some selected barangays not the
whole municipality! Since he is already the Mayor, he must be equal, he has to
give his attention to other barangays!) Key informant R.
The delivery of public services was not equally distributed to the
concerned barangays. For convenience, the key informant believes the only way
to give other barangays a chance to receive development; there must be a new
leadership to run the municipality. Political dynasty must be break in order to
reform the system of inequality.
Key informant Y (42yrs.old, Brgy. Bagacay, San Miguel, Leyte) told with
confidence that “para ha akon, baga dire nakaka-upay kay kaurugan nga
abusado it mga tawo, labi na kon hira it nagdudumara han bungto”
(For me, it is not good because most of them were abusive especially
when they were the one in the position) Key informant Y.
Being in the position, power is being abused by political leaders. For the
informants, they believe that political families were not utilizing this power to
cater the needs of the constituents but to serve as a means to exploit powerless
individuals.
In simple terms, key informant L understands that political dynasty is not
good for the municipality. She agreed that political dynasty only means that only
one family monopolizes the municipality. The key informant believes that their
actions seem that they are just making some negotiations.
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“Para ha akon pag-intindi dire gad maupay Sali usa nala kapamilya an
nakapot hin bungto. Dire man maupay na hira la na magburugto. Bagan
nagsusurusabot nala it hira”. Key informant F.
(As far as I understand, it is not good. It only means that only one family
monopolizes the municipality. It’s not good if it always came in their family. It
seems that they have some negotiations.)
Other key informants believe that political dynasty is not good for the
municipality. They noticed that the free will of the people is not recognized since
the decisions were already made by the few politicians that dominate the local
politics. They were crying that the free will of the people must prevail in the
municipality. New leadership must rule which does not came from their families.
Thus, if they still insist to continue their dynasty, people concluded that there is
vested interest that is why they still want to hold positions. Selfishness is
considered by the key informants since within the same family they compete for
same political positions and they don’t allow new leader to run the municipality.
However, others were much positive about the leadership of the identified
political families. They still consider their leadership despite they already ruled
for so long.
Voting for the New Competitor
Various opinions, comments and views were given by the key informants
about the existence of political dynasty in their locality. Some of the informants
believe that political dynasty was good for the municipality since the political
65
families provides satisfaction by giving projects and services for the people.
Others pointed out that the presence of political dynasty is neither good nor bad
for the municipality. While the rest were confident enough to tell that political
dynasty is not right and bad for the municipality. With these the researchers
decided to solicit their opinions if they will vote for new aspirants that will
challenge the candidacy of any member of the identified dominant political
families.
Some key informants were still uncertain if they will choose the new
challenger or they still go for the incumbent. Since, election was just freshly held
in the local sector, then it still early for them to judge and decide if they would go
for a new aspirant. With the experience trend in politics, they believe that the
decision of the people will still change and challenger still unidentified so better
not to decide at the moment. Key informant C confessed that:
“Ambot….dire ako pakakasiguro! Baga dire pa ako makakasiguro
pa. Kay it panahon nagbarubalyu pa, dire kita nakakasiguro ba!
Inin hit pulitika, nagbalyu balyu it isip hit tawo. Kay sugad hiton
dire ko pa man kilala it mabanga ha ira. Kikitaun ko anay it
personalidad hit mabanga.”
(I’m not yet certain! As of now I’m not yet sure about it. Time is
changing, we are not yet sure! In politics, minds of the people are
always changing. Like now we are not yet sure who will be the
challenger, I will still judge the personality of the challenger)
Other key informants also share the same sympathy that they will still
judge the contender. Despite some of the informants wants to have new political
66
leaders to rule over them, they will not easily give their support to this brave
challenger. The Informants wants to be sure and certain that the challenger is
competent and much deserving for the title. Key informant D (47yrs.old, Brgy.
Bagacay, San Miguel, Leyte) explains that “Depende, hit iya kalaban. Waray
rason kun dire ako bumutos kun maupay man it nakakalaban.” (It depends on
who will be the challenger. I don’t have any excuse why I will not vote if the
challenger is good). Furthermore, Key informant E added that “Depende gud kun
kilala ko it na tawo! Bangin kun hi kuan la it malaban, maupay kun hi Chekay it
malaban. Depende kun hira hinu it malaban, kun mas maruupay, aadto kita!” (It
depends if I know the person. It might just anyone, better if Chikay will dare. It
always depends on who are the contenders, if they are better, we go for them!).
Another key informant also admitted, that “Kikitaun anay, kun maupay it iya
baga panuyo.”, Key informant J. (I will still observe if the challenger has good
intentions). Despite of their uncertainty, they still want to determine who will
contend to the incumbent political families. If the contenders were competent,
having good intentions and better compared to the present leaders, there are no
reasons why they will not choose them.
Other informant is also undecided, but he considers his uncertainty on
what positions that his bet will decide to run. He makes some options if based on
the moves done by any member of the dominant political family whom he had
supported (Brazil and Lapidario). He will still vote for the two of them, provided
they will not challenge each other in the same position. But, encase that the two
families will now be rivals in same position; the informant has no choice but to
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choose the best candidate between the two contending candidates coming from
the identified dominant political families. Key informant K admitted that:
“Depende,halimbawa kun it akon guin uugupan maginterest la
gihapun, anu pag dire ko ira. Pero!Kkun mag-iba hira
hinposesyon, possible liwat ako mag botos ha ira na duha. Sugad
Mayor ngan Vice Mayor, adto ako ha ira na duha, kun maguusa
hira, dire ako makakabutos it usa!”
(Depends, for example if the one im supporting will still run, why I
will not vote for him. But! If they will run for different position,
there is a possibility that I will vote the two of them. For example,
for Mayor and Vice Mayor, I will be with the two. But, if they will
run in the same position, I will only choose one!)
Respondent H also explains that it will depend on who will be the
challenger that his community will decide to vote for. He articulated “Amu man
gud permi it akon, hi vice! Depende siguro kay it kuan dinhe ha amun, kun hinu
it maupay na kandidato, adto kami, dire gud ako masiring na loyalist gud ako
hiton, depende, kun maupay liwat iton nakandidato, adto liwat ako.” (I always
vote for vice (Chad)! It depends; we have a practice in our barangay that we
choose the best candidate. I am not saying that I am loyalist with that, it depends,
if the candidate is good, then I will also choose that candidate).
While other key informants were undecided, others were already fixed that
they now want to have elected officials who does not come from any of the
dominant political families. For them, it doesn’t anymore matter if who will
oppose them. They were much concern that there is a need to change leadership in
the municipality.
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Informant S (52yrs.old, Brgy. Malaguinabot, San Miguel, Leyte) boldly
conceded that “para ha akon pwede man magliwan, kay kun dire maupai pwd
man liwat hera ibalik”. (For me it’s time to replace, if the replacement is not
better, then we can bring them back). Also, key informant R wants to try the
challenger, he narrated “adto na hit kaluyo kay titistingan kun mauru- upay
hera.” ( I’ll go for the opponent to try if they were better).
However, key informant I confessed that she will join the opponent side
once she does not like them anymore. “Kun dire na ako umayon ha ira mabulig
ako hit kaluyo, mag anu man kita kun dire na karuyag” (If I don’t like them
anymore, I will join the opponent side, what I can do if I don’t like them
anymore)
Key informant T frankly stated that it will always depend on whom can
help them. For him, it’s not their concern weather the candidate is new and
traditional. But what matters most is that what the candidate can do to their
family. Key informant T explains that:
“dependi kun hin o an nakabulig ha amon, adto kami, dire porket may bag-o axa tim buligan, dire sugad hit, Dapat kun hn o an bumulig gud haim adto ka masuporta bisan pa ito dumaraog or dire..”
(it depends, we are for who can help on us, it’s not necessary that you will vote for him because he is new, it’s not supposed to be! It must be the one that help you, the one you will vote for, no matter he or she is a strong one or a looser one)
With the feeling that they don’t like anymore the monopoly of dominant
political families in the municipality, they now preferred to have new leaders that
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will run the municipality. With these, they will try new officials that will manage
the community. If they see the replacement performs better compared to the
previous administrations of political families, they may support the new
contender. However, if the replacement is not competent compared to those in the
dominant political families, they will bring back to the post these dominant
political families. But some justified that they will vote for the one who can help
them not because they are new.
The rest of the Key informants were loyal and devoted with these political
families. No matter who will be their contender, they will not leave their
candidates. As pointed out by Respondent B:
“Dire! Kay habang hiya aada hiya, ada la gihap kami an amun
suporta kan mayor. Kay dako gud na utang nabuot namun ha ira
labi na it na tuna. Bisan hinu gud it bumanga dire gud kami
mabalhin,bahala, maperde hiya o magdaog basta ada la gihap
kami ha iya dire kami mabalhin!”
(No! For as long as he is still in the position, we will still support
tha Mayor. We have a debt of gratitude on them because of that
land. We will not leave them no matter who will challenge them,
win or loss are solid support is with him!)
Because the key informant works as a tenant of one of the identified
political families she has no valid excuse to not support the owner of the land.
The informant will not leave his master for as long he wants to run and hold for
any public office. Win or loss and no matter who will be his contender they will
70
continue to support his candidacy and administration for as long they will allow
them to cultivate in their land.
Key informant G also shares same thought with informant B. According to
him “Ada la gihapun, ha una na bahin, harani ha amun barrio, madali daupan,
makakabulig kun mayda problema,” (We stay, first reason they were near with
our barrio, we can reach them easily to ask for help in times of problems). Also
key informants N still want to support them because they can help. Key Informant
N (53yrs.old, Brgy. Guinciaman, San Miguel, Leyte) admitted that “mabutos
gadla gihapon ako ha mga Lapidario kay amo gud an nakabulig ha akon.” (I will
still vote for the Lapidario because they were the one that help me). Because of
convenience that the political families give on them, they cannot support other
candidate that opposes their candidacy. For as long that gratitude and advantage
existed in their hearts and minds, they cannot afford to neglect the efforts done by
these dominant political families.
But the rest of the key informants already labeled themselves as “loyalist”
with the leadership of these political families. Respondent V (37yrs.old, Brgy.
Santol, San Miguel, Leyte) admitted his loyalty “Adi ako hit Brazil mabutos,
loyalist kay maupay man magserbisyo” (I will vote for the Brazil, I am their
loyalist because they were good servants). Also informant W (39yrs.old, Brgy.
Santol, San Miguel, Leyte) conceded that he is one of the loyalist of the Lapidario
“Dire kaya, ada na ako ha ira, kun kan vice ada ak ha iya, loyal ako ha iya.”
(No, because im already with them, I’m loyal with Vice-Mayor)
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Despite informant L (51yrs.old, Brgy. Palayan, san Miguel, Leyte)
considers that its already time to have new administration but still he will still
vote and actively support the Brazil family, accordingly “Para ha akon bisan ako
magyakan na pwede magbag-o ada la geap ako hit mga brazil.” (For me even
thou say that its fine to change but still I will stay with the Brazil)
Key informant M uttered that “Lapidario la gihap..it tood, ine na
barangay ira gud ine kay it tawo na suporta gud haira kay damo nganhi it ira
mga saop..salit it mga tawo dinhi,loyal gud ha iya..” (Still it’s Lapidario,
honestly, people in these barangay were their active supporters because they were
tenant that’s why they were loyal)
Despite of the fact that most of the respondents are against the emergence
of political dynasty in the municipality, hence they still prefer to choose the said
families rather than new competitors because they knew the capacity and ability
of the families in managing the town.
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CHAPTER FIVE
A. SUMMARY
The study focuses on the presence of political dynasty in San Miguel,
Leyte from 1987 since the prohibition of Political Dynasty indicated in the
crafting of 1987 Constitution. The study sought to identify political families that
falls on the definition of political dynasty that there is succession in the family in
holding prominent political roles in the community and families and relatives that
occupy public offices.
The study utilized self-administered interview schedule for the data
gathering process. Separate interview questionnaires were given to the Political
families and Key Informants.
The result revealed that based on the available records, the Lapidario and
Brazil family dominated the politics in San Miguel, Leyte in terms of numbers
and length of time that the family member holds position.
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Respondents characterize these families to be “Makitawo” (People
oriented), “Mag-upay” (Good), “Nakakabulig” (Helpful) and “Pulitiko”
(Politicians).
For political families they believe that they were successful in serving the
municipality for long because of their good performance and service rendered to
their constituents and love of the people. The Key informants also believes that
these families has sufficient resources such money, land, vehicles and machines
such as people and wards they were able to continue their own legacy. In addition,
party affiliation and family support were considered by the candidates as a factor
for their victory.
Despite that they hold several positions, both families experienced defeat
due to lack of sufficient support for the people and party, as well popularity. Also,
the age was also a factor for their misfortune in aspiring for higher position.
However, even though they were defeated most of them tried their lack in
the next elections and earned a sufficient support and experience to be able to
return to power.
Some key informants believe that political dynasty can be good and
sometime bad for the municipality. However some of them were vocal that
political dynasty is not good for the municipality and some appreciate the
presence of dominant political families.
In terms of supporting possible challengers for the dominant families some
key informants were undecided to support the contender since they were not yet
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certain of who will challenge and their personal backgrounds. However, some
were decided to try new leadership and reinstate these families once their
contenders were incompetent in the position. But some were devoted loyalist to
vote for their admired political families for they see that they deserved and they
were useful to them.
B. Conclusions
Under which are the results of the study:
1. The Lapidario and Brazil family were the identified political families
that can be considered to incur political dynasty.
2. These families were characterized by the key informants as
“makitawo” (people oriented), “mag-upay” (good), “nakakabulig”
(helpdful) ,“pulitiko” (politicians).
3. Good attitude, Good service and performance, money, resources, love
of the people were considered by the informants as factors for their
success. In addition, support from the family, party affiliation and
good track records were recognized by the political families to be a
additional factors why they were in power.
4. Political families also experience defeat due to age, lack of sufficient
supporters and party support.
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5. Some members of the political families been defeated run after they
defeated in the subsequent election. Some regretted to run and enjoys
their private life.
6. Key informants sees that political dynasty were not good for the
municipality since the decisions were monopolized by the few. Others
still admire their long term leadership of the dominant political
families because they were useful to them and give progress to the
municipality. However some were neutral to view political dynasty
that it was good at some point and on the other hand bad for the
municipality.
C. Recommendation
Having taken the repercussions of the results of the study, appropriate
actions and policies listed below are thereby recommended:
1. To define political dynasties with corresponding time in order to
determine political clans and families that qualifies in building political
dynasty.
2. To strengthen the law on prohibition of political dynasty to practice fair
and equal chances of holding public positions.
3. To limit the succession among families in same position up to the second
degree to limit their control and monopoly in the government.
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4. The campaign expenses of the candidates have to be shouldered by the
government in order other candidates who have not sufficient resources
able to compete those well funded candidates.
5. Genuine citizens participation is recommended to eliminate political
dynasty and equal opportunity in holding public position be realized.
6. Future conduct of the study is highly recommended by the researchers to
be more informative about the subject matter.