political geography€¦ · political geography chapter 8: key issue 3 p. 276-285 . monday, january...
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POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY Chapter 8: Key Issue 3 p. 276-285
MONDAY, JANUARY 22 LEARNING OBJECTIVE: I can explain how the contemporary political map has been shaped by events of the past.
Defined: legal document or treaty
Delimited: drawn on map
Demarcated: marked on ground (wall, fence, post)
Administered: enforced by gov’t / people
Superimposed: ignores existing cultural landscape
Relic: no longer exists, impact still felt
Antecedent: existed before humans settled
Natural: physical (desert, mts, water)
Shapes of States 44. Compact State • Distance from center to
any boundary does not vary significantly
• Easy to manage when capital city is near center
Shapes of States 45. Elongated State • Long and narrow • Difficult to defend • Peripheral areas are
isolated
Shapes of States 46. Perforated State • State that completely
surrounds another state • Creates dependency in
the inner country
Shapes of States 47. Fragmented State • Several disconnected
pieces of territory • Off-shore islands make
communication difficult • Fragments of land can
separate ethnic groups
Shapes of States 48. Prorupted State • Has a long extension
projecting out from territory
• Can provide easy access to resources
• Might cause conflicts
Shapes of States Landlocked State • Surrounded by land on all
sides • No outlet to sea • Must cooperate with
neighbors for seaports
MATCH THEM! Compact Elongated Prorupted
Perforated Fragmented Landlocked
Shapes of States 49. Enclave • an enclosed territory that is
culturally distinct from the foreign territory that surrounds it
• Vatican City and San Marion (enclaves of Italy)
• Lesotho (enclave of South Africa)
• Native American reservations
Shapes of States 50. Exclave • a part of a country that is
separated from the rest of the country and surrounded by foreign territory
• Alaska (exclave of the continental US)
• Kaliningrad (exclave port of Russia)
Law of the Sea
When Law of the Sea Doesn’t Work • Median-line principle: line is drawn equidistant from
each country • Does not give equal access to resources
• Iran is contesting this in the Caspian Sea because other countries (Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, and Kazakhstan) would receive greater percentage of the resources than Iran
Sea or Lake? Sea: equidistant, evenly divided exclusive economic zones Lake: 15 miles for mineral exploration + 10 for fishing, the rest is a joint area
Sea Lake
Global Commons • Areas where countries
do not have the right to search for natural resources • Antarctica (scientific
research)
Exclusive Economic Zones
Who has legal claims to the South China Sea?
Click on image for link to article!
Important shipping lane Indian ! Pacific Ocean
¼ of traded goods Oil from Persian Gulf Chinese products Indonesian coffee
39. Redistricting reapportionment of representatives every ten years based on results of the census (so that each district has about the same number of people)
1973-1982 6 districts
2003-2013 5 districts
Since 2013 4 districts
40. Redistricting redrawing of political boundaries for political gain by one party Crash Course: Gerrymandering
41. Unitary States 42. Federal States
STATE / REGIONAL STATE / REGIONAL
power power
NATIONAL GOV’T NATIONAL GOV’T
● SIG: in general, world has become more democratic ○ more rights, voting, democratic governments
Arab Spring
● recent dramatic shift in governments (2010-2011) ● major protests in SW Asia and N Africa
○ demonstrations, rallies, strikes by college-aged people ○ used social media to organize protests ○ autocratic regimes suppressed media coverage, so protesters used social
media ● forced autocratic rulers out of power in Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, and Yemen
Local Scale: Unitary and Federal States
● Unitary state: most power in central gov’t ○ states with few internal cultural differences ○ strong national unity ○ small states - easy communication
■ Europe - France ■ Kenya, Rwanda - one ethnic group dominates local groups ■ China - promote communist values
● Federal state: allocates power to units of local gov’t ○ multinational states - empower different nationalities across state ○ local gov’t boundaries correspond with different ethnic regions ○ large states
■ United States, Canada, Russia, Brazil, India ■ Belgium - two ethnic groups (Flemish and Waloons)
ELECTORAL GEOGRAPHY (p. 284-285) Electoral Geography
● redraw districts every 10 years to reflect population changes ● gerrymandering: redrawing legislative boundaries that favor one party
○ Wasted vote: spreads opposition across many districts ○ Excess vote: concentrates opposition into a few districts ○ Stacked vote: links distant areas of like-minded voters
● Europe: boundaries drawn by independent commissions ● US: redrawn by the legislature (except Iowa, Washington)
43. Theocracy
religion is intertwined with the political structure Iran is under Sharia Law (Shiite Muslims)
43. Theocracy
In what ways is democracy a threat to theocracy? How does this relate to the Arab Spring?
Arab Spring
A series of protests in North Africa and the Middle East to overthrow dictators and replace them with dictatorships Began in 2011
● SIG: in general, world has become more democratic ○ more rights, voting, democratic governments
Arab Spring
● recent dramatic shift in governments (2010-2011) ● major protests in SW Asia and N Africa
○ demonstrations, rallies, strikes by college-aged people ○ used social media to organize protests ○ autocratic regimes suppressed media coverage, so protesters used social
media ● forced autocratic rulers out of power in Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, and Yemen
Local Scale: Unitary and Federal States
● Unitary state: most power in central gov’t ○ states with few internal cultural differences ○ strong national unity ○ small states - easy communication
■ Europe - France ■ Kenya, Rwanda - one ethnic group dominates local groups ■ China - promote communist values
● Federal state: allocates power to units of local gov’t ○ multinational states - empower different nationalities across state ○ local gov’t boundaries correspond with different ethnic regions ○ large states
■ United States, Canada, Russia, Brazil, India ■ Belgium - two ethnic groups (Flemish and Waloons)
ELECTORAL GEOGRAPHY (p. 284-285) Electoral Geography
● redraw districts every 10 years to reflect population changes ● gerrymandering: redrawing legislative boundaries that favor one party
○ Wasted vote: spreads opposition across many districts ○ Excess vote: concentrates opposition into a few districts ○ Stacked vote: links distant areas of like-minded voters
● Europe: boundaries drawn by independent commissions ● US: redrawn by the legislature (except Iowa, Washington)
Homework DUE THURSDAY DUE FRIDAY Read: p. 282-285 Read: p. 268-275 Vocab: #38-43 Vocab: #22-23 Questions: #20-27 Questions: #9-15