political islam in turkey

7/25/2019 Political Islam in Turkey

1/90

1

16 1998

(Refah Partisi),

.

[ ]

.1

.

,

.

, .

, 1990.

.

,2

(1923 1950),

1990.

.

1Laik Cumhuriyet ilkesine aykr eylemleri nedeniyle,Milliyet, 17 Ocak 1998.

2 Cumhuriyet

Republic

. .


2/90

2

:

, ,

,

.

( ,

),

,

.

,

.

90,

. ,

, ,

.

.

... ,

, (think tanks)

.

,

.

,

,


3/90

3

.

:

;

,

, ,

;

,

;

, .

,

,

.

, ,

.


4/90

4

: .

,

.

3

,

(661 -750) (750 1250)

-

. , ,

(aria eriat ),

.

, ,

.4

.

(Sunn)

. (i`a

, ) (

) Ali.

.

Hanefi, Hanbali, Maliki afii.

,

,

3 Abu Bakr (632-634), Omar (634-644), Othman (644-656)

Ali (656-661).4 The Times, Concise Atlas of World History, ed. Geoffrey Barraclough (London: Times

Books, 1994

5

), . 40-41.

H.A.R. GibbHarold Bowen, Islamic Society and the West, vol. 1,pt. I, Islamic Society in the Eighteenth Century(London: Oxford University Press, 1950), .


5/90

5

:

(kelime-i ehadet), (namaz),

(oru), (zekt) (hac)

.

9 11

:

(tasawwuf, sufilik)

/

/ .

,

, .

,

.

10 11 ,

.5

,

.

, ,

.

( , 977-1186

, 992-1211) ,

- (gaz, aknc)

/ (dervi)

.

,

21-22. . , (7-18 )(: . , 1987).


6/90

6

.6

,

.

,

:

(ulema) ,

(mera).

(askeri).

ulema (imam,

mezzin), (fetva)

(mft, eyh-l-islam),

(kad), (mderris). ,

,

(umma, mmet)

(eriat).7

,

.8, ,

5

H.A.R. GibbHarold Bowen, . 21.6 Speros Vryonis Jr, The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process ofIslamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century (Berkeley and Los Angeles:University of California Press, 1971), . 143-287. , cihd gz, . inasiTekin, Trk Dnyasnda Gzve CihdKavramlar zerine Dnceler ( Gz Cihd ), , Tarih ve Toplum109 (Ocak1993): 9-18.110 (ubat 1993): 9-16.7 askeri, . Halil nalck, The Nature of Traditional Sosiety. Turkey, Robert A.

Ward-Dunkwart Rustow, Political Modernization in Japan and Turkey (Princeton: PrincetonUniversity Press, 1964), 42-63. ulema, .H.A.R. GibbHarold Bowen, op. cit., pt.II, 70-113. , . - , . , (: , ...), . 446-485.8

. Margoliouth erif Mardin, Din ve deoloji( )(stanbul: letiim, 19977), . 67-68.


7/90

7

, mmet

. ,

Allah. , , -

, mmet

, ,

(peygamber) .

, -

,

(, civitas).

, , ,

, Allah,

Allah,

Allah,9

,

/ (tarikat).10

, Mardin

.

Durkheim

.

,

. ,

. (mmet)

(ulema), .11

/

/ -,

9Ibid., . 72. , . 101 erif Mardin, Ideology and Religion in the

Turkish Revolution, Trkiyede Din ve Siyaset ( )

(stanbul: letiim, 1997

5

), . 156.10Mardin,Din ve deoloji, . 71, 93.


8/90

8

. ,

-,

.12

, , : ,

, ,

, , ,

,

.

,

(ruling institution)

(..

Mevlevi Nakibendi),

( Bektai).13

19

(Tanzimat)

. , ,

:

.

, ,

19 ,

Namk Kemal, Enver Bey Ziya Paa.

11Ibid., .73-76.12

Binnaz Toprak, Islam and Political Development in Turkey(Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1981), . 28-29. - , . Mardin, erif Mardin, Center-Periphery Relations: A Key to Turkish Politics?,

Daedalus, vol. 102 (Winter 1973): 169-190.13Mardin, Trkiyede Din ve Siyaset, . 161.Din ve deoloji, . 95-96.Toprak, . 27-28.


9/90

9

,

,

, . ,

eriat,

, ,

,

, .

Cemaleddin Afgani (1839-1897) Muhammed Abduh (1845-1905),

.

(kinci Merutiyet,

),

Srat-i Mstakim(1908)

Sebilr-Read (1911).

, , Mardin

(itihad) [ ].14

(hadis ehli),

.

20

/ ,

,

Ziya Gkalp: ,

, (Trklemek, slamlamak, Muasrlamak).

,

,

14Mardin, slmclk ( ), Trkiyede Din ve Siyaset, . 11-24.


10/90

10

.15

,

(1911-1922).

15

Bernard Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey (London: Oxford University Press,19682), . 234-236.


11/90

11

1923-1980

1. 1923-1950

(1919-1922)

(ttihad ve Terakki Cemiyeti) ,

, ,

Mustafa Kemal. ,

,

.16 ,

1923 1935 ,

,

. Toprak

:

, , .17

- .

(1922)

(1924), (1928),

(1925),

(1925),

(ezan, 1931-1932),

(1934).

. ,

, eyh-l-islam

(eriye ve

Evkf Vekleti, 1924),

16 , Zrcher, . Erik Jan Zrcher, MilliMcadelede ttihatlk [ The Unionist Factor. The Role of theCommittee of Union and Progress in the Turkish National Movement, 1905-1926(Leiden: E.J.

Brill, 1983)] (stanbul: Balam, 1995

2

).17Toprak, . 40.


12/90

12

(Diyanet leri Reislii)

(Evkf Umum Mdrl)

.18 ,

,

(trbe) (tekke) 1925,

.

:

. 1924

.

. ,

(Tevhid-i Tedrisat Kanunu, 1924)

,

(medrese)

, ,

.

(mam-Hatip Mektepleri),

.

,

. ,

,

(1926).19

,

-

. , ,

Ziya Gkalp :

18

1928 1924 .


13/90

13

,

,

. , ,

(hurafe)

. 1928

. ,

, ,

, ,

,

-.

.20

. ,

(1946-1950) nn,

, .

7

,

(social cement). , 1949

,

, ,

1930 1933 .21

19 , . Toprak, . 40-54.

20Mardin,Din ve deoloji, . 148-149. Lewis, . 414-415,

. Ziya Gkalp, . Taha Parla, ZiyaGkalp, Kemalizm ve Trkiyede Korporatizm ( Ziya Gkalp, ) (stanbul: letiim: 19932), . 79-85. , .Toprak, . 38-39.erif Mardin, Religion and Secularism in Turkey, Ali Kazancgil andErgun zbudun (eds.), Atatrk: Founder of a Modern State(London: C. Hurst & Co., 1981),

208-212.21Mardin, slmclk, . 32.Toprak, . 49 76-78.


14/90

14

2. 1950 1980

(Demokrat Parti) Adnan

Menderes 14 1950

.

(secular)

, .

Mardin

:

, (tarikat)

,

.22

,

-

.

-,

. ,

.. (ezan)

. ,

, .23

, ..

,

, .

Ticani Atatrk,

, 15

Kemal Pilavolu.

22

Mardin, slmclk, . 31-36.23Toprak, . 78-82.


15/90

15

Nurcu.

, Risale-i Nur (

), Bedizzaman Said Nursi (1873-1960),

,

. .24 ..,

,

.

,

.25

27 1960.

(Adalet Partisi) ,

, 60.

1961

Ragp Gmpala

,

/ ..

(Menderes, Zorlu,

Koraltan).26

(

-, ),

. , ,

, ..

...

,

24 Bedizzaman Said Nursi, . erif Mardin, Bedizzaman Said Nursi (1873 -1960):Bir Tebliin ekillenmesi ( Bedizzaman Said Nursi (1873-1960):The Shaping of a Vocation), Trkiyede Din ve Siyaset, .170-193.25 Toprak, . 83-90. Erik J. Zrcher, Turkey. A Modern History (London-New York: I.B.

Tauris, 1994), . 243-245.26Ibid., , 258.


16/90

16

. ...

( irtica).

nn ,

, Nurcu,

. ,

,

.27

60,

. ...

Ecevit

(ortann solu) ,

-

,

.28 , Necmettin

Erbakan 1969 ,

.

( ), 1970

, (Mill Nizam

Partisi).29

Erbakan

,

. , , - (muhtra) 12 1971.

Erbakan .

Turgut

Sunalp .

27erif Mardin, TrkiyedeDin Sembollerin Dnm stne Bir Not (

A Note on the Transformation of Religious Symbols in Turkey, Trkiyede Din ve

Siyaset, . 209.Toprak, . 92-96.28Ibid., . 94-95.


17/90

17

Erbakan 1972

(Mill Selamet Partisi).

Sunalp

(devlet partisi),

.30

. ,

Nakibendi (

Erbakan) Nurcu .31

,

1973

11,8%

, ... Blent Ecevit.

.32 , ,

Nurcu,

8,6% 1977.33 ,

(Milliyeti Cephe)

1975 1977,

, , ( ,

, Milliyeti Hareket Partisi

Alparslan Trke)

.34,

,

,

29Zrcher, Turkey. A Modern History, . 270.

30 Aye avdar, Tarikatlarn Seim Snav ( ),

Nokta, 14-20 ubat 1999, 9.31

Ibid., . 9. erif Mardin, Modern Trkiyede Din ( Religion inModern Turkey,Trkiyede Din ve Siyaset, . 107.32Feroz Ahmad, The Making of Modern Turkey (London and New York: Routledge, 1994),. 161-162.33

avdar, . 9-10.erif Mardin, 2000e Doru Kltr ve Din ( TheConference on Turkey towards the Year 2000), paper

, Trkiyede Din ve Siyaset, . 225-226.34Ahmad, . 165-167.avdar, . 10.


18/90

18

,

12 1980.

3. 1980-1990

.35,

. ,

ulema, , . ,

258 350,

270,000, 40,000 .

. , ,

, , .36

Turgut zal .

,

.

(Diyanet leriMdrl) . ,

, 50,765

1979 84,712 1989 115

, 62,947 1988 54,667

35 60, .Zrcher, Turkey. A Modern History, . 259-

260.36Ahmad, . 214, 219-220.


19/90

19

1984, 1500 .37,

(Trk-slam Sentezi),

.

(Aydnlar Oca),

.

, .38

.39

(Anavatan Partisi) Turgut zal,

.

, ,

. ,

, . ,

Nakibendi Nurcu

zal, .

, ,

.40

37Ibid., .220-221,

.38

M. Hakan Yavuz, Political Islam and the Welfare (Refah) Party in Turkey, ComparativePolitics 30, 1 (October 1997): 67-68. , . Tanl Bora-Kemal Can, Devlet,Ocak, Dergh. 12 Eyllden 1990lara lkc Hareket(, , . 12 90), (stanbul: letiimYaynlar, 19994), . 147-189.39 , 1987. 40

Sencer Ayata, Patronage, Party, and State: The Politicization of Islam in Turkey, MiddleEast Journal 50, n. 1 (Winter 1996): 44-45.avdar, . 10.


20/90

20

19 1983

(Refah Partisi),

.

(Ali Trkmen, Ahmet Tekdal),

,

1987 Erbakan .

1987 7,2% (

Nakibendi ANAP, Nurcu DYP),

1989 9,8% 16

46 , ,

, Kahramanmara, anlurfa Van.41

. ,

, ,

.

.

41Ibid., .10-11.Yavuz, . 70-71.


21/90

21

1990

1.

1991 ,

16,2%, 62 . ,

,

(Milliyeti alma

Partisi) (Demokrat Partisi).42

10%. , 22

,

.43

Refah, ,

1994,

19,7%, :

.

. 1995,

21,4%,

158 . , ,

ANAP-DYP. ,

Tansu iller Mesut Ylmaz,

1996, .

Refah,

. , 1996,

42 1985-1992 ,

Adnan Menderes, Aydn Menderes43Yavuz, . 71-72.


22/90

22

Refah-DYP : Necmettin

Erbakan.44

Erbakan

, .

,

, .

, , Erbakan :

,

Atatrk.

,

,

.45

,

.

,

, .46

, , , ,

D-8,

(, , ,

, , , ).

G-7 .

, , Refah

,

. ,

..

44 Ibid., . 71-72. George Joff, The Islamist Enigma in Turkey, Jime Review (Autumn

1996): 11-12.45Ibid., . 10.


23/90

23

1995,

(Operation Provide

Comfort) . .

1996,

.47, ,

Erbakan

,

.

, . ,

50% 7

70% ,

1996 1,5 .48 , ,

,

.

,

.

,

,

.

.

,

(barts)

46 M. Hakan Yavuz, Turkish-Israeli Relations through the Lens of the Turkish Identity

Debate, Journal of Palestine Studies 27, no. 1 (Autumn 1997): 29.47

Ibid., . 29, 31-32.

Phillip Robins, Turkish Foreign Policy under Erbakan, Survival39, no. 2(Summer 1997): 83-94.Joff, . 13-18.


24/90

24

.

, ,

.

Taksim

,

.49

1997

...

,

[ ] (Aydnlk iin bir Dakika Karanlk),

9:00

, ,

, .

Refah,

, .50

, ,

4 ,

(Kuds Gecesi), Refah Sincan,

.

,

.

. 24-28

smail Hakk Karaday

.

(Milli Gvenlik Kurulu) 18

48Ibid., .20.

49 Nilfer Narl, The Rise of the Islamist Movement in Turkey, Middle East Review of

International Affairs (MERIA)3, no.3 (September 1999): 6-7.50

Ibid., . 7. evket Kazan .


25/90

25

-

.51

18

: )

(sekiz yllk kesintisiz

eitim), ,

, )

)

)

.

( lker

hlas), 19 , 20

51 , 110

1.200 -.52

Refah ,

,

29 ,

,

.53 Erbakan

, Vural

Sava

.54

, 16 1998

,

9-2.

51Ibid., . 7.Yavuz, Turkish-Israeli Relations, . 30.52

Ibid., . 30.53

Ibid., . 30-31. Ordu: Devleti Koruyalm (: ),Radikal, 30 Nisan 1997, 5.54

Yavuz, Turkish-Israeli Relations, . 31

.

James Nathan, Turkey on Edge, InternationalRelations13, no.5 (August 1997): 21.


26/90

26

Ahmet Necdet Sezer. , ,

Erbakan

evket Kazan, Ahmet Tekdal, evki Ylmaz, Hasan Hseyin Ceylan, . Halil

elik,

, .

,

.55

. ,

1998 (Fazilet Partisi),

Refah

.56 Recai Kutan. ,

. (Devlet

Gvenlik Mahkemesi)

Recep Tayyip Erdoan,

.

... Fazilet

Refah -

,

.

1999 15,41%.57

. , ,

,

.

55. Milliyet, 17 1998.

56 ,

(fazilet) erdem.57Chronology of Political Islam in Turkey, Turkish Probe, 4 February 2001.


27/90

27

2. Refah

Refah 1990

.

(Adil Dzen).

.

,

,

.

,

, .

,

. , .

. Refah

,

.

: ..., .. .58

.

, .

Erbakan, ,

58Robins, passim..Joff, . 9-10.Ayata, . 54.


28/90

28

.

, ,

, .

, , ,

.

,

,

mmet

.

.

, ,

,

, ,

.59

Refah,

eriat,

.

zal,

.

,

,

.

59Yavuz, Political Islam, . 73-74.Ayata, . 54.


29/90

29

,

-, Refah (urban)

.60 ,

, 1993

,

.61 ,

.

.62

,

.

, 1995,

,

.63

,

.

, , , ,

, .

,

.

:

,

, ,

,

60Yavuz, Political Islam, . 70.61

Metin Heper, Islam and Democracy in Turkey: Towards a Reconciliation?, Middle EastJournal 51, no. 1 (Winter 1997): 37.62Ibid., . 36.Henry Barkey, Turkey, Islamic Politics and the Kurdish Question, World Policy

Journal13, no.1 (Spring 1996): 45.63Heper, . 36.


30/90

30

.64

Refah .

.

(Avrupa Milli Gr Tekilt),

. 1970

70,000 ,

.

(International Humanitarian Help) ,

,

.65

,

.

(gelenekiler)

Necmettin Erbakan, Ouzhan Asiltrk

evket Kazan,

.

.

.

,

64

Ayata, . 53

.

Heper, . 36

.

Yavuz, Political Islam, . 76-78.

Barkey, . 45.65Yavuz, Political Islam, . 77.


31/90

31

.

.66

(yenilikiler)

,

.

Recep Tayyip Erdoan, Bahri Zengin

Erbakan, Abdullah Gl.

. , Erdoan

,

,

.67 Zengin

,

.

(, )

.

,

.68

, ,

.69

,

.

66Yavuz, Political Islam, . 76.

67Heper, . 37.68

Yavuz, Political Islam, . 75-76.69Barkey, . 48.


32/90

32

, Refah

. , .

, , :

, ,

.70

1991 .

,

. ,

,

,

, .

.71

,

: .

.

. , , Refah

.

,

70

Yavuz, Political Islam, . 73-75.

Survey: Turkey, Economist, 10 June 2000, 12.71Barkey, . 46-47.


33/90

33

. 72

Refah

:

,

,

.73

1995, ,

, .

,

.

,

,

.

, Refah

.

, ,

. ,

,

,

.74

Refah

, .

,

72Joff, . 19-22.

73Robins, . 94.Survey: Turkey, Economist, 12-13.74

Ibid., . 94-97.

Michael M. Gunter, The Silent Coup: The Secularist -Islamist Struggle inTurkey, Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies21, no. 3 (Spring 1998): 4-11.


34/90

34

,

,

.

,

.75

Refah

(Bat alma Grubu)

evik Bir Gven

Erkaya,

.

.

,

Refah. ,

, ,

,

,

eriat.

,

,

.76

.

,

,

Utah, Metin Tamko,

.

(, , ),

(conservatives) (revisionists),

75

Heper, . 43-44.76Ibid., . 42.


35/90

35

.

. Tamko 60

(moderates)

(militants).77

, ,

. ,

.

,

.

,

.

,

,

. , ,

.78

,

. ,

,

.

77 Metin Tamko, The Warrior Diplomats. Guardians of the National Security and

Modernization of Turkey(Salt Lake City:Utah University Press, 1976), . 103-105.78Heper, . 42-44.


36/90

36

3.

1995.

. ,

Refah

,

,

. ,

, (),

, ,

.

Refah

,

, .

,

.

. ,

. -

,

1993,

37 .

Refah.79



37/90

37

.

,

.

,

,

. , Refah 1995

HADEP.

, Refah,

HADEP .

(Demokrasi Partisi, DEP)

,

,

, .

, Refah

1,40%.80

,

.

-

Rize.

, .

,

80 Ibid., . 79. Barkey, . 50-51. DEP, .

Cumhuriyet, 9 Aralk () 1994. ,. ,

Azimet Kylou KyleriDevlet Yakyor ( ), Cumhuriyet, 11 Ekim () 1994.


38/90

38

,

.81

.

, ,

,

,

,

.

80.

.

,

.

(import substitution strategy). ,

,

(devletilik). , , 1980

, 60,

. , :

(export-oriented economy).

,

.82


82Haldun Glalp, Modernization Policies and Islamic Politics in Turkey, Sibel Bozdoan

and Reat Kasaba (eds.), Rethinking Modernity and National Identity in Turkey (Seattle andLondon: University of Washington Press, 1997), . 54-57.


39/90

39

.

,

,

.

, .83

60

.84 , ,

.

(urban)

,

,

.

,

.

, , , ,

, ,

.85

,

: status.

83Ziya nis, The Political Economy of Islamic Resurgence in Turkey: The Rise of Welfare

Party in Perspective, Third World Quarterly 18, no. 4 (1997): 749-753.84 Refah 1995 (gecekondu), . . lg zler, Politics of the Gecekondu in Turkey: ThePolitical Choices of Urban Squatters in National Elections, Turkish Studies1, no. 2 (Autumn2000): 39-58.85

NilferGle, Secularism and Islamism in Turkey: The Making of Elites and Counter-Elites,Middle East Journal 51, no. 1 (Winter 1997): 51-53.


40/90

40

/ .

,

.

, .

, ,

-

. , ,

,

, .86

, ,

Refah. .

,

.

.

,

.

,

,

, , ,

.87

,

.

86 Ibid., . 52, life-world .Ayata,

. 53-54.87

mit Cizre Sakallolu, Parameters and Strategies of Islam-State Interaction in RepublicanTurkey, International Journal of Middle East Studies28 (1996): 241-242.


41/90

41

. ,

,

. ,

,

,

.

:

. , ,

,

.

,

.88

.

,

.

, ...

,

.

,

.

,89 ,

.

, ,

, ,

88Gle, . 55-57.

89 , . Menderes nar/ Aye Kadolu, An

Islamic Critique of Modernity in Turkey: Politics of Difference Backwards, Orient40, 1 (1999):53-69.


42/90

42

,

, .90

,

,

.

.

1980

, ,

(bourgeoisie).

zal,

.91

, , ,

.

,

.

,

. , 1990

(Mstakil

Sanayici ve adamlar Dernei, MSIAD).

90Heper, . 40-42.Gle, . 56. ,

. Michael E. Meeker, The New Muslim Intellectuals in the Republic of Turkey RichardTapper (ed.), Islam in Modern Turkey. Religion, Politics and Literature in a Secular State(London-New York: I.B. Tauris & Co., 1991), . 189-219.91

, .Ahmad, . 221.Sakallolu, . 244. Rabtatl-lemi-

slm, . CumhuriyetUur Mumcu, Uur Mumcu, Rabta(stanbul: Tekin Yaynevi, 1993).


43/90


44/90

44

,

Abdurrahman Dilipak: MSIAD

, .

. MSIAD .

. ,

.94

Refah

. TSIAD

,

.

, MSIAD

.

94

Metin Sever, Tarikatlarn Sermayesi Nereden Geliyor? ( ;), Nokta, 15-21 Ocak () 1995, 33.nis, . 759-761.


45/90

45

4. ,

80

:

.

.95

,

. , Nakibendi

zal ( ,

Korkut zal),

,

, , Al-Baraka Trk.

Nurcu,

Faisal Finans, Nurcu Fethullah Glen

Fethullahi ...,

MSIAD ,

,

.96

,

, . ,

,

,

.

95nis, . 758.96

Sever, . 29-32. , . Faik Bulut, Tarikat SermayesininYkselii( ) (stanbul: teki Yaynevi, 1995).


46/90


47/90

47

,

,

.

. , ,

, Fethullah100 Sleymanc

. ,

,

.

, , ,

,

.101

, ,

.

.

Refah .

80,

. ,

Mesut Ylmaz ANAP, 1991,

100

Fethullah Glen , . Blent Aras and mer Caha, Fethullah Glen andHis Liberal Turkish Islam Movement,Middle East Review of International Affairs (MERIA)4,no.4 (December 2000): 1-13. , , , , 1 1999, 38-40.M. Hakan Yavuz, Towards anIslamic Liberalism?: The Nurcu Movement and Fethullah Glen, Middle East Journal53, no.

4 (Autumn 1999): 583-605.101Ibid., . 50-51.Sakallolu, . 243-244.


48/90

48

Turgut zal102

Nakibendi

,

.

, 1995

(cemaat)

. Nakibendi aramba,

Erenky Kbrsi ,

skender Paa , Menzil

,

, (Byk Birlik Parisi).

Nurcu

, ,

Fethullah ANAP, Yeni Nesil DYP. Sleymanclar

ANAP, klar

,

, Refah.103

. , ,

,

.

,

.

(iftar yemei) Erbakan , 10 1997.

Fethullah Nurcu

102 zal 1977

Refah , . avdar, Tarikatlarn SeimSnav,Nokta, .10.Ayata, 45-46.103

Baki Koar, Tarikatlardan Erbakana Rest ve Salvo ( Erbakan), Nokta, 26 Mart-1 Nisan 1995, 18-19.


49/90

49

.104

Refah, Erbakan,

.

, .

Recai Kutan

Refah .

,

,

.

( DYP ANAP),

. 115

Refah

(Gnl Erleri Platformu),

DYP.

, Ali Trkmen,

Nakibendi, Nurcu

Sleymanc.105

1999. ,

,

. , ,

,

. ,

104

avdar, . 11-12.105Ibid., .12-13.


50/90

50

,

.

,

.106

,

,

.

15 - (25%

) ,

,

. Kzlba (,

)

, Bektai,

13 Hac Bekta Veli.

, 20%

. ,

16

,

.

,

, ,

, .107

1923,

Mustafa Kemal

.

106Ibid., . 13.Heper, . 38-40.107

David Zeidan, The Alevi of Anatolia,Middle East Review of International Affairs (MERIA) 3, no.4 (December 1999): 1-3. , . etin Yetkin, Etnik veToplumsal Ynleriyle Trk Halk Hareketleri ve Devrimler (

), 2 , (stanbul:May Yaynlar, 1974).


51/90

51

,

.

,

.

1950,

, 1960,

.

1966

(Birlik Partisi).

1970

, .

1978,

Kahramanmara

.108

zal

. , ,

. , 1990

,

,

. ,

, ,

1993,

Refah Gazi Osman Paa

1995.

,

108

Zeidan, 3-4

.

erif Mardin, Modern Trkiyede Din ve Siyaset ( Religion and Politicsin Modern Turkey),Trkiyede Din ve Siyaset, . 114-145.


52/90

52

,

, .109

,

. (MIT)

90

10.110

(slami Hareket, slami Direni)

Hizbullah

. , ,

,

,

.

(BDA-C).

,

(eriat). , ,

(, , ),

,

. ,

,

109Zeidan, 5, 16. . 13-18 1995. Sabah (Yunan Parma), .Sabah, 16Mart 1995. 1997 Sleyman Demirel Mesut Ylmaz

Hac Bekta Veli.110., Cumhuriyet, 30 Ekim () 1991.


53/90

53

1998. ,

BDA-C,

1999

Hizbullah.

PKK calan.

,

1993.

, ,

, ,

.111

111 Ely Karmon, The Demise of Radical Islam in Turkey, paper

International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism, www.ict.org.il/articles/articledet.cfm?articleid=130 (

Middle East Review of International Affairs(MERIA)1, no.4 (December 1997).
http://www.ict.org.il/articles/articledet.cfm?articleid=130http://www.ict.org.il/articles/articledet.cfm?articleid=130http://www.ict.org.il/articles/articledet.cfm?articleid=130


54/90

54

1970

(Islamic Revival)112,

,

(think tanks). ,

:

,

(Bernard Lewis, Samuel Huntington),

,

,

(Edward Said, John Esposito, Fred

Halliday).113

,

, ,

, .

,

.

, ,

.114

112 , . Simon Murden, Cultural Conflict in Internatinal

Relations: The West and Islam, John Baylis-Steve Smith, The Globalization of WorldPolitics(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999), . 374-389.113

, . Mahmood Monshipouri, TheWests Modern Encounter with Islam: From Discourse to Reality, Journal of Church andState, (Winter 1998), . 1-23.114

Is Islamism a Threat? A Debate, ( Middle EastQuartrly 2 1999 , John Esposito,

Martin Kramer, Graham Fuller, Daniel Pipes, Patrick Clawson, www.meforum.org/meq/dec99/debate.htm.
http://www.meforum.org/meq/dec99/debate.htmhttp://www.meforum.org/meq/dec99/debate.htmhttp://www.meforum.org/meq/dec99/debate.htm


55/90

55

,

.

,

.

,

.

,

:

. , , ,

, , , ,

-. ,

.115

,

,

.

80 ,

zal

... :

,

.116

1991, ,

115

Ibid. Samuel Huntington, (:Terzo Books, 1998), . 124-125.


56/90

56

.

... ,

.117

.

,

, .

70

,

, .

,

,

,

.118 Refah

,

.

Erbakan

, .. (cihad)

,

.

, ,

,

, .119

116Ahmad, . 175, 214, 219-221.

117Is Islamism a Threat? A Debate.118

Ibid. Mahmood Monshipouri, Reform and the Human Rights Quandary: Islamists vs.Secularists, Journal of Church and State, (Summer 1999): 1-28. Morton I. Abramowitz,Dateline Ankara: Turkey after Ozal, Foreign Policy, no.91 (Summer 1993), , .119

Ibid. Stephen Kinzer, The Islamist who Runs Turkey, Delicately, The New York TimesMagazine, 23 February 1997.Barkey, . 48-50.Nathan, Turkey on Edge, . 22-24,


57/90

57

.

,

,

.

,

.

Refah, .

Erbakan

,

. ,

.

Taksim

,

.120

,

.

, Refah

.

(), ,

,

. ,

1996 , .


58/90

58

,

.

,

. ,

,

.

.

,

eriat.

,

.121

:

.

, .

. , ,

(irtica). , ,

120Eric Rouleau, Turkey: Beyond Atatrk, Foreign Policy 103 (Summer 1996): 79-80.

121. , . (1995-1997)( ..., 1997), 6-7, 19-28.

(Financial Times., International Herald Tribune, Le Monde) .


59/90

59

1997

. ,

,

Erbakan

,

.122

Refah ,

.

.

.

,

.123

, 1950.

, ,

,

.

, , ,

,

,

122 Mumtaz Ahmad and I. William Zartman, Political Islam: Can it Become a Loyal

Opposition?, Middle East Policy5, no. 1 (January 1997): 79-80.123

Monshipouri, . 19-20.

Is Islamism a Threat? A Debate, passim.

.

Mumtaz Ahmad and I.William Zartman, . 80.


60/90

60

.

NGO

.124

,

.

, .

,

,

,

.

,

,

.125

124 Debbie Lovatt, Islam, Secularism and Civil Society, The World Today 53, no. 8-9(August-September 1997): 226-229.125

. Turkeys Refah Party in Power: An Assessment: An Interview with Graham Fuller,Middle East Affairs Journal3, no. 1-2 (Winter-Spring 1997), Yavuz, Turkish-

Israeli Relations, . 34

.

Ian O. Lesser, Turkeys Strategic Options, The InternationalSpectator34, no. 1 (January-March 1999): 79-88.


61/90

61

The Emergence of Modern

Turkey Bernard Lewis

-

: .

,

, , . ,

Lewis, 60,

(milliyet) .126

1959 11 6-14

,

;.127

. , 1968 , ,

50,3% , 37,5%

.128 1994, 69%

, 21% 4%

.129

, ,

. 78

126Lewis, . 344, . 36.

elhamdlillah mslmanm, . , .127Mardin, Din ve deoloji, . 81.128

Ibid., . 163-164.129Heper, . 34-35.


62/90

62

,

. Lewis

.

, ,

,

.

,

.130

1923

: ,

. ,

.

,

.131

, ,

.

, ,

,

,

.132

,

,

130Lewis, . 422-424.Toprak, . 55.131Mardin,Trkiyede Din ve Siyaset, . 218-219.Toprak, . 24.132

, .Mardin,Trkiyede Din veSiyaset, . 166.Toprak, . 39.


63/90

63

Said 1925,

Kubilay 1930.133

,

,

. ,

,

.

,

,

,

. ,

.

Lewis .

[ ]

.134 ,

,

.135 ,

, ,

.

. Mustafa Kemal

,

133 , . Mete Tunay, T.C.nde Tek Parti Ynetiminin

Kurulmas (1923-1931) (

, 1923-1931) (stanbul: Cem Yaynevi, 19892

).134Lewis, . 423.


64/90

64

.

,

.

, , ,

.136 ,

,

,

. ,

,

.

1970.

Necmettin Erbakan

.

.

,

(hadis ehli),

.

,

. , ,

. ,

,

12 1980.

, ,

.

135

Toprak, . 124.136Mardin,Trkiyede Din ve Siyaset, . 82-83, 165.


65/90

65

, .

,

.

,

,

Refah,

. ,

,

, ,

.

,

MSIAD

.

.

, ,

. ,

,

. ,

,

.

,

.

, ,


66/90

66

, .137

,

, :

, .

. ,

, .

Refah ,

:

, , ,

.138

,

1923 :

.

,

.

,

.

137Glalp, Modernization Policies and Islamic Politics in Turkey, . 58-59.138

, . mit Cizre Sakallolu, Kemalizm slamlayor ( ), Nee Dzel, Yeni Yzyl, 26 Ocak ()


67/90


68/90


69/90

69

,

,

. ,

,

.

1998

.

,

.

(Cemil iek, Ali Cokun, Abdullah Gl, Abdulkadir Aksu),

1999. , ,

.

, .142

,

60% ( 50%),

.

, Nazl lcak Oya

Akgnen, .

,

Refah. ,

, ,

141

Heper, . 35-38.

Gle, passim.

.

Ayata, . 55-56.142Narl, The Rise of the Islamist Movement in Turkey, . 6.


70/90

70

Recai Kutan Nazl lcak ,

.143

..,

,

. , ,

,

,

.

.

,

. ,

. ,

,

Abdullah calan.144

18 1999

,

15,41%.

,

.

Refah

,

,

. 1990

erif Mardin,

: ,

;

143

Ibid., . 6-7.144Ibid., . 7.


71/90

71

,

.145

status quo .

,

.146

. ,

,

,

. , ,

,

,

.147

,

,

,

, , ,

.

- ,

,

.

145 Mardin, Trkiyede Din Sembollerin Dnm stne Bir Not, Trkiyede Din ve

Siyaset, . 237.146

Narl, . 7.147Sakallolu, Kemalizm slamlayor.


72/90

72

, Erbakan

.148

Sakallolu (nationalism)

, .149

,

.

.

,

,

, .

148

Barkey, .48

.

Yavuz, Political Islam, . 80-81.149Sakallolu, Parameters and Strategies, . 248.


73/90

73

,

, .

,

1970 . , ,

,

.

,

. ,

90,

, , ,

. Huntington

.150

.

,

. ,

,

. , , ,

,

,


74/90

74

. , ,

,

.

78

, -

, , ,

. , ,

,

,

.

1999

: (Demokratik

Sol Partisi) Blent Ecevit

, 1995

10% .

17,98%

Refah.

151

.

, ,

,

.

,

,

,

: .

150Samuel Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies(New Haven and London: Yale

University Press, 1996).151

Sultan Tepe, A Kemalist-Islamist Movement? The National Action Party, Turkish Studies1, no. 2 (Autumn 2000): 59-72.


75/90

75

APPENDIX A

Chronology of Political Islam in Turkey

The following is a history of Turkey's Islamic political movement overthe decades.

Jan. 1970:The National Order Party (MNP) is formedunder the leadership

of Necmettin Erbakan.

May 1971: The MNP is disbanded by the Constitutional Court after

accusations arise that it was anti-secular. Erbakan exiles himself in

Switzerland.

Oct. 1972: The National Salvation Party (MSP) is formed by Erbakan'sclose

aides. He returns and takes leadership.

Oct. 1973: The MSP wins 11.8 percent of votes in general elections, winn ing

48 seats in the 450-member Parliament.

Oct. 1974-1977: The MSP joins three successive coalition governmentsas a

junior partner. Erbakan serves as deputy prime minister each time.

June 1977: The MSP only wins 5.3 percent of votesand 24 parliamentary

seats in the elections.

Sept. 1980: The Turkish military takes over with a coup after factional

fighting All political parties are abolished and party leaders are placed under

house arrest.

Oct. 1980: Erbakan and 21 MSP officials are imprisoned on charges of

acting against secularism. They are released one year later and acquitted.

July 1983: The Welfare Party (RP) is founded by Erbakan's close aides whilehe remains banned from politics.

Oct 1987: The ban on former political leaders is lifted. Erbakan takes over

RPleadership.

Nov. 1987: The RP wins seven percent of votes in general elections but

holds no parliamentary seats due to a new 10 percent minimum threshold.

Oct. 1991: The RP wins 17 percent of votes in elections and gains 38 seats

in an expanded 500-member Parliament.


76/90

76

Dec. 1995: The RP gets 21 percentof votes and becomes the largest party

in Parliamentwith 158 seats in a further-expanded 550-member Parliament.

June 1996: Erbakan forms a coalition government with former Prime Minister

Tansu Ciller. Erbakan is now prime minister.

June 1997: Erbakan resigns after mounting pressureby secularist military.

This period is called a "post-modern coup," by some circles.

Jan. 16, 1998: TheRP is disbanded by the ConstitutionalCourt.

Feb. 19, 1998: Turkish prosecutors launch an investigation against

'Erbakan charges of insulting the Constitutional Court.

Feb, 24,1998: Turkey's Islamists re-launchtheir potent cause under a new

banner after their former flagship the RP was officially outlawed by the

Constitutional Court. More than 100 former RP deputies, including Islamist

policy-makers, join the newly formed Virtue Party (FP) which inaugurates

its parliamentary life at a meeting in a chamber of the National Assembly.

Mar. 5, 1998: The newly-emerged FP becomes the largest group in

Turkey's Parliament when it attracts its 140th deputy.

April 21, 1998: The State Security Court (DGM) in Diyarbakir sentences

Recep Tayyip Erdogan, mayor of Istanbul and a Virtue Party (FP) member,

to ten months in jail and a heavy fine for an Islamist speech he made in

1997 in the southeastern province of Siirt.

May 1998: Discussions on replacing FP Chairman Ismail Alptekin

dominate party meetings.

May 14, 1998: Recai Kutan is elected as the new leader of the FP

following pressure from reformists within the party.

May 22, 1998: The RP appeals to the European Commission of Human

Rights against the closure of their party, banned for threatening Turkey's

secular constitution. Former Welfare Justice Minister Sevket Kazan

formally lodges the appeal against the ban citing infringements of freedom

of speech and assembly as guaranteed by the European Human Rights

Convention to which Turkey is a signatory.

May 24, 1998: Ankara State Security Court's (DGM) chief prosecutor

demands that the Independent Industrialists' and Businessmen's

Association (MUSIAD) be closed.


77/90

77

June 11, 1998: The Parliamentary Constitutional Commission decides to

postpone the debate of draft bills, popularly referred to as "fundamentalist

laws."

June 1998: Turkey's powerful pro-secular army prepares to increase its

pressure on the government to step up the fight against Islamic politics,

news reports claim.

June 1998: The head scarf dispute reaches a peak. According to the

Dress Code wearing a head scarf inside state offices is illegal. Police and

university students clash over the head scarf issue. The head scarf is

viewed as a symbol of political Islam.

June 29, 1998: Court begins the trial of Erbakan, charged with slander in a

case seen as retribution for his failed challenge to the official secular order.

June 30, 1998: According to an opinion poll commissioned by the Turkish

Armed Forces (TSK), the FP continues to be the most popular party in

Turkey.

July 8, 1998: The court launches a fresh investigation into Recep Tayyip

Erdogan, the mayor of Istanbul, for alleged criticism of the country's

secular order.

Aug. 1998; Ankara DGM prosecutor Nuh Mete Yuksel begins scrutinizing

the speeches and actions of the FP to assess whether it is a continuation

of the defunct RP for its anti-secular stance.

Aug. 21, 1998: The Finance Ministry asks prosecutors to investigate the

finances of RP, saying that the party falsified records and hid cash

reserves. Finance Ministry inspectors say $3.6 million is missing from the

accounts of the party.

Sept. 23, 1998: The Supreme Court of Appeals upholds a ten-month

prison sentence for Istanbul's popular pro-Islamic Mayor Tayyip Erdogan,

thus ending his political career.

Oct. 28, 1998: Ankara's Chief Prosecutor's Office delivers two reports

catling ''for the removal of political immunity for FP Chairman Kutan.


78/90

78

Nov. 12, 1998: Greater Ankara Municipality Mayor Melih Gokcek is taken

into custody by an anti-ferrorist team associated \/vith the AnkaraSecurity

Department following an order from DGM Prosecutor Nuh Mete Yuksel.

April 17, 1999: The FP gets 15 percent of votes in the election and became

the main opposition party in the newly formed Parliament.

May 7, 1999: Chief Prosecutor Vural Savas asks the Constitutional Court to

ban the FP on charges that is the successor of the now-defunct RP.

Dec. 12, 2000: The Constitutional Court begins deliberations on whether to

outlaw FP on grounds that it is an extension of an already banned group

under laws that strictly separate religion and state.

Dec. 12, 2000: The Constitutional Court decides to annul a law that makes it

harder to close down parties in Turkey and thus opens the way for a possible

ban against the main opposition FP.

Dec.13, 2000: Court postpones a hearing in a case for the closure of the

FP.

Jan 22, 2001: Turkey's coalition parties decide to postpone parliamentary

debate of a new law making it harder to close political parties, a move that

could affect the fate of the main Islamist party.

Jan 30, 2001: The Constitutional Court restarts the hearing of the law suit

demanding the closure of the FP.

:Turkish DailyNews, 4 February 2001.


79/90

79

APPENDIX B

1973

: Binnaz Toprak, Islam and Political Development in Turkey, . 119.

%

29,8 149

11,9 45

33,3 185

5,3 13

3,4 3

11,8 48

1973

31%

12%35%

6%

4%

12%


80/90


81/90


82/90

82

1991

* .

: M. Hakan Yavuz, Political Islam and the Welfare (Refah) Party in Turkey, . 71.

%

27 178

24 115

10,8 7

20,8 88

* 16,2 62

1991

28%

24%11%

21%

16%

*


83/90

83

1995

: M. Hakan Yavuz, Political Islam and the Welfare (Refah) Party in Turkey, . 71.

%

19,2 135

19,7 132

14,6 76

10,7 49

8,1 0

21,4 158

1995

20%

21%

16%

11%

9%

23%


84/90

84

1999

: www.Turkey.org/politics/p_dist.htm

%

12,1 85

13,22 86

22,19 136

17,98 129

15,41 111


85/90


86/90

86

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