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Page 1: Political Parties Chapter 8 On Political Parties… Jefferson: “If I could not go to heaven but with a party, I would not go there at all.” E.E. Schattschneider:

Political PartiesPolitical Parties

Chapter 8

Page 2: Political Parties Chapter 8 On Political Parties… Jefferson: “If I could not go to heaven but with a party, I would not go there at all.” E.E. Schattschneider:

On Political Parties…On Political Parties…

Jefferson: “If I could not go to heaven but with a party, I would not go there at all.”

E.E. Schattschneider: “…political parties created democracy…and democracy is unthinkable save in terms of the parties.”

Page 3: Political Parties Chapter 8 On Political Parties… Jefferson: “If I could not go to heaven but with a party, I would not go there at all.” E.E. Schattschneider:

The Meaning of PartyThe Meaning of Party

Political Party:– A team of men and women seeking to control

government by winning elections

Parties can be thought of in three parts:– Party in the electorate (voters)– Party as an organization (local and national)– Party in government (elected officials)

Page 4: Political Parties Chapter 8 On Political Parties… Jefferson: “If I could not go to heaven but with a party, I would not go there at all.” E.E. Schattschneider:

The Meaning of PartyThe Meaning of Party

Tasks of the Parties– Linkage Institution: The channels through which

people’s concerns become political issues on the government’s policy agenda.

– Parties Pick Candidates– Parties Run Campaigns– Parties provide political identity– Parties Articulate and Endorse Policies– Parties Coordinate Policymaking

Page 5: Political Parties Chapter 8 On Political Parties… Jefferson: “If I could not go to heaven but with a party, I would not go there at all.” E.E. Schattschneider:

Figure 8.1

The Meaning of PartyThe Meaning of Party

The Downs Model: Most voters are moderate so…

Page 6: Political Parties Chapter 8 On Political Parties… Jefferson: “If I could not go to heaven but with a party, I would not go there at all.” E.E. Schattschneider:

Downs ModelDowns Model

The wise party selects policies that are widely favored (moderate).

Both parties stay in the middle on most issues

But they also try to show how they differ2/3 of the population believes there is a

difference between the D’s and the R’s

Page 7: Political Parties Chapter 8 On Political Parties… Jefferson: “If I could not go to heaven but with a party, I would not go there at all.” E.E. Schattschneider:

The Party in the Electorate The Party in the Electorate (Voters)(Voters)

Party identification is a citizen’s self-proclaimed preference for one party or the other.

Ticket-splitting:– Voting with one party for one office and with

another party for other offices.– Ticket-splitting has become the norm in

American voting behavior.

Page 8: Political Parties Chapter 8 On Political Parties… Jefferson: “If I could not go to heaven but with a party, I would not go there at all.” E.E. Schattschneider:

The Party in the ElectorateThe Party in the Electorate

Page 9: Political Parties Chapter 8 On Political Parties… Jefferson: “If I could not go to heaven but with a party, I would not go there at all.” E.E. Schattschneider:

The Party Organizations (local The Party Organizations (local and national government)and national government)

These are the people that work for the party. Local Parties

– Party Machines: Corrupt local interests that controlled city politics prior to 1930’s

– Patronage: A job, promotion or contract given for political reasons rather than merit. Used by party machines to maintain power.

– Grassroots Movements: Local, citizen-driven action taken to address a hot issue (Em-X bus line, for example)

Page 10: Political Parties Chapter 8 On Political Parties… Jefferson: “If I could not go to heaven but with a party, I would not go there at all.” E.E. Schattschneider:

The Party OrganizationsThe Party Organizations

States: Holding elections is an important state-level task– Closed primaries: voters must be registered with their

party in advance and can only vote for that party– Open primaries: voters decide on election day which

party to participate in, and then only that party– Blanket primaries: voters get a list of all candidates and

can vote for one name for each office, regardless of party label

Page 11: Political Parties Chapter 8 On Political Parties… Jefferson: “If I could not go to heaven but with a party, I would not go there at all.” E.E. Schattschneider:

The Party OrganizationsThe Party Organizations

The National Party Organizations– Write the party platform, holds the national

convention– National Convention: The meeting of party

delegates to choose a presidential ticket and platform.

– National Committee: Keeps the party operating between conventions.

– National Chairperson: Responsible for day-to-day activities of the party.

Page 12: Political Parties Chapter 8 On Political Parties… Jefferson: “If I could not go to heaven but with a party, I would not go there at all.” E.E. Schattschneider:

The Party in Government: The Party in Government: Elected Office HoldersElected Office Holders

These are the party members actually elected to government.

Candidates are less dependent on parties to get elected, but they still need help.

Coalition:– A group of individuals with a common interest upon

which every political party depends.– Farm / Ag states; black caucus; religious right; labor

unions…

Page 13: Political Parties Chapter 8 On Political Parties… Jefferson: “If I could not go to heaven but with a party, I would not go there at all.” E.E. Schattschneider:

Party Eras in American HistoryParty Eras in American History Party Coalitions Today (Figure 8.2)

Page 14: Political Parties Chapter 8 On Political Parties… Jefferson: “If I could not go to heaven but with a party, I would not go there at all.” E.E. Schattschneider:

Party Eras inParty Eras inAmerican HistoryAmerican History

Party Eras– Historical periods in which a majority of votes support

the party in power.

Critical Election– An electoral “earthquake” where new issues and new

coalitions emerge.

Party Realignment– The displacement of the majority party by the minority

party, usually during a critical election.

Page 15: Political Parties Chapter 8 On Political Parties… Jefferson: “If I could not go to heaven but with a party, I would not go there at all.” E.E. Schattschneider:

Party Eras inParty Eras inAmerican HistoryAmerican History

1796-1824: The First Party System– Madison warned of “factions”– First party were the Federalists

1828-1856: Jackson and the Democrats Versus the Whigs– Modern party founded by Jackson– Whigs formed mainly in opposition to

Democrats

Page 16: Political Parties Chapter 8 On Political Parties… Jefferson: “If I could not go to heaven but with a party, I would not go there at all.” E.E. Schattschneider:

Party Eras inParty Eras inAmerican HistoryAmerican History

1860-1928: The Two Republican Eras– Republicans rose as the antislavery party– 1896 election revolved around the gold

standard

1932-1964: The New Deal Coalition– Forged by the Democrats - relied upon urban

working class, ethnic groups, Catholics and Jews, the poor, Southerners

Page 17: Political Parties Chapter 8 On Political Parties… Jefferson: “If I could not go to heaven but with a party, I would not go there at all.” E.E. Schattschneider:

Party Eras in American HistoryParty Eras in American History

1968-Present: The Era of Divided Party Government– Party dealignment - disengagement of people

from parties; increase in independents– Party neutrality - people are indifferent towards

the two parties

Page 18: Political Parties Chapter 8 On Political Parties… Jefferson: “If I could not go to heaven but with a party, I would not go there at all.” E.E. Schattschneider:

Party Eras in American HistoryParty Eras in American History

Partisan Control of State Governments: 2005 (Figure 8.3)

Page 19: Political Parties Chapter 8 On Political Parties… Jefferson: “If I could not go to heaven but with a party, I would not go there at all.” E.E. Schattschneider:

VO Key: Theory of Critical VO Key: Theory of Critical ElectionsElections

Read handout describing Key’s thoughts and definitions

Consider the following elections. By Key’s definitions, which were they? Defend your answer.

Reagan v. Carter, 1980Clinton v. Bush, 1992Obama v. McCain, 2008

Page 20: Political Parties Chapter 8 On Political Parties… Jefferson: “If I could not go to heaven but with a party, I would not go there at all.” E.E. Schattschneider:

Third/Minor PartiesThird/Minor Parties

As you watch the film clip…What do most third parties have in

common? Why don’t they win elections?What effects do they have on American

politics (+ / -)?

Page 21: Political Parties Chapter 8 On Political Parties… Jefferson: “If I could not go to heaven but with a party, I would not go there at all.” E.E. Schattschneider:

Third Parties: Their Impact on Third Parties: Their Impact on American PoliticsAmerican Politics

Political parties other than Democrat or Republican

Rarely win electionsThird parties bring new groups and ideas

into politicsTwo-party system discourages extreme

views

Page 22: Political Parties Chapter 8 On Political Parties… Jefferson: “If I could not go to heaven but with a party, I would not go there at all.” E.E. Schattschneider:

Third Parties: Their Impact on Third Parties: Their Impact on American PoliticsAmerican Politics

Winner-take-all system:– Legislative seats awarded only to first place

finishers.Proportional Representation:

– Legislative seats awarded based on votes received by the party - more votes, more seats

Coalition Government:– Two or more parties join to run government

Page 23: Political Parties Chapter 8 On Political Parties… Jefferson: “If I could not go to heaven but with a party, I would not go there at all.” E.E. Schattschneider:

Understanding Political Understanding Political PartiesParties

Is the Party Over?– Political parties are no longer the chief source

of information for voters– State and national party organizations are

getting stronger– Majority of people still identify with a party,

but still split their tickets– Parties will continue to be around


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