Standard 8.2.4Standard 8.2.4The political philosophy The political philosophy

behind the Constitution as behind the Constitution as specified in the Federalist specified in the Federalist papers and the role of the papers and the role of the

leaders in the writing & leaders in the writing & ratification of the Constitutionratification of the Constitution

Federalist PapersFederalist Papers A series of 85 articles arguing for the ratification of A series of 85 articles arguing for the ratification of

the US Constitutionthe US Constitution Federalist judges use these papers as a primary Federalist judges use these papers as a primary

source for interpreting the Constitutionsource for interpreting the Constitution Provided the first specific mention found in political Provided the first specific mention found in political

literature of the idea of checks and balances as a literature of the idea of checks and balances as a way of restricting governmental powerway of restricting governmental power

Written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, Written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John JayJohn Jay

The Federalist Papers project began by Hamilton in The Federalist Papers project began by Hamilton in response to the many articles and public letters response to the many articles and public letters written by Anti-Federalists when the Constitution written by Anti-Federalists when the Constitution was sent to the states for ratification in September was sent to the states for ratification in September 17871787

The high demand for these essays led to their The high demand for these essays led to their publication in a more permanent form after they publication in a more permanent form after they first appeared in three New York newspapers: the first appeared in three New York newspapers: the Independent Journal, the New-York Packet and the Independent Journal, the New-York Packet and the Daily Advertiser on October 27, 1787Daily Advertiser on October 27, 1787

Political PhilosophyPolitical Philosophy John Locke, English political thinker, and Baron de John Locke, English political thinker, and Baron de

Montesquieu, French writer, inspired the framers of the Montesquieu, French writer, inspired the framers of the constitution on governing the peopleconstitution on governing the people

Their theory, the social contract, regarded rights and Their theory, the social contract, regarded rights and responsibilities of the state and it’s citizens. Two key aspects responsibilities of the state and it’s citizens. Two key aspects of which was political economy and the rules of truth and of which was political economy and the rules of truth and evidenceevidence

Social contract explains the justification and purpose of the Social contract explains the justification and purpose of the state and of human rights, the concept of human beings state and of human rights, the concept of human beings having universal rights regardless of legal jurisdiction or having universal rights regardless of legal jurisdiction or other localizing factors such as ethnicity and nationalityother localizing factors such as ethnicity and nationality

John Locke argued for a government with power limited to John Locke argued for a government with power limited to the protection of personal property, which may have deeply the protection of personal property, which may have deeply influenced the Constitution.influenced the Constitution.

James MadisonJames Madison Studied government, read hundreds of books on Studied government, read hundreds of books on

history, politics, and economics in the months history, politics, and economics in the months before the Constitutional Convention, making him before the Constitutional Convention, making him the best prepared of the delegatesthe best prepared of the delegates

Worked out a plan that included a system of Worked out a plan that included a system of balances to protect any misuse of power while still balances to protect any misuse of power while still having leadership in the republic. having leadership in the republic.

Desired to limit the power of the federal Desired to limit the power of the federal governmentgovernment

Organized the need for a stronger central Organized the need for a stronger central governmentgovernment

The delegates at the Constitutional Convention The delegates at the Constitutional Convention adopted many of his ideas in the Virginia Planadopted many of his ideas in the Virginia Plan

The Virginia Plan called for a two-house legislature, The Virginia Plan called for a two-house legislature, a chief executive chosen by the legislature, and a a chief executive chosen by the legislature, and a court systemcourt system

Successfully offered a package of twelve proposed Successfully offered a package of twelve proposed amendments to the Constitutionamendments to the Constitution

Gouverneur MorrisGouverneur Morris Pennsylvania delegate to the Constitutional Pennsylvania delegate to the Constitutional

Convention of 1787Convention of 1787 Author of large parts of the Constitution,Author of large parts of the Constitution, Credited as the author of the Preamble, Credited as the author of the Preamble,

which reflected Hamilton’s ideals and his which reflected Hamilton’s ideals and his personal political philosophypersonal political philosophy

Responsible for the draft of much of the Responsible for the draft of much of the ConstitutionConstitution

The most outspoken nationalist among the The most outspoken nationalist among the Founding FathersFounding Fathers

Used his position as primary draftsman to Used his position as primary draftsman to strengthen the final version of the strengthen the final version of the ConstitutionConstitution

Employed social and verbal skills to help Employed social and verbal skills to help smooth over issues that threatened to divide smooth over issues that threatened to divide the delegatesthe delegates

George WashingtonGeorge Washington Presided over the Presided over the

Constitutional Convention Constitutional Convention which drafted the U.S. which drafted the U.S. Constitution in 1787Constitution in 1787

His presence gave an His presence gave an important unifying force, important unifying force, prestige, and dignity to the prestige, and dignity to the proceedingsproceedings

The Convention reached many The Convention reached many compromises and provisions compromises and provisions that would provide for a strong that would provide for a strong central governmentcentral government

James WilsonJames Wilson Delegate to the Constitutional Convention Delegate to the Constitutional Convention

of 1787 in Philadelphiaof 1787 in Philadelphia Most lasting impact on the country was as Most lasting impact on the country was as

a member of the Committee of Detail, a member of the Committee of Detail, which created the first draft of the U.S. which created the first draft of the U.S. Constitution in 1787Constitution in 1787

Proposed the Three-Fifths Compromise, Proposed the Three-Fifths Compromise, which counted a slaved person as three-which counted a slaved person as three-fifths of one free person for taxation and fifths of one free person for taxation and representation, ending the dispute representation, ending the dispute between the North and the Southbetween the North and the South

Along with Madison, was the best versed of Along with Madison, was the best versed of the framers in the study of political the framers in the study of political economy, and understood the central economy, and understood the central problem of dual sovereignty, nation and problem of dual sovereignty, nation and state.state.

Fought hard for the ratification of the Fought hard for the ratification of the Constitution, leading Pennsylvania at its Constitution, leading Pennsylvania at its ratifying convention to become the second ratifying convention to become the second state to accept the document.state to accept the document.

Roger Sherman Roger Sherman He proposed the dual system of He proposed the dual system of congressional representation, which was congressional representation, which was adopted.adopted. While in Congress, he had drafted a While in Congress, he had drafted a series of amendments which would have series of amendments which would have given that body the power to levy given that body the power to levy imposts, to establish a supreme court imposts, to establish a supreme court and make laws binding on all the peopleand make laws binding on all the people Helped draft the New Jersey Plan, a Helped draft the New Jersey Plan, a proposal that was favored by small proposal that was favored by small states as it gave equal representation to states as it gave equal representation to all states with the new governmentall states with the new government Prime mover behind the Connecticut Prime mover behind the Connecticut Compromise, the basis for the Great Compromise, the basis for the Great Compromise which solved the problem Compromise which solved the problem of representationof representation Favored an executive dominated by the Favored an executive dominated by the legislature and the election of legislature and the election of congressmen congressmen and senators in turn by the state and senators in turn by the state legislatureslegislatures

Ratifying the ConstitutionRatifying the Constitution By the terms of the constitution, nine By the terms of the constitution, nine

states were needed to ratify for its states were needed to ratify for its establishment.establishment.

Two parties were formed once the Two parties were formed once the Constitution was sent out for adoption: Constitution was sent out for adoption: the Antifederalists, who were against the the Antifederalists, who were against the ratification, and the Federalists, who ratification, and the Federalists, who supported it.supported it.

The Federalist Papers, a series of The Federalist Papers, a series of commentaries, were published arguing commentaries, were published arguing for its ratification as public articles and for its ratification as public articles and letters came out disputing against it.letters came out disputing against it.

Even after New Hampshire, the ninth Even after New Hampshire, the ninth state to ratify, the advocated of the state to ratify, the advocated of the Constitution realized that the new Constitution realized that the new Government could not succeed without Government could not succeed without the addition of New York and Virginia, the addition of New York and Virginia, neither of them had ratified.neither of them had ratified.

After the struggle for both states to After the struggle for both states to accept the new law, eleven states had accept the new law, eleven states had then ratified the Constitution, putting it then ratified the Constitution, putting it into operation.into operation.

John LockeJohn Locke An English philosopher who believed that An English philosopher who believed that

all people have a natural right to life, all people have a natural right to life, liberty, and propertyliberty, and property

In In Two Treatises on Civil GovernmentTwo Treatises on Civil Government he he wrote that government is based on an wrote that government is based on an agreement, or contract, between the agreement, or contract, between the people and the ruler.people and the ruler.

His arguments concerning liberty and the His arguments concerning liberty and the theory social contract influenced the theory social contract influenced the Founding Fathers of the U.S.Founding Fathers of the U.S.

Locke believe that the original state of Locke believe that the original state of nature was happy and characterized by nature was happy and characterized by reason and tolerancereason and tolerance

Believed that in that state all people were Believed that in that state all people were equal and independent and none had a equal and independent and none had a right to harm another’s “life, health, right to harm another’s “life, health, liberty, or possessions.”liberty, or possessions.”

Baron de MontesquieuBaron de Montesquieu French political thinker during the French political thinker during the

Enlightenment who’s theory of separation of Enlightenment who’s theory of separation of powers inspired the framers of the U.S. powers inspired the framers of the U.S. ConstitutionConstitution

In In The Spirit of the LawsThe Spirit of the Laws he stated that he stated that powers of government should be separated powers of government should be separated and balanced against each other, which and balanced against each other, which would keep any one person or group from would keep any one person or group from having too much powerhaving too much power

The powers of government should also be The powers of government should also be clearly defined and limited to prevent misuse.clearly defined and limited to prevent misuse.

It was his philosophy that “government It was his philosophy that “government should be set up so that no man need be should be set up so that no man need be afraid of another” that influenced the drafters afraid of another” that influenced the drafters of the Constitution to divide the federal of the Constitution to divide the federal government into three separate branchesgovernment into three separate branches

Inspired the Checks and Balances systemInspired the Checks and Balances system

Annotated ResourcesAnnotated Resources Appleby, Joyce, Alan Brinkley, and James McPherson. The American Appleby, Joyce, Alan Brinkley, and James McPherson. The American

Journey Building A Nation. 1st ed. NY, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2000. Journey Building A Nation. 1st ed. NY, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2000. I used bits of information from this book in all my slides. This source helped me learn I used bits of information from this book in all my slides. This source helped me learn

much on this standard. I used most of it on James Madison and some of the compromises much on this standard. I used most of it on James Madison and some of the compromises such as The Great Compromise and the Three-Fifths Compromise.such as The Great Compromise and the Three-Fifths Compromise.

Wales, Jimmy. "Gouverneur Morris." Wales, Jimmy. "Gouverneur Morris." WikipediaWikipedia. 2001. Wikipedia. 17 . 2001. Wikipedia. 17 May May 2006 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouverneur_Morris>. 2006 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouverneur_Morris>.

I looked up information on Gouverneur Morris here. It helped me more on the slide of I looked up information on Gouverneur Morris here. It helped me more on the slide of Gouverneur Morris. I used this and many other articles on almost all of the people that I Gouverneur Morris. I used this and many other articles on almost all of the people that I described. It helped me learn more of each person’s contribution of to the Constitution.described. It helped me learn more of each person’s contribution of to the Constitution.

Wright, Robert K.. “GEORGE WASHINGTON." Wright, Robert K.. “GEORGE WASHINGTON." Soldier-Statesmen of the Soldier-Statesmen of the ConstitutionConstitution. 11 Aug 2000. Center of Military History. 15 May . 11 Aug 2000. Center of Military History. 15 May

2006 2006 <http://www.army.mil/cmh-<http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/RevWar/ss/washington.htm>.pg/books/RevWar/ss/washington.htm>.

I could not find much information on the impact of George Washington on the I could not find much information on the impact of George Washington on the Constitution, but I found most of my information on this web page. I also used this website Constitution, but I found most of my information on this web page. I also used this website for many of my other slides. This helped me learn more about some of the delegates of for many of my other slides. This helped me learn more about some of the delegates of the Constitutional Convention.the Constitutional Convention.