political psychology: citizen behaviors and opinions
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Political Psychology: Citizen Behaviors and Opinions. Lecture 2 Obedience to authority. Program. Variants of the Milgram experiment Explanation of obedience Milgram, 50 years later. Variants of the Milgram experiment. Lecture 2 Obedience to authority. Experiment #2. Experiment #2. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Political Psychology:Citizen Behaviors and Opinions
Lecture 2
Obedience to authority
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Program
Variants of the Milgram experiment
Explanation of obedience
Milgram, 50 years later
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Variants of the Milgram experiment
Lecture 2
Obedience to authority
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Experiment #2
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Experiment #2
Prediction of psychiatrists:
mean maximum shock = 120 volts
0,125% will go up to 450 volts
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Experiment #2
Results :
mean maximum shock = 375 volts
25/40 (63%) go up to 450 volts
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Experiment #11
Choice of shock level
mean maximum shock = 75 volts
1/40 (3%) administer 450 volts
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Experiment #11
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Experiment #8
Women
mean maximum shock = 375 volts
26/40 (65%) go up to 450 volts
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Experiment #5
Yale basement, less luxurious
mean maximum shock = 375 volts
26/40 (65%) go up to 450 volts
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Experiment #10
Private run-down building
mean maximum shock = 315 volts
19/40 (48%) go up to 450 volts
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Experiment #3
Victim in the same room
mean maximum shock = 315 volts
16/40 (40%) go up to 450 volts
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Experiment #4
Contact with the victim
mean maximum shock = 270 volts
12/40 (30%) go up to 450 volts
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Experiment #7
Distance of experimenter
mean maximum shock = 270 volts
9/40 (21%) go up to 450 volts
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Experiment #12
Learner demands shocks
mean maximum shock = 150 volts
0/40 (0%) go up to 450 volts
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Experiment #13
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Experiment #13
Ordinary experimenter
mean maximum shock = 240 volts
4/40 (20%) go up to 450 volts
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Experiment #14
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Experiment #14
Ordinary experimenter, scientist victim
mean maximum shock = 150 volts
0/40 (0%) go up to 450 volts
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Experiment #15
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Experiment #15
Conflict between 2 experimenters
mean maximum shock = 150 volts
0/40 (0%) go up to 450 volts
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Experiment #16
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Experiment #16
Two scientists: one is the victim, one is the experimenter
mean maximum shock = 360 volts
13/20 (65%) go up to 450 volts
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Experiment #17
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Experiment #17
Division of tasks: revolt
mean maximum shock = 240 volts
4/40 (10%) go up to 450 volts
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Experiment #18
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Experiment #18
Division of tasks: conformity
mean maximum shock = 405 volts
37/40 (93%) go up to 450 volts
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Explanation of obedience
Lecture 2
Obedience to authority
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Two modes
Individual mode
Organizational mode
(agentic state)
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Factors that favor obedience Antecedent conditions
– Family– Institutional setting– Rewards
Immediate conditions– Perception of authority– Entry into the authority system– Link between command and function– Overarching ideology
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Agentic state
Properties and consequences– Tuning– Redefined meaning of the situation– Loss of responsibility– Deactivation of self-image
Binding factors– Sequential nature of the action– Situational obligations– Anxiety
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Milgram, 50 years later
Lecture 2
Obedience to authority
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Milgram, 50 years later
A product of a particular era (1960s) and a particular country (USA)?
The equivalent of a genocide?
Ethics committees
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The US, after Milgram
9 studies, 1967 to 1976
Average obedience rate: 61%
ABC news, 2007: 65%
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The world, after Milgram
9 studies, 1968 to 1985
Australia (40%), Austria (80%), England (50%), India (43%), Italy (85%), Jordan (63%), South Africa (88%), Spain (50%), and West Germany (85%).
French film, 2010: 81%
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The world, after Milgram
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Like a genocide?
Minus the propaganda, minus the threat of coercion.
Extra close supervision.
Subsidiary task.