political science and the profession of law
TRANSCRIPT
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Lastyearwhenweresearchedthequestion,“Whatcanyoudowithadegreeinpoliticalscience?”itwasevidentthatmanyofouralumnihavechosencareersinlaw.Weknowthatmany
ofourundergraduateschoosepoliticalscienceasamajorbecausetheybelieveitwillbegoodpreparationforlawschool.Insharingtheirverydifferentlawcareers,thefollowingfivealumsprovidetheirownviewsaboutthisperceptionalongwithadvicetostudentswhomightbeconsideringthelawprofession.Tocompletethediscussion,ProfessorGayleBinionand Judge JosephLodge,both long-timemembersofthedepartment,offertheirownuniqueperspectives.
Ronald H. Clark, Ph.D. ’70: The professor who became a lawyer
RonaldClark’sfatherwasaprosecu-torinOrangeCountyandhegrewupinWhittier,California(“Nixon
country”),sohewasalwaysinterestedinlawandpolitics.AftergraduatingfromUCRiverside,hewantedtopursuebothtopicsfurther,soheenteredthePh.D.programinpoliticalscienceatUCSB.Hedescribestheprogramin the1960sas“perfect formyinterests,” and praises faculty membersHerman Pritchett,William Ebenstein,
DeanMann,HenryTurner,TomSchrock,andStanAndersonforthe“finetrainingtheyofferedinpubliclawandAmericanpolitics.”
AftercompletinghisPh.D.,Dr.Clarktookatenure-trackposi-tioninpoliticalscienceatDenisonUniversityinOhio.Asanassistantprofessor,hewroteacoupleofarticlesthatwerepublishedinlawreviewsanddecideditwouldbeaboosttohisacademiccareerifhegotalawdegreeaswell.However,aftercompletinghisJDatCapitalUniversity,hereceivedajobofferfromtheAntitrustDivisionoftheU.S.DepartmentofJustice.Sincethiswasanareaofinteresttohimandacademicopportunitiesatsmalluniversitiesweredwindling,Dr.ClarkdecidedtotakethejobinWashington,DC.AfterastintintheAntitrustDivision,henextspenttwoyearsasanAssistantU.S.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SANTA BARBARA SPRING 2007
Political Science and the Profession of Law
AttorneyinNewJerseyconcentratingonwhite-collarfraud(“whereIreallylearnedtotrycases”),andthenreturnedtotheDepartmentofJusticeastrialattorneyandseniorcounselinmattersoffraudagainstthegovernmentundertheFalseClaimsAct(FCA).
In 1995, Dr. Clark changed sides from prosecution todefensebyjoiningthefirmofArentFoxinWashington,DC,wherehepracticestodayasaspecialistinFCAlitigation.HehaspublishedextensivelyinmattersrelatingtotheFalseClaimsAct,governmentinvestigations,andcomplianceissues,andservesasarevieweroflegalpublicationsforAmazon.com.Hewisheshestillhadtimetoteach,buthopesthatinafewyearswhenhiscareerphasesdown,hecan“fillinsomeoftheareasIwasinterestedinwhileteaching.”
Dr.Clarkbelievesthatpoliticalscienceisoneofseveralpos-siblemajorsthatcouldservestudentswellinalawcareer,though“perhapsit’sbetterforstudentswhoareinterestedinpoliticsbecauseitprovidesthebestunderstandingofhowthesystemworks.”Headvisesundergraduateswhoareinterestedinlawcareerstopickamajorthatwillhelpthemlearnhowtowrite,organizematerials,analyzetextsanddata,andexplainthem.Aboveall,heemphasizesthatit’simportanttolearnhowtolistenandtobecomfortabledeal-ingwithlotsofwrittenmaterial,althoughhenotes“thismaybeachallengefortoday’smorevisually-orientedstudents.”
David Gray Carlson ’74: The lawyer who became a professor
DavidCarlsondecidedtogodirectlytolawschoolaftergraduatingfromUCSB,thoughitwassortofade-
faultcareerdecision.Herecalls,“Initially,IthoughtImightgointojournalism,butayearofeditingtheNexusendedthat!”Hewasoneofthestudentswhothoughtpoliti-calsciencewouldbegoodpreparationforlawschool,andhewasalsogladthatthemajoratthattimedidnotrequireanymathclasses.Buteventhoughlawwasadefault
careerchoice,oncehegotthere,hefoundhelovedlawschool.
AftergettinghisJDfromHastingsCollegeofLawin1974,CarlsonwasofferedapositionwithCravath,Swaine,andMooreinNewYorkCity,“aWallStreetfirmwithlotsofhighprofilefinanciallitigation.”Afterafewyears,hedecidedthatwasnotquitewhathewaslookingforandconsideredchangingtoagovernmentcareer,butwasn’tsuretherewasaplaceforhimintheReaganadministra-tion. Hekeptreflectingonhowmuchheenjoyedlawschoolandthefactthathislawprofessorsobviouslyenjoyedteachinglaw,so
In this issue:
Political Science and the Profession of Law p.1
Political Communication: A New Focus p.5
New Public Policymaker in Residence p.7
From The Chair p.7
ronald clark
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hedecidedtotryforateachingposition.NeedingtostayinNewYorkCitybecauseofhiswife’sbuddinglegalcareerwithanintel-lectualpropertyfirm,hegottwooffers,oneofthemattheBenjaminCardozoSchoolofLawatYeshivaUniversity —“Anewlawschoolwithgreatambitions.”HetookthefacultypositionatCardozointhefallof1981,hasbeenthereeversince,“lovesit.”
ProfessorCarlsonsaysthatpoliticalsciencehasservedhimwellasalawprofessor.Heteachesandpublishesinbothpoliticalscienceandphilosophy,andwillhavetwobooksoutonHegelianphilosophy this year. He sees great connections between thesedisciplines,observingthat“Lawishighlypoliticalandhighlyphilo-sophical.Ithasoftenbeendescribedas‘philosophywithbayonets.’”Hehasalsopublishedsignificantlyon theconnectionsbetweenpsychoanalysisandjurisprudence.
Ontheotherhand,ProfessorCarlsonobservesthatalotofothersubjectswouldalsohavepreparedhimtobea lawyerandaprofessor:“economics,philosophy,andmath.”Thestudentwhoavoidedmathclassesincollegefoundthathehadtoteachhimselfgametheorysothathecouldteachitinlawschool,“anditwouldhavebeenaloteasierifIhadlearneditasanundergrad.”Herecommendsthataspiringlawyerstakeseriouscoursesinallthesedisciplinesasthebestpreparationforlawschool.
Kathryn Fritz ’81: Intellectual property litigator and managing partner
Kathryn Fritz chose to major inpolitical science in part for the conventional reason—because
shewantedtobecomealawyer—andin partbecausethemajoratUCSBincluded
apublicserviceemphasis,whichshecalls“the inspirational component” of hereducation.ShealsotookseveralcoursesinEnglishliteratureandwasabletocombinebothinterestsduringherinternshipthroughtheCapitolHill (UCDC)program,where
sheworked in thepublicationsandgrant-writingdepartmentofthe Folger Shakespeare Library. She believes she was attractedto theprofessionof lawbecause itwas“achallengingprofessionand involved both working in the public interest and workingwithpeople.”
After obtaining her JD degree at Georgetown University,Ms.FritzfirstpracticedinNewYork.ShemovedtotheBayareain1990,whereshepracticestodayatFenwick&WestLLPasabusi-nessandintellectualpropertylitigator,dealingwithsuchmattersascopyrights,trademarks,tradesecrets,andunfaircompetition.Inaddition,sheiscurrentlythemanagingpartnerforbothofficesof the firm and its 270 attorneys. In that capacity, she overseesbusinessmatters,setspolicies,andservesonthefirm’sexecutivecommittee.Sheadmitsthatit’salotofwork,buttherewardis“get-tingtospendlotsoftimewiththeotherpeopleinthefirm,peopleIliketoworkwith.”
Ms. Fritz fulfills her continuing interest in public servicethroughprobonoworkoncasesthatinterestherbothwithinandoutsidehernormalareaofpractice.Thatworkhasincludedadvis-ingdocumentaryfilmmakersonintellectualpropertymattersand
dealingwithWeb-relatedfirstamendment issues,aswellasacaseinvolving political asylum. She has also been working on a deathpenaltycaseformorethan10years.SheisanadjunctprofessoroflawatBoaltHall.
Lookingback,Ms.Fritzbelievesherpoliticalsciencemajorwasawisechoice.“Itprovidesagoodhistoryofhowwegotwhereweareandhowourcommunitylifeisorganized.It’sagooddegreeforthinking,writing,andlearningtoexpressyourselforally,”allfineskillsforanattorneytohave.However,shebelievesstudentscouldgetthosesameskillsinothermajors,too,“aslongasyoubecomedisciplined,learntoapplyyourself,andareintellectuallychallenged.It’simportanttofeelthatyourmindisbeingquickenedbywhatyouarestudying.”Sheem-phasizesthatlawyersneedtohaveacuriousmindbecause“especiallyinareaslikeintellectualproperty,thelawisalwayschanging.”
Douglas R. Irminger ’77: Public defender
The 1970’s was a turbulent periodin theUnitedStates,andcoming toUCSBfromEurope(wherehisfather
wasstationedasacareerStateDepartmentemployee),DouglasIrmingerfoundhehadalotofquestionsandwantedtolearnmoreaboutwhatwasgoingon.Afreshmanpoliticalscience course got him interested, and hediscoveredthatthemajorwouldallowhimtopursueawiderangeofcourseswhilefocus-ingonthepoliticalaspectsofoursociety.As
anundergrad,hewroteaboutcampuspoliticsfortheNexus,servedasemester’sinternshipinSacramentowiththeUCStudentLobby,andcontinuedastheLobby’sAnnexDirectorin1976.Hecitesthisinvolve-mentwiththestudentcommunityandthepubliclifeoftheUniversity,alongwithHermanPritchett’scourse,“LawandtheModernState,”ashavingsignificantimpactsinhisfuturecareer. Hedecidedtogotolawschoolin1980becausehewantedtogetinvolvedindisputesandresolveconflicts,andsawlawas“asignificant,honorableprofessionthatprovidesawayofmakingalivingwhiledoingthat.”
Afterlawschool,IrmingerenteredprivatepracticeinMarylandand, inhiswords,“didnotknowIwanted tobeapublicdefenderuntilIwasone”—whenhewasassignedtoapublicdefendercaseasapanelprivateattorney.Hedescribesthejobofthepublicdefenderincriminallawas:“Protectingtheindividualrightsofpeopleindif-ficultcircumstances.Itensuresthatpeoplewholeastcanaffordithavelegalcounselandcompetentrepresentationincourt.”Thecasehadamajorimpactonhim,soaftermorepanelwork,hejoinedtheStateofMarylandPublicDefenderOfficeasacontractattorneyin1986andbecameacareeremployeeinthefelonytrialdivisionin1988.Today,heisaChiefPublicDefenderinthe35-attorneyofficeinPrinceGeorge’sCountyandhasthreetimesreceivedtheannualawardforoutstandingpublicdefenderinhisdistrict.
Irmingerbelievesapoliticalsciencemajorisexcellentprepa-ration forapracticingcourtroomlawyerbecause“politicalscienceprovidesagoodphilosophicalperspective forhowthingsare,”andaffordsabroadliberaleducationinavarietyofsubjects.Sincelawrequiresalotofthought,headvises:“Don’tjustlimityourselftoonesubject.Youneedbreadthwhenyou’reanadvocateandwhenyouneed
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torelatetoallkindsofpeopleandidentifydifferentissues.”Healsorecommendsthekindofpracticalexperiencehegotinthecommu-nityasanundergraduatetobeaveryhelpfulcomponentofafuturelawyer’seducation.
Sara Nelson Bloom ’80: A legal career in the financial world
Sara Nelson (later Bloom) knew earlyon thatshewanted tobeanattorney,sohercareerdecisionwasmadebefore
shecametoUCSB.Sherecallsthat“myuncle,adedicatedlawyerinpublicservice,wasaninspirationtome,andIfeltthatalawdegreewouldopenthedoortomanyopportunities.”She decided to major in political sciencebecauseshefeltitwouldbeagoodfounda-tion for law school, and because she wasinterestedinpoliticsandgovernment.Asan
undergraduate,sheservedasummerinternshipwiththeUCStudentLobbyinSacramentoandcontinuedastheLobbyAnnexDirectorthefollowingyear.ShewentdirectlytolawschoolaftergettingherB.A.,receivingherJDfromUCDavislawschoolin1983.
Ms.Bloom’sfirstlegalpositionwaswiththeDivisionofEnforce-mentoftheU.S.SecuritiesExchangeCommission(SEC),prosecutingcasesof securities fraud.Shedescribes itas the“perfectposition”afterlawschoolbecauseshehadalong-timeinterestininvestmentandsecurities,likedtheideaofpublicservice,andwantedtoworkinWashington,DC.After fouryears,shemarried, left theSEC,andworkedinprivatepracticerepresentingbroker-dealers,firstinDallas,theninWashington,DCagain.ShereturnedtopublicservicewhenshebecameaSeniorCounselattheResolutionTrustCorporation(thetemporarygovernmentagencythatwasformedtodealwiththefailedthriftcrisis),wheresheoversawateamoflawyersresponsibleforcivillitigationtorecoverlosttaxpayerdollars.
Afterabouttwoyears,Ms.BloomreturnedtotheprivatesectorasAssociateGeneralCounselfortheNASDAQstockmarket,whereshespentthenextsevenoreightyears.IntheGeneralCounsel’sOffice,shehandledlegalissuesrelatingtoNASDAQ-listedcompaniesanditsownsecuritiesproducts.Inaddition,toimproveinvestorconfidencefollowingcorporatescandalssuchasEnron,Ms.BloomwrotethenewproposedcorporategovernancerulesforNASDAQ-listedcompaniesthatwerelaterapprovedbytheSEC.Aftercompletingthatassignmentseveralyearsago,shejoinedNASDasaHearingOfficer.NASD(for-merlytheNationalAssociationofSecuritiesDealers)istheprimaryprivatesectorregulatorforthesecuritiesindustryandoverseesmorethan600,000broker-dealermembers.AsaHearingOfficer,shepresidesoverdisciplinaryhearingsforthosechargedwithfailingtocomplywithNASDrules.Aboutthissignificantadvancementafteryearsofpublic,private,andcorporate lawpractice,shesays,“It isa terrificopportunity,andIlovethisjob!”
Ms.Bloomstillbelievesthatpoliticalscienceis“agreatfounda-tionforlawpractice,”inpartbecausetheacademicdiscipline“generallyunderscoresthesignificanceoftheruleoflaw.”Shenotesthatpoliticalsciencecoursesalsorequirealotofanalyticthinkingandwriting,andadvisespre-lawstudents,“themoreexperienceyoucanget in thisdiscipline,thebetter.”
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Gayle Binion returns to teaching and research
This year, the department wel-comed back Gayle Binion, whoreturned after an absence of
severalyearsduringwhichshetookonavariety of challenging assignments.ProfessorBinioncame toUCSB in1976after completing her Ph.D. in politicalscience at UCLA. In addition to herpolitical science faculty appointment,sheservedasChairoftheLaw&SocietyProgram,apositionsheheldfrom1976-
1994.Aspecialistinpubliclaw,herresearchhasconcentratedonhowthecourtshavedefinedandlimitedthemeaningofequalityinregardtorace,socialclass,andgender.HermanyarticlesonthesesubjectshavebeenpublishedinsuchjournalsasSupreme Court Review,Human Rights Quarterly, International Journal of Law,andPolicy and the Family,aswellasinpopularnewsmediasuchastheLos Angeles TimesandSacramento Bee.
Fortheperiod2001-2003,BinionservedasViceChairandChair of the University-wideAcademic Senate at the Office ofthe University President in Oakland. She found this experienceextremelyrewardingbecausetheSenatewasdealingwithissuesonthepublicagendathatshewasdeeplyinterestedin.ThefirstwasaresponsetoProposition54—theso-called“racialprivacyinitiative”—thatwouldhavedeniedpublicfundingforanyresearchwhereracewasusedasanidentifier.BinionwrotetheSenate’sposi-tionopposingtheproposition,whichinfluencedthepositiontakenby theU.C.Regents.TheSenaterewrote theAcademicFreedomStatementduringhertenureandalsotackledonasystem-widebasis the very sensitive issue of faculty-student dating.WhilemostUCcampuseshadindividualpoliciesinplacebanningsuchrelationships,in2003theSenatedrafted,passed,andforwardedtotheRegentsauniformpolicythatwouldapplywheneverthefacultymemberinvolvedhasapresentorfutureacademicresponsibilityforanystudent.Binionnotesthat“thesystem-wideSenateismarvel-ouslyefficient.Attendeesdotheirhomeworkandcomepreparedtogetthingsdonebecausetheyknowtheycan’tcomebackthenextdayandhaveanothermeetingaboutatopic.”
UCSB Grads and Law School, 2002–2006
Applicationstoaccreditedschoolseachyear:450–550
Averagenumberofapplicationsperstudent:9
60%applied1-2yearsaftergraduating
60-70%majoredinPoliticalScienceorLaw&Society
60-80%admittedtoatleast1accreditedlawschool
80%choseCalifornialawschools
Eachyearincludedadmissionstotop10lawschools
Estimates provided by Britt Johnson, Pre-Law Advisor, College of Letters & Science
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After completing her term as Chair of the Senate, BiniontookthepositionofDirectorof theEducationAbroadProgram(EAP)inLondonfor2004-2006.ShesaysitwasgreattobebackincontactwithstudentsagainandfoundtheEAPstudentstobeanexceptionalgroup:“Theycomepreparedtohitthegroundrunningandtheydo.”ThemostmemorableeventofhertermasDirectorwaslivingthroughtheLondonsubwaybombings.ShenotesthatallEAPstaffmadeitintoworkthatday,eventhoughittooksomeofthemfivehourstogetthere;theneveryonewenttoworktolocateeachoneoftheir400students,someofwhomwereonfieldtripsabroad,tobesuretheyweresafeandaccountedfor.
ProfessorBinionisgladtobeteachinginthedepartmentonceagain.Hercourseofferingsthispastyearincludedaclassongenderequalityandthecourts,andLawintheModernState.Inthecomingyear,shewillbeteachingtwocoursesonConstitutionalLawandiscurrentlyworkingonabookentitled“TowardaFeministRegroundingofConstitutionalLaw.”Fromherperspectiveofmanyyearsasaspecialistinpubliclawandthecourts,Binionofferedsomeastuteobservationsaboutwhymanypoliticalsciencegradu-atesturntotheprofessionoflaw.
First,shenotesthatmanystudentsthinklawschoolspreferapoliticalsciencedegree,wheninfact,theydon’t.“Thereisnothingparticularlyuniqueaboutthepoliticalsciencecurriculumexceptperhapspubliclawclasses.Inthese,studentswillcoversomeofthesamegroundthatiscoveredinlawschool,butfromadiffer-entperspective;thatis,nothowtoreadandinterpretthelaw,butrather‘whatistheeffectonpublicpolicy?’Whatlawschoolsareactuallylookingforaregoodreasoningandwritingskills,whichcancomefrommanymajors.”However,shebelievesthatstudentsoftentakepoliticalsciencecoursesbecausetheyareinterestedinpoliticsorpublicpolicyandwanttoworkintheseareas,especiallyinWashington,DC.Studentsandgraduatesquicklyrealizethat“alawdegreeislikeaunioncard—itgivesyouentréetothatworld,eventhough(unlikepoliticalscience)littleyoulearninlawschoolactuallyapplies.”
Judge Lodge reflects on political science and the law
“I ’m hesitant to say this because I don’t want to lose my job, but I don’t recommend that pre-law
studentsmajor inpolitical science.”Thatcommentmayseemsurprisingfromsome-onewhoisbothalong-timeinstructorinthedepartmentandadistinguishedjurist,butitisareflectionofthehonestythattheHon.JosephL.Lodgebringstotheclassroomandthecourtroom.
Judge Lodge was recently profiled in theDaily Journal of Los Angelesas“thelongestservingCaliforniajudgestillonthebench.”Hisjudicialcareerbeganin1958,whenasanewattorneypracticinginGoleta,theoutgoingincumbentpersuadedhimtotryforthevacancyintheGoleta/HopeRanchJusticeCourt,forwhichheranunopposed.In1965,hewaselectedaJudgeofthe
MunicipalCourt;thenin1998,hemovedtoJudgeoftheSuperiorCourt,CountyofSantaBarbara.
JudgeLodge’steachingcareerbeganin1959whenhewasaskedtoteachalaw-relatedcourseintheeconomicsdepartment.Acoupleof years later, he started teaching in the political science depart-mentaswell.“IwassohonoredtobeaskedtoteachthatitcameasacompletesurprisewhenIlearnedtheywerealsogoingtopayme.”HehastaughtPS165,“CriminalJustice,”sincethe1960s,whichheexplainsis“notalawclass—itisapoliticalscienceanalysisoftheentirecriminaljusticesystem.”Buteventhoughit’snotalawclass,hehasfoundthat65-75%ofhisstudentsindicatewhenpolledthattheyhaveaninterestinalawcareer.JudgeLodgefurtherobservesthatmanyoftheattorneysinpracticeinSantaBarbaraandelsewhereinthestatehavetakenthisclassfromhim.
JudgeLodge’sopeningcommentwasmadeinresponsetoaquery about the relationship between political science and a lawcareer.Bywayofexplanation,henotesthathegivesthatadvicetostudentswhoexpress interest inmajoring inpoliticalscience justbecausetheybelieveit’sgoodpreparationforlawschool.Hebelievesthat’s thewrongreasontoselectamajor. Instead, theonlyreasontomajorinpoliticalscience(“agreatwaytolearnhowourwholesystemworks”)isbecausethestudentfindsitinteresting,nottotrytogetaleguponalawcareer.Headvisespre-lawstudents,“Youwilllearnallthelawyouneedtoknowinlawschool,soexplorelifeasanundergraduateandtakethetopics that interestyou.” Whenaskedforspecificrecommendations,hesuggestsEnglishcourses(“forthewritingandappreciationoflanguage”)andeitherphilosophyormath(“foranalysis”),butrepeatsthatstudentsshouldtakethesubjectstheywanttoexplore.
JudgeLodgealsodisagreeswithanother traditionformanypre-law students: working in a law office during summers or theundergraduateyears.Instead,herecommendsthatstudentsspendtheirsummers“doingsomethingyoucan’tdoduringtheacademicyear.Exploretheworldinwaysyoucan’tafteryouhaveyourdegree,startapractice,andhavetoprovideforafamily.”Forstudentswhomustwork,hebelievesajobintherealworldisbetterpreparationforawould-belawyerthanworkinginalawoffice,for“yourfirstdayonthejobasalawyer,youwilllearneverythingyouwouldhavelearnedthere.”JudgeLodgeisspeakingfromhisownexperience:heworkedasahospitalorderlyandasadishwasherwhilehewasattendinglawschoolandvaluestheperspectiveitgavehim.
Thoughinrecentyearshehasbattledlymphoma,JudgeLodgestillmaintainsafullscheduleandatage75,hasnoplanstoretire.Regardless of their focus, he welcomes students from all majorsintohisclass,andhealthpermitting,looksforwardtomoreyearsofteachingthemaboutthecriminaljusticesystem.
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Political Science and the Profession of Law (continued)
Judge lodge
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cnn
Over the course of the last year, our faculty has engaged ina planning process to develop new areas of strength thatconnect toothersacross thecampus.Oneof theseareas is
politicalcommunication,withaspecialinterestinnewmedia.
Communication is inseparable from politics. Candidates forofficecommunicatewithpotentialvoters,leadersofsocialmovementscommunicatewithparticipants,citizenscommunicatetheirideasandinterestsamongthemselvesandexpresstheirwishestogovernmentofficials,andnationsalsocommunicatetheirintentionsandintereststooneanother.Thoughcommunicationhasbeenpartofpoliticsforaslongaspoliticshasexisted,itwasnotuntilthe1940sand50sthatpoliticalscienceasadisciplineturnedexplicitlytoitsstudy,driveninpartbyinterestintheeffectsofnewformsofmediaonthemasspublic.Bythe1970s,thestudyofpoliticalcommunicationwasaregularpartofunderstandingpublicopinion,campaigning,votingbehavior,politi-calparties,andothertopicscentraltopoliticalscience.Tounderstandthesetopics,thedisciplinehadtodevelopaclearerpictureofhownewsfunctions,howmassmediainfluencespolitics,andingeneral,howprocessesofcommunicationwork
Fromtheoutset,scholarshaveunderstoodthattheeffectsofmediaandthedynamicsofpoliticalcommunicationareoftenmoresubtlethantheyseem.Peoplerarelychangetheirbasicviewsbecauseofwhattheyreadinanewspaper,nordotheylettelevisiontellthemwhat to think;yet themediahaveanenormous influenceonwhatpeople thinkaboutandhowtheymakesenseof theworldaroundthem.Theinfluenceofmediaisoftenindirect.Forexample,peopleareinfluencedsubstantiallybywhatothersaroundthemseeorhearinthemedia,ratherthansimplybywhattheyseethemselves.IntheUnitedStates,thehighcostoftelevision-basedcampaignadvertisingcanbeasimportanttotheelection’soutcomeaswhatcandidatesactuallysaybecauseitcanlimitcandidates’abilitytogettheirmessageout.
Politicalscienceasadisciplinehasbeenquicktorespondtothe revolution in media brought about by the Internet and otherassociated technologiesover the lastdecade.Thenewmediahavechangedsomeoftheoldfactorsinpoliticalcommunicationequations.Forexample:thecostofaccessinginformationandreachinglargeaudienceshasdroppedduetotheInternet;candidatesforofficeareexperimentinginwaystousenewmedia;“oldmedia”businessesarelosingaudienceandtheirabilitytoserveasgatekeepers.Yetinspiteoftherelativerecentnessoftheseresponses,therehasalreadybeencreated a considerable body of political science literature. Books,journal articles, and dissertations now address how the Internetaffectspoliticalattention,news,campaigns,culture,themeaningof
citizenship,governmentefficacy,protest,andmuchmore.
ThesameistruehereatUCSB.Inpoliticalscienceandallieddepartments such as communication, an estimated half-dozengraduate students are now studying political communication,helping build knowledge about this changing but fundamentalpartofpolitics.Bycombiningtheexpertiseofitsownfacultywiththatofscholarsinotherdisciplinesoncampus,thedepartmentispositioningitselftocontributetotheleadingedgeofknowledgeinthisfundamentalandchangingareaofpoliticalscience.
This article was prepared with the assistance of Professor Bruce Bimber.
CNN’s Jeff Greenfield Shares Keen Political Analysis
Aspartofitsnewemphasisonpoli-ticalcommunication, thepoliticalscience department was pleased
that our undergraduate students had auniqueopportunitythisyeartostudywithCNN’sSeniorPoliticalAnalyst,JeffGreen-field,whowasappointedinWinterquarterasanadjunctprofessorinfilmstudiesandcommunication.Mr.Greenfieldtaughttwocoursesbasedonhisextensiveexperience:aseniorseminarforpoliticalscienceand
communicationmajors,“EthicsinPolitics,”and“PoliticalMediaintheUnitedStates”forfilmstudies.Afour-timeEmmyAwardwinner,hehasauthoredseveralbooks,mostrecently,Oh Waiter! One Order of Crow(2001),whichwasaboutthe2000PresidentialElectionandrecount.
Greenfield’s political media class concluded with apubliclectureonthehistoricalroleofmediainelectionsandwhatwemightexpectinthe2008campaign.Onequestionthatfrequentlyarisesis:“Doesthemediacreatearealitythatdecidescampaigns?”Hedeniesthatisthecase,pointingoutthatacontinuityofthemeshas historically prevailed throughout various campaigns. Onethemeistheconceptofthe“outsider”takingontheestablishment;anotherthemerelatestotheperceptionofacandidate’scharacter,whichcanoftenoverridevoters’differenceswithhis/herpositionsonspecificissues.Candidateshavethereforetriedtousethemediatoportraythemselvesas“regularguys,straightshooters”wheneverpossible.Whiletelevisioninparticularcanopenthatkindofcon-nectiontotheelectorateveryeffectively,hepointsoutthattelevisiondidn’tcreateit.
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Political Communication: A New Focus for the Department
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Political Communication: A New Focus for the Department (continued)
Cory Azumbrado Charles, MA ‘88Senior Director, CNN International
Though athletics might seem an un-usualpathtoacareerinjournalismandforeignaffairs,itwasherability
asafast-pitchhighschoolsoftballstarthatgot Cory Charles an NCAA scholarship toLongIslandUniversityinNewYork.Butwhileattending college, she worked at The New York Daily Newsasacopypersonandmetawomansportsjournalistwho,asfriendandmentor,inspiredhertobecomeajournalist.Sheinitiallythoughthercareerwouldalsobe
insportsjournalism,butasapoliticalscienceminor,shecametotheconclusionthatherrealinterestlayinforeignaffairs,anddeterminedthatagoodjournalistneedstounderstandtheworld.AfterservinganinternshipatNBCduringhersenioryear,participatingintheNationalHonorsProgram,andgraduatingcumlaude,shefollowedtheadviceofoneherpoliticalscienceprofessorsandappliedtograduateschool.
Ms.CharleswasacceptedtotheM.A.programsatUCSBandtheUniversityofHawaii(“bothplaceslookedprettygoodtoagirlfromBrooklyn”),butchoseUCSBbecauseofitsstrongemphasisonEuropeandtheMiddleEast.Shespeakshighlyofherstudiesinthegraduateprogram,andaboutUCSBingeneral.“GoodspeakerssuchasJesseJacksonwereconstantlycomingtocampus,andIwantedtoworkwithpeoplelikethat.”(Eventually,shewouldinterviewhimforCNN.)Aftergraduating,shethoughttheplaceforjournaliststobewasWashingtonDC,sowiththehelpoftheUCSBCareerCenter,sheobtainedaCNNinternshipthere.
The internship led toapositionasAssistantDirectorofRe-searchwiththeMcLaughlinGroupwhosepublicaffairsprogramsarebroadcastonPBSandNBC.However,Ms.Charlesmissedtheall-newsatmosphereofCNNandwantedtodomoreforeigncorrespondentwork, so in1990, shemoved toCNNAtlanta,firstasa researcher,thenasaneditorialproducer.In1998,shetookapositionwithCNNInternationalasDirectorofInternationalGuestBooking,responsiblefordailyliveandtapedinterviewsofprominentfiguresandexpertsfromaroundtheworld.Since2004,shehasbeentheSeniorEditorialDirectorandExecutiveProducerforthisdepartment.
CoryCharlesstronglyencouragesanyoneinterestedinacareerinjournalism,whetherinfrontoforbehindthecameras,topursueaca-demicsubjectslikepoliticalscience.“Youneedthehistory,economics,orpoliticalsciencebackgroundtodothisjobright.Youmightbesentanywhereintheworldandyouwillneedtoboneuponthoseareasandknowwhat’sgoingon.”Sheadvisesprospectivejournaliststhatthejobisn’teasy.“Youmusthaveapassionforjournalismfromthebeginninginordertosucceed.Ifyoudon’tloveit,ifyoudon’treallywanttodoit,youwon’tfinditinterestingandyouwon’tenjoyitbecauseofthehardworkandfrustratingegosyoumustdealwith.”Whetheroneisaguestproducerlookingforfutureplayersorareportertrackingworldevents,shepointsoutthat“Agoodjournalistisconstantlyreading—Foreign Affairs, The New York Times, Wall Street Journal, Washington Post, The Economist, Time, Newsweek, New Yorker,internationalnewspapers,evenblogs”tostayontopofcurrentevents.
cnn
In the 2008 election, Greenfield believes some trends arealreadyevident.Withmanystatesshiftingtheirprimariestoearlierdates,candidatesmustraisealotofmoneysooner;thereforetheInternetisgoingtobeevenmoresignificantasavenueforraisingfundsthanitwasin2000or2004.Earlierprimariesarealsoforcingthemediatousetechniquesinmakingpredictions(i.e.,polling)thatarebetteradaptedtotimeframesclosertotheactualelection,whenvoters’mindsaremorelikelytobemadeup.Finally,withthevotersturningmoreandmoretonon-traditionalsourcesfornews(talkshows,blogs),candidatesareforcedtoparticipateinthesevenueswhetherornotitisthebestplaceforthem.
GreenfieldusedhisEthicsinPoliticsclasstofocusonreal-lifedilemmas.Thoughheacknowledgesthat“beatinguponpoliticiansisanationalsport,”Greenfieldstoutlydeniesthat“ethicsinpolitics”isacontradictioninterms.“Therearelimitsinpolitics.Mostpeopleinpoliticsdoask,‘what’sfairhere?’Butjustasinbusinessoraca-demia,somepeopledowhatevertheycantogetaheadwhileothersplaybyarealsetofrules.Thebigdifferenceisthatinpolitics,ifyoustray,youarerightoutthereinfrontofeveryone,especiallynowthatTVdominates.”Inthisclass,throughrole-playingandothertechniques,thestudentsworkedthroughrealethicalproblemsandGreenfieldwasveryimpressedwiththeresults.
Reportingontheirreactionstotheclass,threeseniorpoliti-calsciencemajorsexpressedslightlydifferentviewsonwhetherornotethicsinpoliticswasacontradictioninterms.ReedLinsk,forexample,thoughtconflictsbetweenethicsandpolitics“mainlycomeintryingtoraisemoney,”whilebothCaitlynCardineauandChrisKarlinthoughtethicalconflictsdependedmoreontheindividualsandthegroupsthatbackthem.Students’commentsindicatedtheirperspectiveonthetopichadchangedsomewhatasaresultoftheclass.“Classrole-playingmadeitclearthattherearemanydiffer-entnotionsofwhatareethicalsolutions.”“Real-lifeclassexamplesmadeusrealizehowhardthedecisionspeoplehavetomakereallyare.”“[Irealizedthat]anegativecampaignisnotnecessarilyanunethicalcampaign.Sometimesnegativity isneeded toget intodeeperissues.”AllthreestudentspraisedGreenfieldforallowingstudentstobecomfortablewiththeirownviewpointswhilestimu-latingexcellentdiscussion,andfeltitwasarealprivilegetohavetakentheclassfromhim.
Careers of Political Science Alums:
Threealumssharetheirstoriesonlineathttp://www.polsci.ucsb.edu/undergrad/Careers.php.
Michael Desmond, '90 TaxLegislativeCounsel,U.S.DepartmentoftheTreasury
James Lima, Ph.D. '94MineralsLeasingSpecialist,MineralsManagementService,U.S.DepartmentoftheInterior
Kristen Walsh Desmond '90 IndependentManagementConsultant,workingwiththeU.S.DepartmentofHomelandSecurity
We are always looking for new stories to share. Please contact the department if you’d like to add your career story to this webpage.
cory charles
6POLITICALSCIENCEATUCSB
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From the Chair John T. Woolley
This past year has been one ofcontinued achievement andinnovation for our department.
Ourfacultyandgraduatestudentscontin-uetoproducesignificantandinterestingresearch,andourundergraduatesdem-onstrate an inspiring combination ofpublic spiritedness and intellectualgrowth.
Afewhighlightsfromtheyeardeservespecialmention:
• The Honorable Kazuhiko Togo, former JapaneseAmbassadortotheNetherlandsjoinedourfacultyasPublicPolicymakerinResidence. AmbassadorTogo isnotonlyahighlyexperiencedexpert in Japanese foreign policy, but also has considerableadvancedstudyinInternationalRelations.Studentshavefoundhimtobeafascinatingresource.
• InApril, Professor Lorraine McDonnell became the presi-dent-elect of theAssociation for Educational Research andAdministration(AERA),avery largeassociationofeducationprofessionalsandscholars. Thisisawell-deservedrecognitionofherdistinguishedcontributionstoeducationresearch.
• InJanuary,ProfessorKentJenningswasincludedinapublish-ed list of the“Political Science 400,” the most-cited scholarsin theprofession. Amonghismanycontributions, Jennings iswell-knownforauniqueseriesofstudiesofpoliticalattitudesthatexaminedexactly thesamesetof respondents (and theirchildrenandparents)overa40yearperiod.
• PoliticaltheoristAndrewNorris,nowAssistantProfessorattheUniversity of Pennsylvania, will be joining the department inFall2007.Norrisisalreadyanaccomplishedscholarandwelookforwardtohisarrival.
• Finally,a studyreported inThe Chronicle of Higher Educationin January shows that by measures of faculty productivityandcitationrates,our facultyranked8thamongU.S.politicalsciencedepartments—tiedwithPrinceton.
There isnotenoughspacehere toreportonourstudents’interestingresearch,thestimulatingclassesourfacultyareoffering,andthemanyvaluablepresentationsthathavebeenmadebyvisitingspeakers.Sufficeittosaythattheplaceisprettylively.Ourabilitytomakethesethingshappenispossiblebecauseofthegenerosityofsomanyfriendswhohavegivenusfinancialsupport.Asyouconsideralltheworthycausesthatdeserveyourattention,pleasekeepUCSBinmind. StatefundsandstudentfeesdonotcoverthefullcostofprovidinganeducationatUCSB.Withoutprivatecontributions,wecouldnotoffermanyofthefeaturesthatmakeourprogramspecialanddistinctive.
Thankyouasalwaysforyourexpressionsofinterestandyournews.Wealwayslookforwardtohearingfromyouorvisitingwithyouwhenyouarebackoncampus.
Former Japanese Diplomat is New Policymaker in Residence
The Hon. Kazuhiko Togo, formerlyJapan’sAmbassador to the Nether-lands,joinedthedepartmentofpoliti-
calscienceasavisitingprofessorinWinterandSpringQuartersastheDivisionofSocialSciences’ Public Policymaker in Residence.Prior to theAmbassadorship, he served invarious positions in the Japanese ForeignMinistry, culminating in appointments asDirector-GeneraloftheEuropeanandOceanicAffairsBureauandDirector-Generalof the
TreatiesBureau.AmbassadorTogoretiredfromtheMinistryin2002andisaPh.D.candidateinInternationalRelationsattheUniversityofLeidenintheNetherlands.HeistheauthoroffourbooksinRussian,Japanese,andEnglish,includingthetextbook,Japan’s Foreign Policy 1945–2003(Brill2005).
TogonotesthatitiscommonforretireddiplomatsinJapantogointoeitherbusinessoracademia.Hehadbeenattractedtoteachingsincehisuniversitydaysandthusanacademiccareermeant“com-ingbacktothebesttimeofmyyouth.”Startingin1995,hetaughtcourses inbothMoscowandTokyouniversities inaddition tohisdiplomaticassignments.MostJapanesediplomatsretireatage63,sowhenheretiredearlyat57,hefelthehadauniqueopportunitytostartanacademiccareersoonerandinmoredepthbyobtainingtheadvanceddegree.
TogobelievesthecourseshehastaughtatUCSBcoverthefullrangeofwhathehasworkedonoverthepastfiveyears.InWinter,heco-taughtacourseonRussianforeignpolicywithFacultyFellowRobHinckley(Ph.D.,2005)andapro-seminar forhistoryon JapaneseHistoricalMemory.Inspring,hetaughttwoclasses:JapaneseForeignPolicy(history)andStrategicThinkinginEastAsia(politicalscience).Hinckleyhadnothingbutpositivethingstosayabouttheexperienceof co-teaching with Togo.“On a personal level, he was very kind,open-minded,easytoworkwith.Intheclassroom,hegavestudentsaninsider’sviewofhowforeignpolicydecisionsaremadeandwhattheconstraintsareondecisionmakers.Thestudents inclasswereenthusiasticandengaged. Iwould team-teachwithhimagain inaminute.”TogonotesthatteachingJapaneseHistoricalMemorywasanewexperienceforhim.Hewasparticularlypleasedwiththewaythatstudentspresentedtheweeklyprogressoftheirresearchtoeachotheranddevelopedarealmofcommonknowledgetogetherasaclass.Hetoogainednewperspectivesfromtheirpresentations,aswellas“averyenrichingfeeling”abouttheprocess.
InconjunctionwithTogo’sresidencyatUCSB, theCenter forColdWarStudieshostedaninternationalconferenceinMayonthetopic,“HistoricalMemoriesandResurgenceofNationalisminEastAsia:PathstoReconciliation.”This isa themedeartoTogo’sheart,andhebelievesitbroughtallthelectureshehasgivenabroadduringthepastfiveyearstoafineconclusion.Afterhisresidency,hewouldliketoreturntoJapaninanacademiccapacityandpursuehisworkinJapanese-RussianforeignpolicyandJapanesehistoricalmemory.BotharecontroversialtopicsinJapan,buthehopestoberegardedasascholarwhenhereturns,“notasanopinionleader.”
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kazuhiko togo
POLITICALSCIENCEATUCSB7
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DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE #9420university of california santa Barbara, ca 93106–9420
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