pollination
DESCRIPTION
Pollination. Pollination. Definition: transfer of pollen from stamen to stigma Contrast with herbivory. Animals eating plant products but: 1) Most pollinators winged 2) If insects, adults involved directly and not larvae 3) Few mammals involved (except bats). The flower. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Pollination
![Page 2: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Pollination• Definition: transfer of pollen from stamen to stigma
• Contrast with herbivory. Animals eating plant products but:– 1) Most pollinators winged– 2) If insects, adults involved directly and not larvae
– 3) Few mammals involved (except bats)
![Page 3: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The flower• Parts (see Fig. 6-1 in text)
![Page 4: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Life Cycle• Example of sporic meiosis:• Gametophytes make gametes BY MITOSIS• Zygote grows into diploid individual called sporophyte
• Sporophyte makes meiospores BY MEIOSIS
• Two bodies in one cycle: alternation of generations
![Page 5: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Life Cycle• Overview:
![Page 6: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Life Cycle• Overview:• Fertilization: union of sperm with egg to form zygote
![Page 7: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Floral variation• Parts may be fused
• Example, petals fused to each other.
Snapdragon flower
![Page 8: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Floral variation• Parts may be fused• Example, petals fused to each other
• Like parts fused: connation (ex., petals to petals)
• Unlike parts fused: adnation (ex., stamens to petals).
Snapdragon flower
![Page 9: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Floral variation• Fusing of petals can form floral tube (nectar made at bottom)
• Only long-tongued pollinators can reach it.
Anisacanthus (Acanthaceae) flower
![Page 10: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Floral variation• Flowers with both stamens and pistils: perfect flowers
Anotherkind of perfection….
![Page 11: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Floral variation• Flowers with both stamens and pistils: perfect flowers
• Some flowers imperfect. Either pistillate (have pistil) or staminate (have stamens).
Staminate flowers of Sagittaria
Pistillate flowers of Sagittaria
![Page 12: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Floral variation• Note: some species make pistillate flowers and carpellate flowers on separate individuals
• This termed dioecy (MUST outcross to reproduce sexually)
• Monoecy is when both sexes on same individual.
![Page 13: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Floral variation• Example of dioecious species: Persimmon (Diospyros)
Persimmon fruits
Staminateflower
Pistillateflower
![Page 14: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Floral variation• Some flowers are missing one or more sets of basic parts: incomplete flowers
• Note that all imperfect flowers are therefore incomplete!
![Page 15: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Floral variation• Floral symmetry:• Radial: can be divided into similar halves by several planes
![Page 16: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Floral variation• Floral symmetry:• Radial: can be divided into similar halves by several planes
• Bilateral: can be divided into mirror images by 1 plane.
![Page 17: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Floral variation• Ovary position• Superior ovary: other parts attach below ovary (hypogynous: “hypo-” =below, “gyn-” =female)
![Page 18: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Floral variation• Example of superior ovary in a lily flower (ovary is E)
![Page 19: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Floral variation• Ovary position• Perigynous flower: ovary superior, but cup formed of fused sepals, petals, stamens around it.
![Page 20: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Floral variation• Ovary position• Inferior ovary: other parts attach above ovary (epigynous: “epi-”=above, “gyn-”=female).
![Page 21: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Floral variation• Example of inferior ovary: squash flower (this one is pistillate).
Ovary
![Page 22: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Floral variation• Some flowers assembled into groups of flowers: inflorescence
• Special inflorescence type: head• Example, sunflower and its relatives• Ray flowers have large fused petals (corollas fused), disk flowers small and crowded.
diskflowers
ray flowers
![Page 23: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Floral variation• Flowering dogwood (Cornus florida)
• Inflorescence: white structures are modified leaves (bracts) that act like petals.
Inflorescence Closeup showing individualgreenish flowers
![Page 24: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Pollination• Why flowers so varied? Many form mutualism with animals to achieve pollination
![Page 25: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Mutualism Exceptions• Some flowering plants are wind pollinated (anemophily)
• Some are water pollinated (hydrophily)
Small, greenishgrass flowers
![Page 26: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Pollination as Mutualism
• Most flowering plants are pollinated by animals
• This usually viewed as mutualism (where both species benefit)– Plant gets pollen transferred– Animal gets “reward”
![Page 27: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Rewards• Pollen: high in protein• Also has lipids, minerals, starch
• Can be renewed by:– sequential anther dehiscence (multiple stamens)
– poricidal anthers (buzz pollination)
![Page 28: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Rewards• Nectar: sugary fluid produced by nectar glands (nectaries) in flower
• 10-60% mono- or disaccharides
• May have amino acids too (butterfly flowers)
• Renewable reward!
![Page 29: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Rewards• Oils/Resins: some used as construction materials, “cologne” (male solitary bee uses oil as female attractant), food for larvae (Krameria)
• Edible petals (pineapple guava: New Zealand)
Krameria wax gland: wasp food!
![Page 30: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Pollination• Benefits of animal pollination for plant– 1) Directed dispersal of pollen. Can get delivered from stamen to stigma with less waste
– Floral cues and attractants:•Color and shape•Scent•Warmth (thermogenic plants: rare)
Skunk cabbage
![Page 31: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Pollination• Benefits of animal pollination for plant– 1) Directed dispersal of pollen. – This aided by learning of floral visitors: decreases “handling time”
– Fosters “floral constancy” (visiting single species on foraging trip) by bees
Bumblebeevisits to touch-me-not
![Page 32: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Pollination• Benefits of animal pollination for plant– 2) Style of flower as “selective racetrack”
stigma
style
ovary
2 ovules
![Page 33: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Pollination• Benefits of animal pollination– 2) Style of flower as “selective racetrack”
– Keep in mind that 1 pollen grain can fertilize 1 ovule
– Suppose 5 pollen grains arrive on stigma
stigma
style
ovary
2 ovules
Pollen grains
![Page 34: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Pollination• Benefits of animal pollination– 2) Style of flower as “selective racetrack”
– Keep in mind that 1 pollen grain can fertilize 1 ovule
– Suppose 5 pollen grains arrive on stigma
– Start to make pollen tubes
– How many can fertilize an ovule?
stigma
style
ovary
2 ovules
Pollen grains
pollen tubes
![Page 35: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Pollination• Benefits of animal pollination– 2) Style of flower as “selective racetrack”
– Keep in mind that 1 pollen grain can fertilize 1 ovule
– Suppose 5 pollen grains arrive on stigma
– Start to make pollen tubes
– How many can fertilize an ovule?
– 2! First 2 to arrive!– Rest? LOSERS!
stigma
style
ovary
2 ovules
Pollen grains
![Page 36: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Pollination• Benefits of animal pollination– 2) Style of flower as “selective racetrack”
– Pollen tubes are haploid (1n)
– Haploid means only 1 allele (gene version) for every trait
stigma
style
ovary
2 ovules
Pollen grains
![Page 37: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Pollination• Benefits of animal pollination– 2) Style of flower as “selective racetrack”
– Pollen tubes are haploid (1n)
– Haploid means only 1 allele (gene version) for every trait
– If an allele is recessive, then it will be expressed (can’t be masked by another, dominant allele)
stigma
style
ovary
2 ovules
Pollen grains
![Page 38: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Pollination• Benefits of animal pollination– 2) Style of flower as “selective racetrack”
– Pollen tubes are haploid (1n)
– Haploid means only 1 allele (gene version) for every trait
– If an allele is recessive, then it will be expressed (can’t be masked by another, dominant allele)
– So, fittest (fastest) pollen grains mate
– Inferior genes don’t get passed to offspring.
stigma
style
ovary
2 ovules
Pollen grains
![Page 39: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Pollination• Style of flower as “selective racetrack”
• Is there evidence that this works?
• Example, Coyote melon• Gourd growing in U.S. deserts.
![Page 40: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Pollination• Style of flower as “selective racetrack”
• Study done in 2000 showed that:– 1) takes 900 pollen grains to fully pollinate flower
![Page 41: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Pollination• Style of flower as “selective racetrack”
• Study done in 2000 showed that:– 1) takes 900 pollen grains to fully pollinate flower
– 2) 1 pollinator visit puts 650 grains/stigma. By 2 hours, >4000 grains deposited on stigma
![Page 42: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Pollination• Style of flower as “selective racetrack”• Study done in 2000 showed that
– 1) takes 900 pollen grains to fully pollinate flower
– 2) 1 pollinator visit puts 650 grains/flower. By 2 hours, >4000 grains deposited on stigma
– 3) Seeds produced from over-pollinated flowers produced more vigorous seedlings (compared to seeds from flowers with <900 pollen grains on stigma).
![Page 43: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Outcrossing• Major benefit of sexual reproduction: generate genetic variation
• This enhanced by mating with others (outcrossing)
![Page 44: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Outcrossing• How to favor outcrossing:• 1) Dioecy
Imperfect flowers Bet hedging! Some selfing can occur if no cross pollination
![Page 45: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Outcrossing• How to favor outcrossing:• 2) Floral morphology• Heterostyly: Distyly and tristyly
![Page 46: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Outcrossing• How to favor outcrossing:
• 2) Floral morphology
• Heterostyly: Distyly and tristyly
![Page 47: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Outcrossing• How to favor outcrossing:
• 3) Floral phenology• Protandry: anthers dehisce first
• Protogyny: stigma becomes receptive first
Protandry
![Page 48: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Outcrossing• How to favor outcrossing:• 4) Self-incompatibility: prevents germination of self pollen or slows self pollen tube growth
![Page 49: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Specialization• May be learned• May be species-specific
– Monolecty: Flowers of 1 plant species visited
– Oligolecty: Flowers of few plant species visited
– Polylecty: Flowers of many plant species visited
![Page 50: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Specialization• Benefits of taxonomic specialization– Better service: can match phenology of plant/pollinator
– Decrease competition (must match flower/pollinator traits)
– Plant: Minimize stigma clogging with heterospecific pollen
![Page 51: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Pollination
syndromes
•Disclaimer: Note that we must make broad generalizations and exceptions exist to most statements!
![Page 52: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Pollination syndromes• Bee pollination: Melittophily• Bees are:
– intelligent, agile– visual animals: good eyesight (including UV light)
– good smellers (good sense of smell) – day-active
![Page 53: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Pollination syndromes• Bee pollination• Bee pollinated flowers are:
– Colorful (usually not red)– Have landing platform: place where bee can land on flower
– Mildly fragrant.
![Page 54: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Pollination syndromes• Bee pollination• Bee pollinated flowers:
– May have nectar guides: patterns of lines or dots that can guide bee to reward
– Sometimes these only visible in UV light (which bees see).
Petals in visible light(top) and UV (bottom)
Orchid flowerwith nectarguides (lines)on petals
![Page 55: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Pollination syndromes• Fremontodendron decumbens (endangered chaparral shrub) flowers
• UV reflectance photo (right)
![Page 56: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Pollination syndromes• Beetle pollination: Cantharophily• Beetles are:
– Clumsy– Have poor vision– Dumb(er)– Active during the day (many flower-visiting ones).
![Page 57: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Pollination syndromes• Beetle pollination• Beetle pollinated flowers are:
– Relatively large or grouped into large inflorescences
– Light colored– Smelly (fruity or spicy smell)
Inflorescence ofXanthosoma withbeetle from it
Dogwood inflorescence
![Page 58: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Pollination syndromes• Bird pollination: Ornithophily
• Birds are: – agile– long-beaked– visual: see red colors well
– poor “smellers”
![Page 59: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Pollination syndromes• Bird pollination• Hummingbirds (native to Americas) can hover: don’t need to land to access flower rewards.
![Page 60: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Pollination syndromes• Bird-pollinated flowers are: • red or orange• have nectar hidden by long floral tube
• little or no fragrance• no landing platform
Aloe Anisacanthus (Acanthaceae) flower
![Page 61: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Pollination syndromes• Bird pollination: not always by hummingbirds
• Other birds from other areas:• Sunbirds (Africa/Asia)• Honeycreepers (Hawai’i).
Golden-wingedsunbird
Iiwi (a honeycreeper)
Crested honeycreeper
![Page 62: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Pollination syndromes• Butterfly pollination: Psychophily• Butterflies have: good vision, good sense of smell, long coiled tongue. Must land on flower to visit it (can’t hover).
coiled tonguetongue extended
![Page 63: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Pollination syndromes• Butterfly-pollinated flowers:– Color varies (blue, yellow, orange)
– Landing platform present
– Nectar at bottom of floral tube
Phlox flowersPlumbago flowers
![Page 64: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Pollination syndromes• Fly pollination: Myophily• Flies have good sense of smell, especially flesh flies
• Attracted to rotting meat (lay eggs in meat, larvae are maggots).
![Page 65: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Pollination syndromes• Fly-pollinated flowers: Sapromyophily– Smell like rotting meat– Look like rotting meat (dark red, purple)
– Offer no reward: flies fooled by flower.
Stapelia flower
![Page 66: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Fly flower story: Rafflesia
• Ex, Rafflesia of Sumatra
• Root parasite
• Flower is only above-ground part.
![Page 67: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Fly flower story: Rafflesia
• Ex, Rafflesia of Sumatra
• Largest single flower on Earth.
![Page 68: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Pollination syndromes• Fly pollination• Largest inflorescence is made by fly-pollinated plant
• Corpse-flower.
Inside view
![Page 69: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Pollination syndromes• Bat pollination: Chiropterophily• Bats are flying mammals
– Nocturnal– Eyesight good but echolocate– Good sense of smell– Agile, can hover when visiting flower.
QuickTime™ and aCinepak decompressorare needed to see this picture.
![Page 70: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Pollination syndromes• Bat pollination• Bat-pollinated flowers
– Open at night– Produce lots of pollen and nectar as rewards
– White or light-colored– Fragrant (sweet odor)– May be pendant (hang down from branches).
Parkia flowers
![Page 71: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Pollination syndromes• Bat pollination• Bat-pollinated flowers– May also be made on tree trunks (tropics): Cauliflory
– Ex, cannonball tree of South America
![Page 72: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Pollination syndromes• Bat pollination: Mainly a tropical phenomenon
• In U.S., saguaro cactus is one of few bat-pollinated species.
Saguaro flowers
Saguaro cactus
![Page 73: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Pollination syndromes• Moth pollination: Phalaenophily
• Moths have:– Poor vision (nocturnal)– Excellent sense of smell– Long coiled tongue.
![Page 74: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Pollination syndromes• Moth pollination• Moths:
– Some (hawkmoths) can hover when visiting flowers.
Hawkmoth
![Page 75: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Pollination syndromes• Moth pollination• Moth-pollinated flowers:
– Open at night– Sweet fragrance– White or light-colored– Nectar in tube.
![Page 76: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Pollination syndromes• Interesting moth story: nectar spur• Nectar spur is long pouch, at bottom of which is nectar
• Moth uses long tongue to reach nectar
Nectar spurs on columbine
![Page 77: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Pollination syndromes• Interesting moth story: nectar spur• Nectar spur is long pouch, at bottom of which is nectar
• Moth uses long tongue to reach nectar
• Only if tube is longer than tongue will moth have to push into flower far enough to pick up pollen
• So, long spurred flowers reproduce better.
![Page 78: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Pollination syndromes• Which leads to longer moth tongues to reach all of the nectar in the longer tubes
• Which leads to longer tubes......
![Page 79: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Pollination syndromes• Which leads to longer moth tongues to reach all of the nectar in the longer tubes
• Which leads to longer tubes......• Some moth-pollinated orchids with long nectar spurs (almost one foot long!)
• Moth has extremely long tongue!
![Page 80: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Pollination syndromes• Moth pollination• Angraecum orchid from Madagascar.
Nectar spur almost1 foot long!
![Page 81: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Pollination syndromes• Can read more in magazine for Gene Simmons fans.
Gene Simmonsfrom KISS
![Page 82: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Sexual Mimics• Flowers that mimic female bees or wasps
• Look like females• Smell like females: chemical mimicry. One study showed flower more attractive than real female!! Sexual mimic
orchids
![Page 83: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Pollination syndromes• Sexual mimics• Males attempt to mate, pick up pollen, then fly to another flower and repeat process
• No reward supplied!. A male wasp “mating”
with an Ophrys flower(how embarrassing...)
![Page 84: Pollination](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022042718/56815476550346895dc28e25/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Pollination syndromes• Another trick flower
• Grass pink orchid (Calopogon): grows in pitcher plant bogs in SE US
• Makes fake stamens on petal.
Calopogon orchid (flowermade upside down!)
Cattleya orchid (flowermade right side up)
Plant ecologyclass in bog