pollinators uses: butterflies, flies, beetles, bats › teacherresources › terranova › ...1....
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Three-fourthsoftheworld’sfloweringplantsandabout35percentoftheworld’sfoodcropsdependonpollinatorstoreproduce.Morethan3,500speciesofnativebeeshelpincreasecropyields.Somescientistsestimatethatoneoutofeverythreebitesoffoodweeatexistsbecauseofpollinatorslikebees,butterflies,moths,birds,bats,beetlesandotherinsects.
What are Pollinators?
Birds, Bees, Butterflies, Moths, Flies, Beetles, BatsPollinators
Antenna(e): Themoveable,sensitivefeelersonaninsect’shead,whichdetectodorandmovement.Anther: Thepartofaflower’sstamenthatcontainsthepollen.Cross-pollination: Pollenistransferredfromtheflowerofoneplanttotheflowerofanotherplant.Filament: Supportstheanther,whichiswherepollendevelops.Insect: Asix-legged,air-breathinginvertebratewithabodythathaswell-definedsegments,includingahead,thorax,abdomen,twoantennaeandusually,twosetsofwings.Invertebrate: Ananimalwithoutabackbone.Mammal: Awarm-bloodedvertebratecharacterizedbyacoveringofhaironsomeormostofthebody,afour-chamberedheart,andnourishmentofoffspringwithmilk frommaternalmammaryglands.Nectar: Asweetliquidsecretedbyflowersofvariousplants.Petal: Aleafyflapinaflower,oftenbrightlycoloredtoattractanimalpollinators.Pistil: Thefemalepartofaflower,whichconsistsofthestigma,styleandovary.Pollen: Afinepowderysubstance,oftenyellow,produced bytheanthersandcollectedbypollinators.Pollinator: Movespollenfromthemaleanthersofaflower tothefemalestigmaofaflowerresultinginfertilization.
USES
: VOCABULARY
Pollinatorsvisitflowersintheirsearchforfood(nectarandpollen).Duringaflowervisit,apollinatormayunknowinglydepositpollenfromadifferentflower.Theplantthenusesthepollentoproduceafruitorseed.Manyplantscannotreproducewithoutpollencarriedtothembyforagingpollinators.
How Pollination Works:
Self-pollination: Takesplacewhenpollenistransferredfromthestamenofoneflowertothepistilofthesameflowerorplant.Stamen: Themalepartofaflowerwhichproducespollenandconsistsofafilamentandananther.Stigma: Thefemalepartofaflowerwhichreceivespollenduringpollination.Vertebrate: Ananimalwithabackbone.
Parts of a Flower
Take the journey from flower to table:
Honey Bees
Pollinators
Onethirdofthefoodsyoueatdirectlyorindirectlydependsonpollinationbyhoneybees.Manycrops,includingnuts,vegetables,alfalfa(usedforhay),apples,cantaloupe,cranberries,pumpkinsandsunflowers,are90percentdependentonhoneybeepollination.Otherproducts,suchasbeefanddairy,alsodependonpollination.Cowseatalfalfahay,whichispollinatedbyinsects.Approximately220,000coloniesofbeesareusedtopollinatealfalfafieldsforseedproduction.
Honey Bees and Agriculture
Butterflies are very important pollinators. Look to these indicator species to help determine how healthy your surroundings are. Make sure your yard has plenty of butterflies and other insects happily buzzing about!
-Theworld’sfoodsupplydependsonpollinators.-Butterfliesareanindicatorspeciesthattellusabout thehealthofourenvironment.-Butterfliesaresensitivetochangesinclimate.-Butterfliesaresensitivetopresenceofharmfulchemicals.-Butterfliesaresensitivetopollutionintheairandwater.
What can WE do?-Provideasafeandattractivehabitat.-Plantbothmilkweedandnectarplants.-Makesureyourplantsgetplentyofsunlight.-Determinemoistureconditions.-Makesureyouareplantingingoodsoil.-Checkthewindconditionsbeforeplanting.
Butterflies
1.Flowersproducenectar.
2.Honeybeescollectpollenandnectarfrombloomingflowersandplantsandstoreitinhoneycombsinsidetheirhives.Thesehoneybeesarecalledworkerbees,andareexclusivelyallfemales.
3.Theyevaporatethewaterfromthenectarwhichleavesthick,sweethoney.Thewindfromthebees’wingshelpsevaporation.
4.Beekeeperspullframesoutofbeehives.Theytakeoffthewaxthatcoversthecells.
5.Beekeepersputframesinamachinecalledanextractor. Itspinstheframeveryquickly,andthehoneycomesout.
6.Thehoneygoesthroughaverysmallstrainertocatchanypiecesofwax.
7.Honeyissealedinjarsandbottles.
Your Garden Can “Bee” Attractive to Pollinators
Spotlight on Careers:
Entomologist: Anentomologistisabroadlytrainedandeducatedprofessionalwhostudiesinsects.Entomologistsareneededworldwidetohelpfarmersandranchersproducecropsandlivestockmoreefficientlybyusingsoundpestmanagementstrategies.Theyalsoproduceinformationaboutendangeredspecies,fragileecosystemsandourenvironment,andhelppreventthespreadofseriousdiseasesinplantsandanimals.Youcanfindentomologistsinprofessionssuchasmedicine,law,pharmacology,veterinarymedicine,teaching,andresearch.Theyalsoworkinmanyaspectsofagribusinessaswellasinprivatepursuitssuchasconsulting.Manyentomologistsalsoworkforlocal,state,federal,orinternationalagencies.Educationisanimportantpartintheprocessofbecominganentomologist.Inhighschool,takeacollegepreparatorycurriculumandincludeasmanyscience-basedcoursesaspossible.Incollege,amajorinentomologyisthebestpreparationforyou;however,awell-roundedbiologicalsciencesprogramwouldbeexcellentpreparationforgraduatework.Asanundergraduate,youwilltakecoursesinbiology,agriculture,chemistry/biochemistry,mathematics,andstatistics,aswellascomputerscience,English,history,andthehumanities.Asagraduatestudentyouwillgetexperienceintaxonomy,physiology,morphology,behavior,andpestmanagement.
Apiarist (Beekeeper): Beekeepers,alsoknownasapiarists, areresponsibleforensuringtheefficientproductionofhoneyandbeehiveby-products,suchaswaxandpollen,bymanagingcoloniesofhoneybeeslocatedwithinanapiary(wherebeesarekept).Beekeepersalsoprovidepollinationservicestohorticulturalandseedcropproducers.Manybeekeepersareself-taughtorlearntheirskillson-the-job.Attendingworkshops,conferences,talkingtoactivebeekeepers,andtakingcorrespondencecourses aregreatwaystolearntheskillsnecessarytobecome abeekeeper.Itishelpfultocompletecourseworkinareassuchasagriculture,botany,biology,environmentalengineeringandhorticulture.Pursuingcourseworkintheseareascanhelpyouacquirethenecessaryknowledgeforbecoming abeekeeper.
Pollinators care
ers: Entomologist, Apiarist,
Botanist, Honey Farmer, Plant Scientist
SweetAlysum LesserCalamint
Coreopsis Cosmos
Salvia ButterflyWeed(AsclepiasTuberosa)
Coneflower(Echinacea)
Goldenrod(Solidago)
Asters LemonQueenSunflowers
TeddyBearSunflowers
(Perennials)
(Annuals)Illinois favorites:
Givebeessomethingtoloveallseason.Plantcontinuouslybloomingannualsandnativeperennialstoencouragevisitors,includingbees,hummingbirds,butterfliesandotherpollinatorsallseasonlong.Gotohttp://pollinator.org/guides.htm to findplantsthatattractpollinatorstoyourarea.
• Of the 100 crop species providing
90 percent of the world’s food, over 70 are pollinated by bees.
• Bees communicate by dancing.
• Honey Bees have four wings that stroke
12,000 times per minute.
• The average honey bee lives about 1 month.
• There can be 60,000+ honey bees in one hive.
• A hive of bees must fly almost 55,000 miles to make one pound of honey.
Pollinators science at home
Directions:1.Youwilltrydifferentthingswitheachofthepowdersand
observewhathappens.Makepredictionsabouteachpowder.
2.Lookateachpowderwithamagnifyinglens.Makeahypothesis.Whichpowderslookasthoughtheyaregoingtotravelmoreeasilybyair?Byanimal?Why?
3.Makesuretheblackpaperisplacedinanareawithnowind.Keeptheshortedgeclosesttoyou.Placetherulernexttothepaperandmarkalinehalfaninchfromtheedgeclosesttoyou.Thisareawillbelabeled“PowderPollenArea.”Place1/8teaspoonofonepowderinthestartingarea.Place1/8teaspoonofthesamepowderinasmallcup.
4.Placethetipofthestrawnearthepileofpowder.Blowonequicksmallpuffofairthroughthestrawandrecordhowfarthepollentravels.
5.Dipyourfingerquicklyinandoutofthecupofpowder.Rollyourfingeraroundonthestickysideofapieceofcleartapetoshowhowmuchpowderstuck.Placethistapeinthecorrectboxonthechart.
6.Dipthecottonswabquicklyinandoutofthecupofpowder.Rollitaroundonthestickysideofapieceofcleartapetoremovethepowder.Placethistapeinthecorrectboxonthechart.
7.Repeatsteps3to6foreachpowder.Recordtheresultsonthechart.
8.Taketimetowriteyourconclusioninoneparagraph.9.Pleasevisitagintheclassroom.orgforthecharttouse
withthislesson.
RulerPencilBlackPaper5powderssuchasflour,babypowder,cinnamon, orotherspices
1/8teaspoonSmallbowlsorcupsStrawCleartape5cottonswabs
Pollen PowerAllflowersneedpollentomakeseeds.Somepollenislightandsmoothenoughtobecarriedbythewind.Otherflowersproducepollenthatmustbecarriedbyinsectsandotheranimals.
www.iaafoundation.org www.agintheclassroom.org
Pollinator movement and crops in the U.S.
Source: USDA, Economic Research Service; Sautzman (2011), with input from commercial beekeepers and apiculture experts, including Dr. Jeff Pettis and Dr. David Epstein, an entomologist and authority on pollinators with the USDA’s Pest Management Policy. Crop production acres are from USDA, National Agricultural Statistics Service, 2012 Agricultural Census.
As of June 2014
Materials Needed:
KNOW?DID YOU
Dashed line represents distinct pollination routes
Summer feeding grounds
Total pollinated crop acres by state
Less than 20,000
20,001 to 80,000
80,001 to 150,000
150,001 to 250,000
250,001 to 500,000
More than 500,000
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