pollution a new approach
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POLLUTION
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DEFINITION
Pollution is the effect of undesirable changes inour surroundings that have harmful effects on plantsanimals and human beings.
(Pollutants solid, liquid or gaseoussubstances).
CLASSIFICATION OF POLLUTANTS
Degradable or non persistent pollutants (Eg.food wastevegelables etc.
Slowly
degradable or persistent pollutants(Eg. Plastics)Non degradable pollutants (Eg.nuclear waste)
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CAUSES, EFFECTS AND CONTROL MEASURES OF POLLUTION
1. AIR POLLUTION
WHAT IS AIR POLLUTION?
Air pollution occurs due to the presence of undesirable solid or
gaseous particles in the air, in quantities that are harmful to humanhealth and the environment.
TYPES OF POLLUTANTS
Primary pollutantsSecondary pollutants
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EFFECTS ON HUMAN BEINGS
Lung cancer, asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema
Exposure to air containing 0.001% of co lead to collapsecome and death
Oxygen carrying capacity of blood
Impairs perception and thinking, head ache etc
Sulphur, nitrogen oxides irritates respiratory system
Suspended particles aggravates RTI
Many volatile organic compounds (eg. formaldehyde)
and toxic particulates (eg. lead) can cause mutations,reproductive problems or cancer.
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EFFECTS ON PLANTS
Damage trees from diseases, pests, drought, frostEFFECTS ON MATERIALS Break down the exterior paint Discolor irreplaceable monuments, statues, beauty sites etc (finance
loss)EFFECTS ON THE STRATOSPHERE Destruction of the ozone layer (ozone hole)IMPLICATIONS FOR MANKIND Effects on human health Food production Plant and animal planktons damage Effect on materials Effect on climate
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CONTROL MEASURESNatural measures (Rain, wind)
Engineering measures (Substitutics,
dispension higher smoke-stacksEducational measures (legal, inter-national
measures)
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2. WATER POLLUTION
CAUSES OF WATER POLLUTIONSurface water pollution Disease causing agents Oxygen depleting wastes
Inorganic plant nutrients (eg. water soluble nitrates andphosphates) Water soluble inorganic chemicals Variety of organic chemicals Sediment of suspended matter Water soluble radio active isotopes Hot water released by power plants and industries Oil pollution
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GROUND WATER POLLUTION Urban run-off of untreated or poorly treated waste water
and garbage Industrial wastes Agricultural practices Leaks from underground storage pipes and tanks Leachate from land fills
Poorly-designed and inadequately maintained septictanks Mining wastesEFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION Water borne diseases Chemical poisoningCONTROL MEASURES Setting up treatment plants Root zone process
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3.SOIL POLLUTION
SOIL PROFILEo Top layer or the surface litter layer called O-horizono
The uppermost layer, the A
horizono The subsoil layer, the B horizono Below the subsoil, the C horizon
CAUSES OF SOIL DEGRADATIONo Erosion
o Excess use of fertilizerso Excess salts and water
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4. MARINE POLLUTION
DEFINITION
Marine pollution can be defined as the introduction ofsubstances to the marine environment directly or
indirectly by man resulting in adverse effect.CAUSES
Discharging wastes into the sea
Washed off pesticides and fertilizers from the land
Petroleum and oils washed off from the roads Ship accidents and accidental spillages at sea
Off share oil exploration and extraction
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CONTROL MEASURES
Sewage treatment plant Primary treatment Secondary treatmentAdvanced sewage treatment
For oil pollution use of chemical dispersantsEFFECTS
Development of red tides Oil slicks damage marine life, affect fish, shall
fish production Reduces the market value of sea food.
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5. NOISE POLLUTIONSOURCES OR NOISE POLLUTION
Indoor noise pollution
Outdoor noise pollution
EFFECTS
Temporary or permanent hearing loss
Emotional or psychological effects
Increased rate of accidents
CONTROL MEASURES
Reduce noise at the source Block the path of noise
Increase the path-length
Protect the recipient
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6.THERMAL POLLUTION
DEFINITION
Definition Discharge of warm water into a river isusually called thermal pollution
CAUSES
Discharge of heated water by the industriesEFFECTS
Decreases the solubility of oxygen Changes the ecological balance of the river
Promote the growth of certain fish and the fish catchmay be high in the vicinity of a power plant
Change in the diversity of fauna
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CONTROL MEASURES Passing the heated water through a cooling pond or tower
7. NUCLEAR HAZARDS
CAUSES Leakage from nuclear power unit
Explosion of atom bombs Testing of nuclear product
EFFECT Genetic anomalies
Mutation leading to cancer
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8.SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT CAUSES EFFECTSAND CONTROL MEASURES OF URBAN AND
INDUSTRIAL WASTE.
CLASSIFICATION
Municipal solid waste
Hazardous wastes
CONTROL MEASURES OF URBAN WASTES
Source reduction
Recycling
Disposal
Vermicomposting
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HAZARDOUS WASTES
Toxic waste Reactive waste
Ignitable waste
Corrosive wastes
Infectious wastes Radioactive wastes
ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AND HEALTH RISKS
Contamination of ground water Affects aquatic life, birds life and human life
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9. ROLE OF AN INDIVIDUAL IN THE
PREVENTION OF POLLUTION
Plant trees wherever you can and moreimportantly take care of them. Theyreduce air pollution
Reduce the use of wood and paperproducts wherever possible
Reuse as many envelopes as you can
Do not buy furniture, doors or windowframes made from tropical hardwoods
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Use pesticides only when absolutelynecessary and use them in small amounts.
Advocate organic farming
Reduce the use of fossil fuels
Buy consumer goods that last.
Try to avoid asking for plastic carry bags
Contd
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Recycle all newspaper, glass, aluminum andother items accepted for recycling
Set up a compost bin in your garden or terrace
Start individual or community composting orvermicomposting plants
Do not litter the roads and surrounding
You could join any of the several NGOs thatexist in our country or become volunteers.
Contd
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Contd
Learn about the biodiversity of your ownarea
You cannot improve your world by notvoting.
Do not get discouraged at the first sign oftrouble
When talking to elected officials always becourteous and reasonable.
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10. Disaster management: floods,earthquakes, cyclones landslide
GUIDELINES FOR AN EFFECTIVE MITIGATION PROGRAM
Pro-disaster mitigation
Mitigation measures must ensure protection ofthe natural and cultural assets of the community
Hazard reduction methods
Any mitigation program must ensure an effectivepartnership between Government privatesectors, NGOs, scientific and the community
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ELEMENTS OF A MITIGATION STRATEGY
Risk assessment and vulnerability analysis Incentives and resources for mitigation Applied research and technology transfer Public awareness and training Institutional mechanisms Land use planning and regulations Hazard resistant design and construction Structural and constructional reinforcement of
existing buildings
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FLOODS AND MITIGATION MEASURES STRUCTURAL MEASURES Reservoirs flow to be regulated Construction of embankments and floodwalls Improve flow conditions in the channel and anti-erosion
measures Improved drainage.
Non-structural measures Flood plain management Maintaining wetlands Flood forecasting and warning services Disaster relief, flood fighting and public health measures Flood insurance
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EARTHQUAKES AND MITIGATION MEASURES Role of NGOs
CYCLONES AND MITIGATION MEASURES
Installation of early warning systems
Developing communication infrastructure
Developing shelter belts Developing community cyclone shelters
Construction of permanent houses
Training and education
Land use control and settlement planning
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LAND SLIDES AND MITIGATION MEASURES
Developmental programs that involvemodification of the topography exploitation ofnatural resources
preventive measures for further landslides are
drainage measures, erosion control measuresrock fall control measures
preventing deforestation
improving afforestation