polonius enters to bid his son farewell

8/4/2019 Polonius Enters to Bid His Son Farewell

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Polonius enters to bid his son farewell. He tells Laertes that he must hurry to his ship but then delays him by giving him a greatdeal of advice about how to behave with integrity and practicality. Polonius admonishes Laertes to keep his thoughts to himself,restrain himself from acting on rash desires, and treat people with familiarity but not with vulgarity. He advises him to hold on tohis old friends but be slow to embrace new friends; to be slow to quarrel but to fight boldly if the need arises; to listen more thanhe talks; to dress richly but not gaudily; to refrain from borrowing or lending money; and, finally, to be true to himself above allthings.

A father's advice to his son how to conduct himself in the world: Don't tell all youthink, or put into action thoughts out of harmony or proportion with the occasion. Befriendly, but not common; don't dull your palm by effusively shaking hands withevery chance newcomer. Avoid quarrels if you can, but if they are forced on you,

give a good account of yourself. Hear every man's censure (opinion), but expressyour own ideas to few. Dress well, but not ostentatiously. Neither borrow nor lend.And guarantee yourself against being false to others by setting up the high moralprinciple of being true to yourself.

Polonius tells his son several pieces of advice. He advises him to keep his thoughts to himself, to be friendlywithout being common or inappropriate in his actions, and have a few close friends, but keep a respectfuldistance from acquaintances. He tells him to be a good listener, but don't talk too much. Laertes shouldpurchase nice clothing but nothing too gaudy that will outshine his peers. He should not borrow or lendmoney. He finally tells Laertes to be true to himself and this will be reflected in his authenticity with his fellowman.

Youre still here, Laertes! Aboard, aboard, for shame!The wind sits in the best part of your sail,And the ship waits for you. There, my blessing with you!And see that you write these few preceptsIn your memory. Give your thoughts to yourself,And dont act without thinking.Be friendly, but by no means vulgar.Those friends you have, and their friendship tested,Anchor them to your soul with hoops of steel,But dont spend your money on entertainingEach newly acquired, unproven friend. Beware

Of getting into a quarrel, but, once you are in,Fight so that the man you fight with may beware of you.Listen to what every man says, but speak to few.Take each man's opinion, but reserve your judgment.Buy as costly clothes as can pay for,But not made fancy, rich, and certainly not gaudy.For the clothes often tell what kind of man you are,And the ones in France of the best rank and stationAre most choosy and generous in that regard.Neither a borrower nor a lender be.For a loan often loses both the loan and the friend,And borrowing dulls the edge of the economy.This above all, to your own self be true,And it must follow, as the night the day,You cannot then be false to any man.Goodbye. My blessing instill these things in you!

You might think a poem about a mouse is the last thing you would want to read about, especially, ifyou consider mice pests that should be exterminated rather than be left alive. However, Roethkes

ability to create interest keeps us emotionally invested in the poem. He does this through expectation,suspicion, and discovery.

The reader expects the persona to take care of the meadow mouse, the way a mother would take

care of her baby. Roethke hints at this by using parental words like baby, cradled, puppy, andchild.

The reader suspects that the mouse will escape. Why? The persona could have put the mouse in acage, but instead put the mouse in a box covered with a nylon stocking, something easy to chewthrough. Also, there are two possible outcomes. The persona states: Do I imagine he no longer

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trembles / When I come close? In other words, Is my meadow mouse now more comfortable withme than before? This hints the mouse might accept captivity, but its not certain. The mouse may

yet escape.

The reader discovers that the dangerous encounters of this particular meadow mouse concern usmore than the dangerous encounters of his fellow meadow mice. This is obviously due to the fact that

the persona has had a close encounter with this mouse and not the others, and in turn, we, thereaders, have encountered this mouse through the poem, and not any of the other mice. Thisrealization strikes us when Roethke describes the real dangers of the mouses own naturalenvironmenthawks, owls, shrikes, snakes, and tomcats, not in respect to all mice in general, butonly to the personas meadow mouse. However, Roethke takes it one step further.

Roethke makes a human correlation, a discovery about human conditions and parental worries over achild. Even though the world is fraught with danger, in the natural scheme of things, every parent

knows their child will leave the safe environment of home to seek his or her own fortune in thisdangerous world; and even though the dangers are real, a parent must let the child go. And yet,

Roethke takes it even one step further.

In the last verse, Roethke broadens the focus of his poem by narrowing his discovery down to threeexamples that embody vulnerability: fallen nestling, gasping turtle, and stunned paralytic. The firsttwo, fallen nestling and gasping turtle, retain the animal element, and the fragile nature of a babyanimal in the wild, but the third, stunned paralytic, is the one example that drives home the message.It is the human element that makes the poem about a meadow mouse relevant. In the end, it is the

human element (the paralyzed person on the verge of drowning helplessly in the bathtub) whichplaces the reader on the level of all things innocent, hapless, forsaken.

Tone:The tone of the poem is hopeful at first, hopeful that the mouse will live, and is no longer afraid of its

captor. The second part is more resigned to nature's cruelty: the mouse has escaped, and must fend for

itself, as does everything "innocent, hapless, forsaken".

Meaning:Someone has captured a baby meadow mouse, and is keeping it in a shoe box. It trembles and

shakes, until, finally, it falls asleep. The speaker asks whether it is his imagination, or if the mouse is not

trembling as much. The next morning, however, the meadow mouse is gone, and the speaker's feeling that

the mouse trusted him, is broken. He reflects now that the mouse must avoid predators, and fend for itself,

and it will probably die alone and uncared-for, as do many creatures that no one notices.Life as a Mouse

A Read of "The Meadow Mouse," by Theodore Roethke

Theworldcan beharsh, and the narrator ofThe Meadow Mouse knows this. He finds a mouse hiding under astick in ameadow, and believes he will help it by taking it home. He keeps the mouse in a "shoe boxstuffed in an

oldnylon stocking," and feeds it various kinds ofcheeses, and milk from a bottle cap. He believes that he ismaking life better for the mouse, but his actions prove his naivety. He takes the mouse against its will,

"trembling." He sees the mouse as a pet, almost as ajoke.

Hisabsurdwhiskers sticking out like a cartoon-mouse,His feet like smallleaves,

Little lizardfeet,Whitish and spread wide when he tried tostruggleaway,

Wriggling like a minisculepuppy.

The words absurd and cartoon-mouse seem to show achildishview ofanimals as toys for humans. Hiscomparison of the mouse to a puppy is more proof of his naivety, because a mouse is a wild creature, while apuppy is an animal domesticated at birth. His care of the mouse may actually prove to have negative effectsbecause the mouse has to learn survival methods, and being spoiled by human hands may turn out to be fatal.The narrator wants to believe that the mouse has actually become his pet, and wants to imagine that it no longerfears him. This says more about the narrator than the mouse. He wants the mouse to trust him, and to feel likehe is a care-taking figure to it, when perhaps he realizes that it can not perceive him as such.

When the mouse disappears, the narrator is upset. He feels protectiveof the mouse, fears for its safetyfrom hawks, owls, snakes, and cats. He sees these as threats andnegative influences, but they are also goodinfluences in the mouse's life, for the fear of them teaches the mouse how to survive. The "hawks" are anessential part of life; even humans can not live without the existence of threats. The bad in life is what makes thegood parts so sweet, and makes life worth living.

There is a darker tone to the last stanza, however. This last line is, at first, a shock, but after closer reading, its

message becomes clear.

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I think of the nestlingfallen into the deep grass,Theturtle gasping in the dusty rubble of the highway,Theparalyticstunned in the tub, and the water rising,

- All things innocent, hapless, forsaken.

The point made here is that all of these are innocents, left to die by the society humans have created. At first thenarrator speaks of animals crippled at the hands of humans, but then he mentions a paralyzed human left alonein a bathtub with the water rising, which seems to say that not even humans are safe from the dangers theyhave created. All of us are haplessand innocent, forsakenby the world around use, left to our own devices whichcan not always save us. This is a common theme in Roethke's work.

In several other poems, such as Moss Gathering, the poem begins with a single event and turns to amoreuniversalstatementat the last line. While seeing the beautyin one event or being, Roethke can also seeits relationshipto himself and the world.

In Robert Southey's poem "You are old Father William" an elderly man explains to his young interlocutor that heis content now to be old because when a young man he always lived his life in such a way that he would have no

regrets later on.Lewis Carroll parodied the poem to destruction by rewriting it from the point of view of an old man who enjoys

being old because being old is enjoyable. The young man in Carroll's poem is a patsy:- embarrassed and evenmade to look ridiculous by the vigour and enthusiasm of the older man he is talking to.

"The Cop and the Anthem" has only one character who is given a name, the protagonist "Soapy."

Furthermore, no last name is given. It is made clear that Soapy is homeless, a member of the substantial

army of underclass men and women who had flocked to New York City during the earliest years of the

twentieth century.

The short story'snarrativeis set in an unstated day in late fall. Because the city trees'deciduous leaves are

falling and there is a hint of frost in the air, Soapy faces the urgent necessity of finding some sort of shelter

for the winter. He is psychologically experienced in thinking of the localjailas a de facto homeless shelter,

and the narrative shows him developing a series of tactics intended to encourage the police to classify him as

acriminal and arrest him.

Soapy's ploys include swindling a restaurant into serving him an expensive meal,vandalizingthe plate-glass

window of a luxury shop, repeating his eatery exploit at a humblediner,sexually harassing a young woman,

pretending to be publicly intoxicated, and stealing another man's umbrella.

However, all of these attempts are quickly exposed as failures. The upper-class restaurant looks at Soapy's

threadbare clothes and refuses to serve him. A police officer responds to the broken window but decides to

pursue an innocent bystander. The diner refuses to have Soapy arrested, and instead has two servers throw

Soapy out onto a concretepavement.

Soapy's failures to earn his desired arrest continue. The young woman, far from feeling harassed, proves to

be more than ready for action. Another police officer observes Soapy impersonating a drunk and disorderly

man, but assumes that the exhibitionistic conduct is that of aYale student celebrating their victory over

"Hartford College" in football. Finally, the victim of the umbrella theft relinquishes the item without a struggle.

Based on these events, Soapy despairs of his goal of getting arrested and imprisoned. With the autumn sun

gone and night having fallen, Soapy lingers by a small Christian church, considering his plight.

As O. Henry describes events, the small church has a working organand a practicing organist. As Soapy

listens to the church organ play ananthem, he experiences a spiritual epiphany in which he resolves to cease

to be homeless, end his life as atramp afflicted withunemployment, and regain his self-respect. Soapy recalls

that a successful businessmanhad once offered him a job. Lost in a reverie, Soapy decides that on the very

next day he will seek out this potentialmentorand apply for employment.

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As Soapy stands on the street and considers this plan for his future, however, a policeman taps him on the

shoulder and asks him what he is doing. When Soapy answers Nothing, his fate is sealed: he has been

arrested forloitering. In the magistrates court on the following day, he is convicted of a misdemeanor(in the

courtroom, he is pronounced guilty of "vagrancy, no visible means of support"), and is sentenced to three

months in Riker's Island, the New York City jail.

The Devoted Friend

By Oscar Wilde

ELEMENTS OF THE SHORT STORY: Theme:

The main theme in this story is friendship.

Setting and Atmosphere:

Setting:

The first story takes place in a pond, where the Waterrat, the Duck and the Linnet speak. The action last just

some minutes, but in the middle of this first story, there is the second one.

The second story has different places:

The house of Hans: is described as a tiny cottage with a garden, In all the countryside there was no

garden so lovely.

The house of the Miller: is described as our warm fire, and our good supper, and our great cask of redwine.

The moors where Hans dies.

The second whole story last some months, because it says that the winter went by. But the concrete story

takes

just some days, in spring.

Atmosphere:

The mood that surrounds the first story is somehow a kind of selfishness for part of the waterrat. As in the

second one, the mood is somehow disloyalty, false friendship, etc.

Characters:

First Story:

Main Characters: Each one of these characters represents different social classes.

The waterrat: he was old, and he had bright beady eyes and stiff grey whiskers and his tail was like a

long bit of black Indiarubber. (He represents the lower class because of the way he lives and also the

place, and obviously because of what represents a rat in society)

The Duck: She was pure white with real red legs. She has children. (She represents the middle class

because she tries to teach her children how to be part of the upper class, and she isn't an illiterate

animal so she might be in the middle class)

The Green Linnet: he was a little bird with tiny wings. (He represents the upper class because of the

way he talks and his gentlemanliness, and obviously because of his smartness)

1Secondary Characters:

The little Ducks: they look jus like a lot of yellow canaries.

Second Story (the devoted friend itself):

Main Characters:

Hans: He is an honest little fellow. He has a kind heart and a funny round goodhumoured face. He

really practices friendship. He loves his garden, but his friendship with the Miller is above all. He is

very popular, but when he needs them, they don't help him. Sometimes, especially in winters he feels

very lonely because of his lack of real friends.

Hugh the Miller: He says a lot of beautiful things about friendship but he doesn't practice it. He could

represent the middle class.

Secondary Characters:

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The Miller's Wife: She always supports her husband in everything he does. No matter if is something

bad or good. She always says that her husband is the best friend in the whole world and the most

generous man.

The Miller's Son: He seems to be more generous and kindhearted because he is the only one who asks

why they (the millers) don't invite Hans to be with them during the winter. Even though, their father

says that it was a bad idea because Hans could get envious.

The Doctor: He is the one that is going to heal the Miller's son.

The Blacksmith: He starts the conversation after Hans funeral, saying that Hans is a great loss.

Plot: First Story:

Conflict:

The story starts in a pond, where some little ducks were swimming. Their mother, the Duck, was telling them

that they would not be in the best society unless they could stand on their heads, but the little ducks did not

pay attention. The Waterrat said that they were very disobedient, and the Duck told him that parents should

be patient with children. The Waterrat answered that he had no children, that he wan not even married, he

preferred friendship than love. A Green Linnet that was there, asked what the duties of a devoted friend were,

and started to tell the story of The Devoted Friend.

Sequence of actions:

At the middle of the second story, which was being told by the Linnet, the waterrat interrupted because he

thought it was the end of the story. The Linnet answered to him, that it was the beginning.

Outcome:

The Waterrat did not understand the story and he did not like that the story had a moral, so he went back to

his hole. The Linnet asked to the Duck what she thought about the story, and the Duck said that it is very

2dangerous to tell a story with a moral. At the end, the author speaks himself and says that he agrees with her.

Second Story (the devoted friend itself):

Conflict:

Once upon a time, there was an honest little fellow named Hans. He was a man with a kind heart. He lived in

a tiny cottage alone and everyday he worked in his garden. Hans had many friends, but the best one was

Hugh

the Miller. Hugh the Miller always went to Hans's house in order to recollect flowers for himself.

Sequence of actions:Hugh the Miller always talked about how important is friendship and to share everything with one's

friends, but he never gave anything to Hans.

Hans always worked in his garden, but in winter he felt lonely and lived in bad conditions because of

the cold weather, and because anyone visited him.

Hugh waited the spring to go to see Hans in order to recollect flowers such as primroses.

When Hugh arrived at Hans' house, Hans told him that he would bring all the primroses into the

market and sell them to buy back his wheelbarrow, because throughout the winter he had to sell it,

because he needed the money to eat.

The Miller told Hans that he would give him his wheelbarrow, although it was not in good repair,

because of that he boasted about being generous. However, the in fact, he would give it to him

because he had a new one for himself.

Hans said that he could repair the wheelbarrow because he had a plank of wood. When Hugh listened

to him, he asked Hans to give him the plank of wood because he needed it, and he told Hans that he

should give him that because he was going to give him the wheelbarrow.

The Miller also asked Hans to give him some flowers because he deserved them because he was

going to give him the wheelbarrow.

The next day, The Miller asked Hans to bring a sack of flour for him to the market, and he should doit because he was going to give him his wheelbarrow.

The following day, Hugh went in order to ask Hans to mend his barnroof for him, and Hans should

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do it because he was going to give him the wheelbarrow.

The next day, Hans drove the Miller's sheep to the mountain because the Millerwas going to give

him his wheelbarrow.

One night, The Millar went to see Hans with a lantern and a big stick because his son has fallen off a

ladder and he wanted Hans to go to call the Doctor. However, he didn't want to give Hans the lantern

because he said it was new.

Hans went to see the Doctor.

Outcome:In the devoted friend, there are two important outcomes, the first one is the death of Hans, and the

second one is the confirmation of the selfishness of the Miller.

The Doctor went in his horse, and little Hans went alone, without seeing because of the darkness, and

he fell into a hole and he drowned.

After the funeral, The Miller said that Hans was a great loss for him because he was going to give

him his wheelbarrow, and then, he did not know what to do with it, and that it was in such bad repair

that he would not get anything for it if he sold it.

Narrator:

3In both stories the narrator is a thirdperson omniscient narrator, because he can tell feelings of every

character.

Example:

You will never be in the best society unless you can stand on your heads, she kept saying to them; and everynow and then she showed them how it was done. But the little ducks paid no attention to her. They were so

young thatthey did not know what an advantage it is to be in society at all.FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE (FIGURES OF SPEECH) AND STYLISTIC DEVICES:

PhonoGraphical Level:

Alliteration:

`Hans, I am surprised at you,' said the Miller; `friendship never forgets. That is the wonderful thing about

it, but I am afraid you don't understand the poetry of life. How lovely your primroses are looking,bythebye!...

Lexical Level:

Simile:

He had bright beady eyes and stiff grey whiskers andhis tail was like a long bit of blackIndiarubber

The little ducks were swimming about in the pond, looking just like a lot of yellow canaries`How well you talk'! said the Miller's Wife, pouring herself out a large glass of warm ale; `really I

feel quite drowsy. It is just like being in church.'

Metaphor:Besides, if Hans came here, he might ask me to let him have some flour on credit, and that I could not do.Flour is one thing, and friendship is another, and they should not be confused. Why, the words are speltdifferently, and mean quite different things. Everybody can see that.I think the narrator wanted to emphasize the selfishness of Hugh the Miller and also his lack of

friendship to Hans, that he (the narrator) always tried to describe Hugh the Miller as a bad person,

with bad and dishonest attitudes. For example, in this case, Hugh the Miller doesn't matter his

friendship with Hans, although he said the opposite, that he preferred Hans to starve to death rather

than gave him a sack of flour.

Personification:

But the little ducks paid no attention to her, said the Waterrat, in a very angry manner...

Lots of people acts well, but veryfew people talk well, which shows that talking is much the moredifficult thing of the two, and much the finer thing also

How wellyou talk!

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As Soapy stands on the street and considers this plan for his future, however, a policeman taps him on the shoulderand asks him what he is doing. When Soapy answers Nothing, his fate is sealed: he has been arrested forloitering.In the magistrates court on the following day, he is convicted of amisdemeanor(in the courtroom, he is pronouncedguilty of "vagrancy, no visible means of support"), and is sentenced to three months in Riker's Island, the New YorkCity jail.4th page starting

The following day, Hugh went in order to ask Hans to mend his barnroof for him, and Hans should

do it because he was going to give him the wheelbarrow.

The next day, Hans drove the Miller's sheep to the mountain because the Millerwas going to give

him his wheelbarrow.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loiteringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misdemeanorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misdemeanorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misdemeanorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagrancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riker's_Islandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loiteringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misdemeanorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagrancyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riker's_Island

polonius enters to bid his son farewell

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