polymer extraction for artemisinin final' · solving practical problems in separation and...
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Artemisinin ExtractionArtemisinin ExtractionUsing DesignedUsing DesignedPolymer ResinsPolymer Resins
Dr Yi GeDr Yi GeCranfield Health
Cranfield University, UK
Artemisinin Forum 200824-26/Nov/2008
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Cranfield University& Cranfield Health
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Postgraduate-only University
Emphasis on Business, Science and Technology
On two sites in southern England
Cranfield main campus adjacent to Cranfield village
The Ministry of Defense college at Shrivenham
Cranfield Health is a school of the University offering
“Total solutions for health and wellbeing”
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Our Cranfield Team
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Development of world class material/polymer science forsolving practical problems in separation and sensing
Turnover of £1 million by 2009
World Leaders in Molecular Imprinting, National Leadersin Synthetic receptors and Smart Materials
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Area of Expertise
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Synthetic receptors
Molecularly imprinted and conjugated polymers
Computational design
Nanotechnology
Molecular recognition
Drug development
Membrane technology
Sensor technology
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Design of ImprintedPolymers
For the design of imprintedpolymers, Cranfield pioneered anew computational approachwhich allows fast and effectiveoptimisation of polymercomposition.
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State-of-the-artFacilities
Equipped with modern instruments forthe polymer design, preparation andcharacterisation: NMR, HPLC-MS-MSsystem, IR-spectrophotometer, HPLCs,UV spectrophotometer, porosimeter,particle size analyser, electronscanning microscope, atomic forcemicroscope and confocal microscope.
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Structure ofPresentation
Project Outline
Methodology & Outcomes
Conclusions
Future Work
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Project Outline
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Computational design of polymers with specificity forartemisinin
Optimisation of the artemisinin quantification methods
Polymers synthesis and testing
Evaluation of artemisinin purification from the plantextracts
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Computational Designof Polymers
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Design of functional monomer database
Design of molecular model of artemisinin
Screening using a LEAPFROGTM algorithm
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Library of FunctionalMonomers
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F21 2-(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)ACRYLIC ACID
OH
OCF3
F20 N,N-DIETHYLAMINO ETHYL METHACRYLATE
(DEAEM)
O
CH3 O
N
O
HO
N
N
F19 UROCANIC ACIDF18 STYRENE
OH
OCH3
F17 METHACRYLIC ACID
OH
OHO
O
F14 ITACONIC ACID
NH
O
NH
O
F15 m-DIVINYLBENZENE F16 N,N-METHYLENE BIS
ACRYLAMIDE
O
O
N
N
OO
CH3
O
O
CH3
F12 ETHYLENE GLYCOL
DIMETHACRYLATE
(EGDMA)
F13 UROCANIC ACID
ETHYL ESTER
O
NH
CH3
CH3
SO3HH
NNN
F1 1-VINYLIMIDAZOLE F2 2-VINYLPYRIDINE F3 ACRYLAMIDO-2-METHYL-1-
PROPANESULFONIC ACID
(AMPSA)
N
O
CH3 O
OH
F4 2-HYDROXYETHYL
METHACRYLATE
F5 4-VINYLPYRIDINE
OH
OH
NH2
OH
H
OH
F6 ACROLEIN F7 ACRYLAMIDEF8 ACRYLIC ACID
C N
H
F9 ACRYLONITRILE
NH2
F10 ALLYAMINEF11 p-DIVINYLBENZENE
F22 ETHYLENE GLYCOL METHACRYLATE PHOSPHATE
(EGMP)
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Molecular Structure ofArtemisinin
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O
O
O O
O
H
H
H
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Artemisinin - MBAAMolecular Complex
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MBAA:N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide
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Artemisinin - AMPSAMolecular Complex
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AMPSA:2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid
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Leapfrog Table
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Rank Monomer Binding Energy(kcal mol-1)
1 DEAEM -30.78
2 MBAA -27.90
3 Acrylamide -25.73
4 AMPSA -20.53
5 TFMAA -17.50
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Polymer Synthesis
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Polymerisation:
5 g of one functional monomer(DEAEM, MBAA, AMPSA, TFMAA)
20 g of cross-linker (ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate, EGDMA) 25 g of porogen (dimethylformamide, DMF), 500 mg of initiator (1,1-azobis(cyclohexanecarbonitrile))
Thermo-polymerisation at 80 ºC
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Quantification ofArtemisinin UsingHPLC-MS
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HPLC-MS protocol
500 ng/ml Ch ME
Time2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 22.00 24.00 26.00 28.00 30.00
%
0
100
Arte134 SIR of 2 Channels ES+TIC
5.14e69.91
Gradient: 1 mM ammonia acetate buffer pH 5.0/methanolFlow rate: 0.2 ml/minColumn: Luna 50x3 mm (Phenomenex, UK)500 ng/ml Artemisinin
Artemisinin
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Quantification ofArtemisinin UsingHPLC-MS
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17-Aug-2007no fragm 50:50 me:amm acetate 1mM
m/z200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400
%
0
100
ART11 1 (1.017) Scan ES+1.29e8305.323
209.260
219.213
214.173263.181247.244
229.291 237.228261.291
257.260
265.260
269.291 281.260 301.354
306.268
345.134
321.260307.276 329.197 365.291355.276
371.276397.354387.402
Artemisinin + Na+
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Solid Phase Extraction(SPE)
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1ml SPE cartridges are packed with 100 mg of pulverizedand sieved polymers (30-125 mm ø)
Conditioning: 1 ml of hexane
Loading: 1-15 ml of hexane spiked with artemisinin
Washing: 2 ml of hexane
Elution: 3 x 1ml of the corresponding eluent
Polymerresins
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Primary Screening
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MBAA 85% TFMAA 83% DEAEM 79% AMPSA 76%
Artemisinin binding from a model solution in hexane
☻ MBAA-based polymer was selected for future investigation
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Capacity of MBAA–Based Polymer
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For the artemisinin in hexane:
Model solution: 1 mg/ml of artemisinin in hexane
Capacity: 120 mg/g of the polymer resin
Total adsorption: 80%
*Effective bed volume: 150
* Ratio between volume of extract from which ≥ 50% could beadsorbed and volume of polymer
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Capacity of MBAA–Based Polymer
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For the artemisinin in plant extract:
Plant extract in hexane (0.7 mg/ml)
Capacity: 70 mg/g of the polymer resin
Total adsorption: 94%
*Effective bed volume: 130
* Ratio between volume of extract from which ≥ 50% could beadsorbed and volume of polymer
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Elution Optimisation
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keeping balance between elution of artemisinin andimpurities using the plant extract
2.590Hexane/THF (5/1)
455.6Hexane/IPE (1/1)
288Methanol
383.4Acetonitrile
Degree ofpurification*
Recovery, %Eluent
*Degree of purification: dry weight of the loaded sample divided by the dry weight of the
eluted sample.
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RegenerationProtocol
22
The protocol:
Regeneration solvents: ethyl acetate or THF (2-3 ml)
It was shown that polymer resins are stable and could be re-used at least for 10 regeneration cycles
The regeneration should be conducted immediately afterelution before resin is dried
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UV-Vis Spectra ofDifferent Stepsin SPE
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0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
190 240 290 340 390
Wavelength, nm
O.D
.,a.u
.
Non-purified hexane extract (Art 6.5 mg)
FiltrateWash
Elution (Art 6.46 mg)Regeneration
Not applicable for the evaluation of sample purity when working with the plant extract
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Conclusions
24
Monomer MBAA was selected for the polymer preparation. The HPLC-MS method for quantification of artemisinin was
developed. The capacities of the MBAA-based polymer resins were
obtained (120 mg/g for artemisinin in model hexanesolution and 70 mg/g for artemisinin in plant extract,respectively).
Methanol or hexane/THF (5/1) was selected as theoptimised elution.
Regeneration of the polymer resins was achieved usingethyl acetate or THF.
The resulting polymer resins are stable and could be re-used for many times (>10).
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Future Work
25
Further optimisation of purification process for commercialsamples using industrial volumes and larger size ofcolumns is needed.
It would be interesting to combine our polymeric materialswith other techniques such as ionic liquids and HFCdeveloped by other experts (Bhupinder Khambay,Rothamsted & Neil Sullivan, SensaPharm).
There would be a need to optimise polymer purificationstage with following crystallisation.
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Special thanks to Prof. Sergey PiletskySpecial thanks to Prof. Sergey Piletsky& Dr. Elena Piletska !& Dr. Elena Piletska !
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Sergey Piletsky Mike Whitcombe
Elena Piletska
Kal Karim
Iva Chianella
Yildiz Uludag
Vasiliki FragkouAnna Biela
Dimitris Kyprianou Ewa MoczkoAntonio Guerreiro
Paula PizarroDe Sousa Brito
Tony TurnerAlessandra Bossi
Sreenath Subrahmanyam
Yi Ge
Steve Fowler
Georgios Stavroulakis
Andrew Spooner
Israel Sanchez
Dhana Lakshmi
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