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i POMPEII & NAPLES BAY: ANCIENT ROMAN WATER SUPPLIES & WATER USE REPORT OF FIELD OBSERVATIONS SEPTEMBER 2016 Wayne Lorenz

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POMPEII&NAPLESBAY:ANCIENTROMANWATERSUPPLIES&WATERUSE

REPORT OF FIELD OBSERVATIONS ‐ SEPTEMBER 2016 Wayne Lorenz 

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PREFACE

The Wright Paleohydrological Institute (WPI) has been researching the Aqua Augusta, the ancient

Roman aqueduct that served the Naples Bay region of Italy, including the ancient City of Pompeii,

and water use in the city. A few facts regarding the aqueduct and related water systems provide

some background to this report.

First, ancient Pompeii can justifiably be identified as the most famous archaeological site in the

world (Berry, 2007), likely due to its preservation under about 3 to 12 meters (10 to 40 feet) of

volcanic ash after the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in A.D. 79. It was here that the modern study

of “archaeology” began when the city started to be unearthed over 250 years ago. It is interesting

to note that Pompeii is about 75 percent excavated and has revealed many unique details of Roman

culture and technology. The archaeological areas of Pompeii, (as well as Herculaneum and Torre

Annunziata) were listed as UNESCO World Heritage sites in 1997. The historic center of Naples

is also a UNESCO site.

The engineering and construction of the Aqua Augusta (also

known as the Serino Aqueduct) provided a fresh water supply

to communities and fostered economic development in the

Naples Bay region during the first century A.D. The aqueduct

supplied Pompeii and at least 9 other distinct communities,

plus multiple villas, in the Bay of Naples through a system of

ten side branches. This seems to have been the most complex

single aqueduct ever built by the Romans (Keenan-Jones,

2010). As a comparison, the City of Rome was supplied by 11

separate aqueducts.

The aqueduct was built under the Emperor Augustus (between 33 and 12 B.C.), it crossed hilly

terrain with channel gradients that varied, impacting hydraulics. A minimum gradient of the

channel in one segment was 0.04 percent. Nevertheless, a flow of at least 1,000 liters per second

(15,850 gallons per minute or 23 million gallons per day) was possible. A great portion of the

Aqua Augusta was engineered to be tunneled under the hilly terrain, with some sections as much

as 65 to 97 meters (210 to 320 feet) below the existing grade. One of the goals of WPI is to map

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the alignment of the aqueduct, some 100 kilometers (approximately 60 miles) from the Acquaro –

Pelosi Springs to the presumed end of the aqueduct at the storage reservoir called the Piscina

Mirabilis.

Pompeii had a population of between 8,000 and 12,000 (Storey, 1997) when Mt. Vesuvius erupted.

Several researchers have made attempts to estimate the flow of water from the Aqua Augusta that

was directed to Pompeii for domestic use in the city. H. Eschebach (1993) calculated the total

water supply to the city to 75 liters per second (1,200 gallons per minute or 1.7 million gallons per

day) based on the water inlet area of the aqueduct, 0.25 by 0.3 meters (0.8 by 1 foot), and a water

velocity of 1 meter per second (3.3 feet per second). Ohlig (2001) discussed the water demands

of the city and based his estimation on a water consumption of 200 to 400 liters per person per day

(50 to 100 gallons per capita per day) for a population of about 8,000 people, giving a calculated

total water quantity of 20 to 40 liters per second (320 gallons per minute to 634 gallons per minute,

or up to 0.9 million gallons per day). Based on review of the hydraulic engineering evidence, the

flow to Pompeii from the aqueduct was about 40 liters per second (634 gallons per minute or 0.9

million gallons per day).

The water was distributed in the city through a water distribution system that included a hydraulic

flow splitter box and gates, lead piping, water towers, and street fountains. Water from the

aqueduct was used for public baths, commercial shops, irrigation of private gardens, indoor water

features, and in-house domestic applications.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

1.0  INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 1 

2.0  HOUSES IN POMPEII ...................................................................................................... 2 2.1  Casa dei Vettii (September 29) ........................................................................................... 3 2.2  Casa dell’ Efebo (September 24) ........................................................................................ 4 2.3  Casa di Orfeo (September 29) ............................................................................................ 7 2.4  Casa di Trebius Valens (September 26) ............................................................................. 8 

3.0  PISCINA MIRABILIS ........................................................................................................ 9 

4.0  ARCADES ...................................................................................................................... 11 4.1  Mura d’Arce (September 26) ............................................................................................. 11 4.2  Pomigliano D’Arco (September 29) .................................................................................. 12 

5.0  SANITA’ NAPLES (SEPTEMBER 24) ........................................................................... 14 

6.0  SARNO SPRINGS MUSEUM VISIT, AND IDENTIFICATION OF ANOTHER ALIGNMENT LOCATION (SEPTEMBER 26) ................................................................ 15 

7.0  VOLTURARA IRPINA – DRAGON’S MOUTH & SPRINGS (SEPTEMBER 28) ........... 18 

8.0  CISTERNS IN BACOLI (SEPTEMBER 25 AND 27) ...................................................... 20 8.1  Grottoni Cistern ................................................................................................................. 21 8.2  Villa Angri Sani Cistern ..................................................................................................... 21 8.3  Grotto Dragonara Cistern .................................................................................................. 22 8.4  Scalandrone Tunnel .......................................................................................................... 22 

9.0  HERCULANEUM (SEPTEMBER 28) ............................................................................. 23 

10.0  REFERENCES ................................................................................................................ 25 

11.0  ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... 25 

12.0  APPENDIX ...................................................................................................................... 26 

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FIGURES

Figure 1. WPI team from left to right include Wayne Lorenz (Team Leader), Gary Witt (Hydrogeologist and Photographer) and Peppe Iliano (Local Guide and Liason) ....................................... 1

Figure 2. Peppe Iliano and Prof. Stefani in the Casa dei Vettii. ................................................................... 3 Figure 3. Large lead pipe in the kitchen of the Casa dei Vettii. ................................................................... 4 Figure 4. Evidence of a water vessel attached to the wall. .......................................................................... 4 Figure 5. Private water tower behind a large painting of Mars and Venus as observed from the entrance

to the residence from Vicola dell’Efebo. ............................................................................ 5 Figure 6. Plan view of Casa dell’ Efebo showing the configuration of lead pipes used to deliver water

throughout the residence. .................................................................................................. 6 Figure 7. Nymphaeum and water basin in the garden area of Casa dell’ Efebo. ........................................ 6 Figure 8. Plaster cast of a guard dog found in the Casa di Orfeo. ............................................................... 7 Figure 9. Valve box with two valves in Casa di Orfeo. ................................................................................. 8 Figure 10. Marble valve box with cover adjacent to pedestal and impluvuim. ............................................. 8 Figure 11. Water fountain with remaining pedestal in Casa di Trebius Valens. .......................................... 9 Figure 12. Interior of Piscina Mirabilis near the south east stairway. ........................................................ 10 Figure 13. Mura d’Arce arches and buttresses as viewed from the south. ................................................ 12 Figure 14. Aerial image of the large railroad span that by passes the arcade foundation of the Aqua

Augusta. ........................................................................................................................... 13 Figure 15. Remnant of arcade foundation near Pomigliano d’Arco. .......................................................... 13 Figure 16. Archeological excavation along proposed elevated railway section shows a remnant of arcade

foundation. ....................................................................................................................... 13 Figure 17. Gary Witt, Meisha Hunter Burkett and Wayne Lorenz meet for espresso in downtown

Naples .............................................................................................................................. 14 Figure 18. Model of the Aqua Augusta as discovered beneath several buildings in downtown Naples. .. 15 Figure 19. City of Sarno staff and WPI researchers behind a map listing 26 Roman remnants in the

area. ................................................................................................................................. 16 Figure 20. Portion of the Sarno map that shows a new location of the Aqua Augusta. ............................ 17 Figure 21. Cut and cover section of the Aqua Augusta in Sarno. .............................................................. 18 Figure 22. Part of the WPI team with VIPs from Vulturara Irpina. ............................................................. 19 Figure 23. Ascending from the Dragon’s Mouth. ....................................................................................... 19 Figure 24. Elevated view of a portion of Vulturara Irpina and the Dragon’s Plain. .................................... 19 Figure 25. Pollentina Spring ........................................................................................................................ 20 Figure 26. View from second story balcony of the large arched remnants of the Grottoni cistern. ........... 21 Figure 27. A view northward across the partially-excavated City of Herculaneum and the overlaying

current City of Ercolano (middle ground) with Mt. Vesuvius in the distance. .................. 23 Figure 28. Fountain located adjacent to the remnant of the northernmost water tower observed during

our September 2016 field investigation ........................................................................... 24

APPENDIX

A Letters of Authorization

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Pompeii & Naples Bay: Ancient Roman Water Supplies and Water Use

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The Wright Paleohydrological Institute (WPI) has been conducting water engineering studies in

the Naples Bay area, focusing on the aqueduct that brought water to the ancient City of Pompeii

and on water use within the city. The work is being accomplished under the direction of Wayne

Lorenz, WPI Research Associate.

In late September 2016, Wayne Lorenz and Gary Witt traveled to Naples, Italy, to conduct field

investigations of water engineering that were applied in antiquity. Wayne and Gary were

accompanied during the entire investigation by Giuseppe “Peppe” Illiano (Figure 1). Giuseppe

resides in Miseno, Bacoli, and he arranged for most of the meetings that we attended during this

tour.

This field investigation was the sixth such investigation by Wayne Lorenz to the Naples Bay area.

We have previously performed research in Pompeii in 2006, 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2015. Previous

reports have been prepared for the 2010 investigation and daily diaries have been prepared for all

of the investigations.

Figure 1. WPI team from left to right include Wayne Lorenz (Team Leader), Gary Witt (Hydrogeologist and

Photographer) and Peppe Iliano (Local Guide and Liason)

The specific goals of the September 2016 field work were to:

Obtain photographs of the major features of the WPI study to be used in technical articles

and to be used for a special presentation planned at the Denver Museum of Nature and

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Science in April 2017. Because the museum presentation will be in the planetarium, we

utilized special full 360 degree panoramic photography techniques and equipment.

Obtain information in houses in Pompeii that have private water towers. Specifically, the

Casa dell’ Efebo and Casa di Trebius Valens. We also wanted to observe the marble valve

box in the Casa di Orfeo.

Identify and observe specific locations of the Aqua Augusta not previously known or

investigated.

Research and investigate the Dragon’s Plain and Dragon’s Mouth to better understand the

water resources that the Romans used to supply water to Pompeii.

WPI was granted written authorization to perform studies in the Naples Bay area. In particular,

the letter from the Soprintendenza Pompei (September 9, 2016) to allow our investigations of the

houses in Pompeii was important. This letter, and other authorization letters, are included in

Appendix A.

Field notes were taken at all of the locations addressed in this report. The field notes by Wayne

Lorenz and Gary Witt include specific measurements of many of the features observed during this

investigation. Readers interested in these details may request copies of the field notes.

When we arrived in the ancient City of Pompeii on September 24, we were surprised to discover

that many of the areas that are normally accessible to tourists were fenced off due to major

renovations that were underway. Therefore, our access to water towers and other houses that we

had planned to photograph for the Denver Museum presentation was limited. We were ultimately

allowed access to the construction areas on September 29.

2.0 HOUSES IN POMPEII

We have been studying several houses in Pompeii (since 2010) focusing on the water use and the

water features in each house. Previously, we have documented water use in the Casa Balcone De

Pensile, Casa dell’ Orso, and Casa di Trebius Valens.

In 2016, we were granted access to study in four houses: Casa dei Vettii, Casa dell’ Efebo, Casa

di Orfeo, and Casa di Trebius Valens.

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2.1 Casa dei Vettii (September 29)

We met Superintendent/Professor Greta Stefani at the Casa dei Vettii (Figure 2). Once we entered

the house, many of the water features were covered with wooden enclosures to protect them from

potential damage from construction workers during renovation. The Casa dei Vettii is located just

down the street (Vicolo dei Vettii) from the Castellum Aquae and across the street from Water

Tower No. 7.

Figure 2. Peppe Iliano and Prof. Stefani in the Casa dei Vettii.

We observed a large marble impluvium with an ornate compluvium (with flutes) in the roof above.

There was a smaller impluvium in the room near the kitchen.

The highlight of the investigation of Casa dei Vettii came when Prof. Stefani directed us to the

kitchen and pointed to a large vertical lead pipe on the wall. She asked “what is this?” and we

looked at the pipe as shown in Figure 3.

The pipe extended from the floor to a height of 2.7 meters (9 feet) and was raggedly severed at its

top. An impression of what appeared to be a water vessel was evident on the wall just above the

top of the pipe, with a height of 1.5 meters (4.9 feet) (Figure 4). The total height of the lead pipe

with the impression was therefore 4.2 meters (13.8 feet).

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Figure 3. Large lead pipe in the kitchen of the Casa dei Vettii.

Figure 4. Evidence of a water vessel attached to the wall.

The lead pipe had outer dimensions of 12.5 centimeters by 10 centimeters (5 inches by 4 inches)

and was considered to be a large pipe for use in an individual house.

There was a cistern in the kitchen located just below this pipe section. A connection between the

pipe and cistern was not readily observable.

2.2 Casa dell’ Efebo (September 24)

One of the reasons for our study of the Casa dell’ Efebo is that it contains a private water tower.

The water tower is observed at the opposite side (west end) of the house as one enters the front

door from Vicola dell’ Efebo (Figure 5). The water tower has a large painting of Mars and Venus

on one of its sides and is adjacent to a shrine.

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Figure 5. Private water tower behind a large painting of Mars and Venus as observed from the entrance to the

residence from Vicola dell’Efebo.

We obtained dimensions of many aspects of the water system in the house, but were not able to

visually observe the top of the tower. The private water tower was measured at 3.1 meters (10

feet) high and 1.7 by 1.3 meters (5.5 by 4.3 feet) in plan, outside dimensions. According to

Jashemski (1993), the top of the tower has a reservoir, lined with hydraulic cement, with a 3 cubic

meter (800 gallon) capacity.

Water was provided from the aqueduct source serving Pompeii through the main Castellum Aquae

and through the water towers along Via Stabiana (i.e., Water Towers Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4). The

water was diverted from Water Tower No. 4 (at the intersection of Via Stabiana and Via dell’

Abbondanza) to Water Tower No. 5 located about 130 meters (425 feet) to the east of Water Tower

No. 4. The water was delivered to the entrance of the Casa dell’ Efebo from the Water Tower No.

5 through a smaller lead pipe that was observed just outside of the main door of the house. The

lead pipe directed water from the front entrance area to the private water tower as shown in Figure

5. Water was then distributed in the house from the tower.

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Figure 6. Plan view of Casa dell’ Efebo showing the configuration of lead pipes used to deliver water throughout

the residence.

Lead pipe directed water from the private water tower to several locations in the residence. There

were at least three distribution pipes as shown in Figure 6. The garden area included a fountain

(nymphaeum) and a water basin on the south side of the garden. One pipe provided water to the

nymphaeum and a water feature (unknown sculpture) mounted at the top of a marble step cascade

that dropped water into the basin, as shown in Figure 7.

Figure 7. Nymphaeum and water basin in the garden area of Casa dell’ Efebo.

Lead Pipe into House

Spigot

Water Tower

Nymphaeum

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Another lead pipe extended through the water basin to the peristyle in the south portion of the

house. Here the lead pipe extended downward adjacent to a stairway to end in a spigot valve. This

arrangement (valve at the end of pipe like a modern hose bibb) was rare according to Jansen

(Koloski-Ostro, 2001). Another lead pipe carried water from the private water tower through two

walls to a water feature located in the southern small atrium.

We performed an elevation survey using a hand level with the result that the top of the water tower

was about 3 meters (10 feet) tall. From the top of the water tower there was approximately 2.8

meters (9.8 feet) difference to the main fountain and 5.1 meters (9.2 feet) to the water feature in

the south small atrium.

The distribution from a water tower, rather than from a lead manifold as we have seen in other

houses (e.g., Casa Balcone De Pensile), is rare in Pompeii. We believe that a private water tower

in the Casa di Trebius Valens also serves in a similar fashion.

2.3 Casa di Orfeo (September 29)

The major objective in obtaining approval to enter the Casa di Orfeo was to inspect the marble

valve box and valve arrangement at the water feature in the atrium of the house. However, this

house is also well known because it is here that a void left by the remains of big guard dog chained

in the entrance were found on November 20, 1874. The dog’s plaster cast is an icon of Pompeii

(Figure 8).

Figure 8. Plaster cast of a guard dog found in the Casa di Orfeo.

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The water feature valves are located behind a pedestal on the west side of an impluvium (Figure

9). Two valves that controlled water to the water features (unknown sculptures) were contained in

a marble cassette with a marble cover (Figure 10). The marble cassette and cover are rare features

in Pompeii.

Figure 9. Valve box with two valves in Casa di Orfeo.

Figure 10. Marble valve box with cover adjacent to pedestal and impluvuim.

2.4 Casa di Trebius Valens (September 26)

We previously investigated the Casa Di Trebius Valens in 2015 (on March 23) with Peter Foster.

At that time, we observed a private water tower in the back of the residence. The water tower has

a clay storage vessel, or a pot, at the top. The vessel had a mouth with a rim diameter of about 40

centimeters (16 inches) and an inside pot diameter of approximately 70 centimeters (28 inches)

and a depth of at least 70 centimeters (28 inches) (there was probably some sediment and trash at

the bottom of the pot that impacted our measurement). The volume of the vessel was estimated at

0.27 cubic meters (70 gallons).

The water tower served a water fountain in the garden (Figure 11) and an impluvium in the atrium.

We do not know what the water features may have been at the fountain or the impluvium. Another

water feature was probably at the back of the garden; however, we were not able to access this

area because of scaffolding placed around it.

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Figure 11. Water fountain with remaining pedestal in Casa di Trebius Valens.

Apparently (although not completely confirmed in our study), the distribution to piping within the

house was from the tower rather than from lead boxes or manifolds, as we have seen in other

Pompeii houses with individual water service.

On September 26, 2016, the Casa di Trebius Valens was closed to the public and there was

vegetation that had grown throughout the house. Photos were obscured by this vegetation. There

was scaffolding around the water tower and the back of the garden (scaffolding was also there in

March 2015). We were requested by the Pompeii staff not to enter the area of the scaffolding.

Gary and I performed a rudimentary hand level survey and determined that the water tower was

3.5 meters (11.5 feet) high from the base. The fountain in the garden was on a pedestal with its

top at 4.0 meters (13 feet) below the top of the tower. The impluvium (ground surface) near the

entrance to the residence from Villa dell’ Abbondanza was estimated to be 4.7 meters (15.4 feet)

below the top of the tower.

3.0 PISCINA MIRABILIS

We last investigated the Piscina Mirabilis in 2011. In 2016, our goal was to photograph the inside

of the grand structure with particular emphasis on obtaining on a 360 degree panorama (for the

upcoming Denver Museum of Nature and Science presentation).

The interior dimensions of the grand reservoir are 66 meters (217 feet) long by 25 meters (82 feet)

wide and 15 meters (50 feet) deep. The structure has 48 large columns (pilasters) in four rows

along its length and 12 rows along the width. The columns are cruciform in shape with the main

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shaft approximately 1 meter square and the arms approximately 60 centimeters by 60 centimeters

(24 by 24 inches). There is a basin in the center of the reservoir (between the sixth and seventh

row of columns) with a depth of about 1 meter (3.3 feet) that may have served as a settling area

for cleaning of the reservoir.

The Piscina Mirabilis has excellent examples of the Roman construction techniques used to

support the structure and provide a waterproof lining, see Figure 12. The interior wall was opus

reticulatum mixtum with bands of brick courses. The columns and the arch roof are constructed

of opus vittatum. The entire interior appears to have been covered with hydraulic cement, or check

cocciopesto, and there are concrete fillets (triangular) at the contact seams between the floor and

walls (also at base of columns).

Figure 12. Interior of Piscina Mirabilis near the south east stairway.

There is a calcium carbonate (sinter) deposit on the inside of the reservoir, consistent with the

source water being from the Aqua Augusta. One of our objectives was to determine whether or

not the thickness of the deposits differed from a location near the inlet of the reservoir and the

opposite end (it has not been determined where the outlet to the reservoir is located – or exactly

how the water was taken out of the reservoir). The inlet is located in the northwest corner and

maintenance stairways into the reservoir are located in this corner (42 stairs, each 2 meters [6.6

feet] wide) and the opposite southeast corner. Based on our observations, the sinter deposits were

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quite consistent at between 5 to 6 millimeters (0.20 to 0.24 inches), with no difference in thickness

at the inlet and the opposite corner of the reservoir.

4.0 ARCADES

There were three major stretches of arched construction in the Aqua Augusta: (i) Mura d’Arce, (ii)

the arcade near Pomigliano d’Arco, and (iii) the Ponti Rossi. Together, these three account for 3.6

percent of the total length of the main channel of the aqueduct. During the 2016 field tour, we

investigated Mura d’Arce and Pomigliano d’Arco.

4.1 Mura d’Arce (September 26)

The WPI project team last investigated the Mura d’Arce in 2011 (with Luigi and Marilena

Sorrentino) when we were on the property only for a few minutes before we were escorted out by

the angry property owner.

Due to this experience, in 2016 we scheduled a meeting with staff from the City of Sarno who

arranged for a police escort to work out our investigation with the owner. We were thus allowed

a rare visit to the site.

The original alignment of the aqueduct in this area was a “cut and cover” tunnel along the hillside.

There must have been problems in this original alignment due to instable soils or stormwater

washouts. The Mura D’Arce (Walls of Arce) is a segment that appears to have been constructed

as a restoration segment to avoid the hillside tunnel. The Mura D’Arce begins with a 60 degree

bend to direct the aqueduct away from the hillside to the west (from the southwest direction) and

then straighten out (with another 60 degree bend) to follow the base of the mountain range.

This segment is known to have three types of construction along a length of approximately 180

meters (590 feet). After the 60 degree bend away from the hillside and then another 60 degree

bend to straighten the aqueduct, the eastern section of the Mura D’Arce is comprised of a straight

section of a series of arches (we counted 28 arches on an old plan layout). The second section is

constructed with solid masonry but with scalloped (in plan) sections that are constructed of opus

recticulatum. The third section comprises solid walls of mass concrete.

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Figure 13. Mura d’Arce arches and buttresses as viewed from the south.

The arcade section has major buttress supports, all on the south side of the arcade to support the

aqueduct from instability that may occur on the north hillside (Figure 13). The buttresses are

located at every other arcade foundation with a dimension of 6 meters (19.7 feet) perpendicular to

the aqueduct. We also measured each arcade span at approximately 2.2 meters (7.2 feet) with the

pier measurement of 1.9 meters (6.2 feet) by 2.7 meters (8.9 feet).

4.2 Pomigliano D’Arco (September 29)

Our contact in Pomigliano d’Arco (the city) is Mr. Nino Leone, a retired physician. He directed

us on a tour of the area on the northwestern side of Mt. Vesuvius in the area of the Villa di Augustus

and the arcade of the Aqua Augusta that is known as the Pomigliano d’Arco. The Pomigliano

d’Arco arcade seems to have been one of the longer continuous stretches of opus arcuatum in an

ancient Roman aqueduct (Keenan-Jones, 2010). This arcade also conveyed the aqueduct from the

Clanius River watershed to the Sebethes River watershed.

There are very few material remnants of this arcade. This is unfortunate since the arcade has been

shown to have a length of about 3.6 kilometers (2.2 miles) and a maximum height of over 12

meters (39 feet) and must have had the grandeur of the still-standing arcades of the Claudia

aqueduct near Rome.

During the construction of an elevated portion of the modern railway, several foundations of the

Pomigliano d’Arco were discovered. These foundations were under several meters of soil. The

discovery prompted the redesign of the piers supporting the modern railway to avoid the remnants,

as can be seen in Figure 14.

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Figure 14. Aerial image of the large railroad span that by passes the arcade foundation of the Aqua Augusta.

An artist’s image (from a XVI century map by Barrionuovo), shows that near the church of the

Madonna dell’Arcora (Madonna of the arcades) in Casalnuovo di Napoli (near Pomigliano d’Arco)

there were still six arches in the XVI century (information from Nino Leone). However, Nino also

informed us that in the XVII century, a fellow named Diomede Carafa, Fuedatary of Pomigliano

d’Arco, had his own palace burned to get permission from the King Ferrante II to use the stone

material of the Aqua Augusta arcades for his new palace. Therefore, it seems that this is one reason

why we see no remnants of the arcade today.

Figure 15. Remnant of arcade foundation near Pomigliano d’Arco.

Figure 16. Archeological excavation along proposed elevated railway section shows a remnant of arcade foundation.

The arcade piers were constructed of a concrete and rubble core with opus mixtum brick layer with

tufa blocks as the foundation of the piers. This construction is seen in Figures 15 and 16, photos

that were taken during the railway construction. Today, these sections are covered by a layer of

soil to preserve them for future study.

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5.0 SANITA’ NAPLES (SEPTEMBER 24)

On September 24, we traveled to downtown Naples to meet our friend Meisha Hunter Burkett

(Figure 17). Meisha is a historical preservation specialist with Li/Saltzman Architects in New

York City. Meisha was on the Pompeii team during the field investigations in 2010 and 2011. In

September 2016, she was in Naples on holiday and decided to accompany us on our investigation

of a recent find in the middle of Naples.

Figure 17. Gary Witt, Meisha Hunter Burkett and Wayne Lorenz meet for espresso in downtown Naples

In 2011, a section of the Aqua Augusta was discovered in an existing structure in downtown

Naples, in the basement of Palazzo Peschici Maresca of Health (via Arena alla Sanità 6). It has

been determined that there were two parallel sections of the aqueduct at this location, with one

older than the other. The reason for the construction of parallel segments is not yet known, but

could be related to the changes in the ground elevation over time, called bradyseism. Bradyseism

is known to have occured up to several meters in the Naples region.

There are two series of arches in this Sanita segment, which are parallel for about 10 meters (33

feet) and then change direction and apparently converge and intersect. The arches and pillars have

a facing of mixed work with alternating 14 to 15 rows of bricks in brick and 15 to 16 rows of tuff

bricks. Inside the facing is an inner core of cement with finely crushed tuff flakes.

Carlo Leggieri and Francesco Colussi constructed a model showing the parallel channels beneath

the existing structures, see Figure 18. The model is on display in the Sanità building.

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Figure 18. Model of the Aqua Augusta as discovered beneath several buildings in downtown Naples.

6.0 SARNO SPRINGS MUSEUM VISIT, AND IDENTIFICATION OF ANOTHER

ALIGNMENT LOCATION (SEPTEMBER 26)

On September 26, Giuseppe Illiano arranged a meeting with the Mayor of the City of Sarno,

Giuseppe Canfora, and others. The City of Sarno has three very prolific springs that have a total

flow of 4,000 to 5,000 liters per second (63,000 to 79,000 gallons per minute). The springs are

the main headwaters of the Sarno River. Assuming these springs were flowing in antiquity, there

is no doubt that the Roman engineers considered these for the water supply to Misenum. However,

the Roman engineers must have concluded that these springs are too low in elevation to have been

used for the Aqua Augusta. The Sarno springs are at approximately 20 meters (66 feet) above sea

level (a.s.l.) and the aqueduct was at 51 to 52 meters (167 to 171 feet) a.s.l. in this area. Reportedly,

the travertine that formed around the Sarno Springs was used in ancient Pompeii as a building

material.

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Figure 19. City of Sarno staff and WPI researchers behind a map listing 26 Roman remnants in the area.

The City of Pompeii was located adjacent to the north bank, and at the mouth of the Sarno River

as it emptied into the Gulf of Naples. Pompeii was only some 15 to 16 kilometers (9 to 12 miles)

downstream from the Sarno springs, so it is easy to imagine that the residents would have used the

water in the Sarno River for domestic purposes. However, an aqueduct from the Sarno springs to

Pompeii would only have served the lower portion of the city since much of its elevation is above

15 to 20 meters (49 to 66 feet). For example, the Porta Vesuvius/Castellum Acqua is at about 43

meters (141 feet) a.s.l.

During our visit to the City of Sarno offices, we reviewed information that was available regarding

the Aqua Augusta alignment and old photographs of the tunneled sections (exposed during

construction activities). Included in the meeting was Michele Manfredonia who we had met during

our March 2015 investigation.

One of the references reviewed was a long map of the Sarno area that designated 26 locations of

Roman remnants (the entire Sarno team gathered behind the map for a photo in Figure 19; Catello

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Grimaldi was the photographer and not in the photo). After inspection of the records, it was

concluded that the WPI team had previously located all but one location that was on record as

being archeological remains of the tunneled section of the aqueduct. The location was designated

on a map (see Figure 20) as point number “24. Via San Vito.” Michele Manfredonia told us that

he had inspected an access shaft and a portion of the tunnel some years ago at this location. The

point number 24 represents a new location of the alignment of the aqueduct.

Figure 20. Portion of the Sarno map that shows a new location of the Aqua Augusta.

We were also given a thumb drive with several old photographs of the Aqua Augusta “cut and

cover” sections that have been excavated over the years in the Sarno area. One example is shown

as Figure 21, which includes an exceptional “cut and cover” example with a thick layer of sinter

buildup on each side of the channel wall. The sinter extends to the haunches of the tunnel vault.

Also, we note in the photo that the man that is closest to the aqueduct section (on the right) is a

young Michele Manfredona.

New Point 24 ‐ Aqueduct

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Figure 21. Cut and cover section of the Aqua Augusta in Sarno.

7.0 VOLTURARA IRPINA – DRAGON’S MOUTH & SPRINGS (SEPTEMBER 28)

The water source for the mighty Aqua Augustus, the reason that the aqueduct existed at all, was

the pure water springs in the Appenine Mountains to the east of the Naples Bay. The natural water

system in these mountains is a fascinating, life-giving source that nurtured civilization in the

Naples region. The precipitation in the mountains was captured in the valleys and sinkholes of the

karst geology and retained in the subsurface as if it were a giant sponge. There are several closed

basins located in the Terminio Mountain area, where the runoff from the steep mountain slopes is

gathered and seeps into fissures and sinkholes thus becoming the groundwater that discharges on

the lower slopes of the mountainsides as copious springs. These basins are called endorheic

because there is no natural surface drainage outlet; the runoff water becomes groundwater.

On September 28, we investigated one such basin at Volturara Irpina, a small town on the edge of

a circular shaped basin plain called the Dragon’s Plain. Water collects near the center of the plain

and is channeled to a fissure where it disappears into the earth. This fissure is aptly called the

Dragon’s Mouth, and there are several legends surrounding this. We met the Mayor and other

Town representatives (Figure 22) and were given a tour of the Dragon’s Mouth (Figure 23). We

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also drove and hiked up a mountain west of the town to observe outcrops of important local

formations and observe the Dragon’s Plain during sunset (Figure 24).

Figure 22. Part of the WPI team with VIPs from Vulturara Irpina.

Figure 23. Ascending from the Dragon’s Mouth.

Figure 24. Elevated view of a portion of Vulturara Irpina and the Dragon’s Plain.

We drove about 16 kilometers (10 miles) from the town to the east side of the Terminio and

investigated one of the springs that served the communities on the side opposite to the Naples Bay.

This spring was an impressive natural upwelling and the water is captured under a dome structure

that protects the water quality. Called the Pertusillo Springs, they are now used by the Acquedotto

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Pugliese (AQP) water company for domestic supply. The dome is approximately 27 meters (90

feet) in diameter. The spring water surfaces within the dome and then is collected and conveyed

into gravity pipelines that head down valley to the customers.

As shown in Figure 25, the capture of this spring water at the Pollentina Springs is different from

the method of capturing the spring water at the Acquaro Pelosi Springs. The Pollentina Springs

are simply gathered under the dome as the water surfaces from the ground. As a comparison, in

2011, we investigated the Acquaro Pelosi Springs and observed that the springs there were

captured using a “Ranney Well” approach, which relies on radial lateral collection pipeline arms

that bring water to a central collection basin.

Figure 25. Pollentina Spring

8.0 CISTERNS IN BACOLI (SEPTEMBER 25 AND 27)

We investigated several water storage cisterns that are located toward the terminus of the Aqua

Augusta, all located in Bacoli. These are described in this section. Based on the observations

made during these investigations, the following preliminary conclusions were made:

1. The area was developed in antiquity primarily with larger villas for the elite. Each appeared

to have their own cisterns for water storage. This may indicate that the constant flow of

water normally associated with the aqueduct was interrupted and storage was necessary or

the aqueduct water was not available to local users in this region.

2. Some of the cisterns we observed were at elevations that could not have been served from

the Aqua Augusta. Cisterns at Belle Vista and La Sibilla Vini were at higher elevations

than the elevation of the Aqua Augusta in this area. This suggests that there were other

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sources of water in the area or that the water was lifted from the Aqua Augusta to these

cisterns.

3. Apparently, there is fresh groundwater in the area and the presence of groundwater may

have been a significant water source for the villas.

4. The research of the aqueduct alignment, and which features were fed off of the Aqua

Augusta in Bacoli, is incomplete.

8.1 Grottoni Cistern

We met with the Biagio family and school teacher Dr. Rosaria Esposito at the Grottoni cistern.

The Biagio family owns the property that includes the Grottoni cistern. This cistern is a vast

complex with 4 parallel rows of at least 6 arches (Figure 26). This complex is to the east of the

currently assumed location of the Aqua Augusta alignment.

Figure 26. View from second story balcony of the large arched remnants of the Grottoni cistern.

We began taking measurements here; however, we decided to suspend the effort until we could

determine whether this was an Aqua Augusta feature.

8.2 Villa Angri Sani Cistern

Another ancient villa on the hillside of Miseno is the Villa Angri Sani, today owned by an

American from Houston, Texas. Here, we inspected a deep access shaft to a possible cistern. We

observed water in the shaft that was 4.3 meters (14 feet) below the surface. The local caretaker has

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first-hand knowledge of the shaft and apparent construction with a cistern based on her descent

into the shaft when water levels were much lower.

8.3 Grotto Dragonara Cistern

Another very large cistern in Bacoli is the Grotto Dragonara Cistern located in Miseno. This

cistern has a reported capacity of 7,700 cubic meters (272,000 cubic feet) (compared to a capacity

of at least 10,700 cubic meters [378,000 cubic feet] in the Piscina Mirabilis). The grotto consists

of 5 naves and a barrel vault supported by 12 pillars. It has been thought by some researchers that

this cistern was also fed by the Aqua Augusta and was the terminus of the aqueduct (rather than

the terminus being at the Piscina Mirabilis).

Many researchers believe the cistern was used for capturing rainwater since there are several large

openings on the surface to potentially capture rainwater.

Unlike observations in the Piscina Mirabilis, the Dragonara Cistern walls do not have calcium

carbonate scaling (except where groundwater seeps into cracks along bedding planes and features).

This is a major observation since all of the water features that we know had contained water from

the Acquaro Pelosi springs (and the Aqua Augusta) have calcium carbonate scaling characteristics.

Based on this one major observation, we agree that the Dragonara Cistern probably was not fed

(at least not exclusively) by the Aqua Augusta.

8.4 Scalandrone Tunnel

We investigated the Scalandrone Tunnel because the tunnel contains an inscription which

celebrates the opening of a Haustus (passage intended as a water catchment) connected to the Aqua

Augusta aqueduct. The date of the event is reported as December 30, 10 A.D. (Ferrari and

Lamagna). Lucci Franco is the current owner of the tunnel property.

The tunnel slopes from south to north and it appears to be quite steep. There are remnants of

Roman villas in this area, which may have had cisterns supplied with water by the Scalandrone

Tunnel.

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9.0 HERCULANEUM (SEPTEMBER 28)

The Pompeii team has had five previous field investigations, but we had not investigated

Herculaneum until this year. We investigated Herculaneum to confirm that the city had a central

water system (Figure 27). We also wanted to obtain information regarding the existing water

towers and to investigate the possibility that Herculaneum was served by the Aqua Augusta. The

highlight of the investigation was a meeting with the Herculaneum supervisor and the head

archeologist.

Figure 27. A view northward across the partially-excavated City of Herculaneum and the overlaying current City of

Ercolano (middle ground) with Mt. Vesuvius in the distance.

The city did possess a central water system based on the observations of lead pipe, water towers

(two), and fountains, all similar to those observed in Pompeii (but far fewer in number). There are

at least two baths in the city (the Forum and Suburban baths) and many of the individual residences

had impluviums and some water features.

Surviving water towers that are similar to those in Pompeii are rare in ancient Roman sites. The

ancient writings by Frontinus address what were called castella and castra in the City of Rome

water system, which are believed to be cisterns or other specialized features of the water

distribution system. However, water towers in Rome (like those in Pompeii) were not specifically

addressed by Frontinus. Water towers that are similar to those found in Pompeii, if they existed

in Rome, are no longer evident.

There are three structures in Herculaneum that are believed to be water towers. We field inspected

two of the towers. One of the structures is a tower that is very similar to the towers in Pompeii.

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Located in the northern section of the excavated portion of Herculaneum (at the intersection of

Decumanus Maximus and Cardo IV), this tower had pipe chases and a lead pipe section in one of

the chases (Figure 28). The tower dimensions were 80 to 90 centimeters (31 to 35 inches) square

in plan and about 2.5 meters (8.2 feet) high.

Figure 28. Fountain located adjacent to the remnant of the northernmost water tower observed during our

September 2016 field investigation

Another tower was observed near the Casa Sannitica (at Decumanus Inferior and Cardo IV). We

measured this tower to be 95 centimeters by 89 centimeters (37 by 35 inches) in plan, and 2.4

meters (7.9 feet) tall.

We met with Ms. Emanuella Santaniello, Supervisor, and Mr. Domenico Camardo, Chief

Archeologist, and discussed water use in Herculaneum. From that conversation, we learned the

following:

Whether or not the Aqua Augusta served Herculaneum is not certain. Mr. Camardo is

certain, however, of another source of water that served the city. This conclusion is based

on fluoride analysis of a nearby spring and the condition of the teeth of individuals that

were found in the city. Mr. Camardo provided a copy of a paper that discusses this

conclusion.

There are no remnants of an aqueduct from Pompeii or from the Aqua Augusta.

There have been no lead storage tanks found on the top of water towers and no large

cisterns.

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There are valves from the city in storage (in the future, we could ask for permission to

inspect these valves).

There are no signs of calcium carbonate on the towers or other water features in the city.

The population of Herculaneum at the time of the eruption has been estimated at 4,000

based on the size of the theater.

Apparently, the earthquake of 62 A.D. did not impact Herculaneum like it did Pompeii.

10.0 REFERENCES

Berry, Joanne, 2007. The Complete Pompeii, Thames & Hudson; London.

Eschebach, Hans, 1993. Gebäudeverzeichnis und Stadtplan der antiken Stadt Pompeji, Liselotte Eschebach; Köln.

Ferrari, G. and Lamagna, R., N.D. Il bimillenario dell’acquedotto augusteo di Serino.

Jashemski, W.F., 1993. The Gardens of Pompeii, Volume II: Appendices. Caratzas; New York.

Keenan-Jones, Duncan, 2010. The Aqua Augusta Regional Water Supply in Roman and Late Antique Compania, Ph.D. Dissertation, Marquarie University, Australia.

Koloski-Ostro, A.O. editor, 2001. Water Use and Hydraulics in the Roman City, Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company; Dubuque, Iowa.

Ohlig, Christoph P.J., 2001. De aquis Pompeiorum. Das Castellum Aquae in Pompeji: Herkunft, Zuleitung und Verteilung des Wassers. Circumvesuviana, Volume 4. Nijmegen: Books on Demand GmbH; Norderstedt.

Storey, Glenn, 1997. The Population of Ancient Rome, Antiquity, 71:966-78.

11.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This report was prepared by Wayne Lorenz with a detailed review by Gary Witt. The final draft

was assembled by Sally Kribs. Photographs in this report were taken by Wayne Lorenz, Gary

Witt, and Catello Grimaldi.

The study of the Aqua Augusta has been a collaborative effort between individuals that have a

deep interest in the engineering, historical, and cultural aspects of the aqueduct. Key members of

the Project Team include Giuseppe Illiano, Giovanni De Feo, Giacinto Libertini, Nino Leone,

Bruno Miccio, Catello Grimaldi, Ottaviano DeBase, and Vittorio Bovolin.

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Special thanks go to Giuseppe “Peppe” Illiano. Peppe has been our guide and colleague for Naples

Bay area field investigations since 2010. We are grateful to Peppe for his hard work and diligence

in obtaining the approvals and cooperation with the local representatives.

The Project Team would like to thank Ken Wright, Wright Paleohydrological Institute, and Wright

Water Engineers, Inc., for support and encouragement during the study of Roman aqueducts and

ancient engineering in the Pompeii and Naples Bay regions.

12.0 APPENDIX

A - Letters of Authorization

Z:\Project Files\GO\991-999\991-999.1121\Engineering\Pompeii Trip 2016\September 2016 Report.docx

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APPENDIXALETTERSOF

AUTHORIZATION

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