pongamia pinnata as a bio-energy resource p m v subbarao professor mechanical engineering department...
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Pongamia Pinnata as a Bio-energy Resource
P M V SubbaraoProfessor
Mechanical Engineering Department Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi
Better Planning to Maximize Yield ….
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BIO-ENERGY SOLUTION S for IIT Campus
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Pongamia Trees At IIT Delhi
Sir Edwin Landseer Lutyens
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Kernel
Cake
Shell
Fruit
Pongamia pinnata tree
Biodiesel
Potential bioenergy feedstock
Gly
ceri
ne
Recognition of Complete Resource
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Current Technology of Bio-diesel ProductionFruits
Shells
Decorticator
Oil Expeller
Reactor
Oil
Biodiesel
Cake
Glycerol
Mechanical or Electrical Energy
Electrical and Thermal Energy
Seeds
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How Truthful is Our Vision/Understanding?
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Various local names in India for Pongamia pinnata
State Local name for pongamiaAndhra Pradesh gaanug, pungu
karchaw, poongaKarnataka honge, huligili, batti, uggemaraKerala minnari, punnuOrrissa koronjo, kongaTamil Nadu pongam, ponga, kanga
DalkaramchaMadhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh
karanja and karanj
Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan,
sukhchain, karanj, papri
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Botanical description of pongamia pinnata• Pongamia tree is native to humid and subtropical environments
and it readily grows in areas where annual rainfall range from 500 to 2500 mm.
• In can withstand a maximum temperature from 500C to a minimum of 50C in its natural habitat.
• Mature trees can survive water logging and slight frost.
• This species has been found to grow up to elevations of 1200 m, but in the Himalayan foothills is not found above 600 m.
• Pongamia can grow on a wide range of soil types, which may range from stony to sandy to clayey.
• It is highly tolerant of salinity and does not do well on dry sands.
• The tree is common along waterways or seashores, with its roots in fresh or salt water.
• Well drained soils with assured moisture have observed highest growth rates
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Forms of Biomass Yields
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Other Benefits
• Pongamia tree has immense medicinal and economic value in Indian society.
• The reason for this being that almost every part has some traditional utility.
Pongamia tree parts
Economic value Medicinal value
FlowerGood sources of pollen for
honey bees. Flowers are edible.
Useful to quench dipsia in diabetes, for alleviating vata and kapha and for bleeding piles.
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Pongamia tree parts
Economic value Medicinal value
Leaf Used as cattle fodder (in some
regions). Used in stored grains to repel
insects. Used as manure for rice and
sugarcane fields.
Juice of leaves is used for cold, cough, diarrhea, dyspepsia, flatulence, gonorrhoea, leprosy.
Leaves are anthelmintic, digestive and laxative used for inflammations, piles and wounds.
As an infusion to relieve rheumatism. As an extract to treat itches and herpes.
Bark String and rope can be
made from the bark fibre. Used for paper pulp.
For bleeding piles, for beriberi, reduce swelling of the spleen.
Useful in mental disorder, cough and cold.
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Stem Used for stove top fuels, poles and
ornamental carvings. Ash of wood used for dyeing Cabinet making, cart wheels, posts,
agricultural implements, tool, handles and combs.
Aqueous extracts of stem bark exhibit significant CNS sedative and antipyretic activity.
RootRoot is used as fish
poison.
Juice of roots with coconut milk and lime water for treatment of gonorrhoea.
Used for cleaning gums, teeth and ulcers. In vaginal and skin diseases, being
anthelminic. Juice of roots used for cleansing foul ulcers
and closing fistulous sores.
without destroying the accumulated propagating organization …… {Kauffman, 2000}
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Technical Details of Pongamia Tree
Height (m) 15-25
Climate
Grows almost throughout up to altitude of 1.200 m. Requires of 500 2500mm annual rainfall; cannot withstand frost.
Soil Tolerate to salinity k , alkaline and water logging soils
Gestation Period (years) 4-7
Economic lifespan (years) 60
Oil content per seed (in %) 27-39Yield per tree (kg) 20-25 Oil / ha (t) 1.5-3 Collection Period May – JuneDensity of Plant/ha 500
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Pongamia Fruits
http://www.biodieselmagazine.com
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Pongamia Collections
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Mass Distribution of Pongamia Collections
~50%
~50%
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Mass Distribution of Jatropha Collections
~40%
~60%
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Oil Expeller set-up
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Mass Distribution of Pongamia Seeds
~65%
~35%
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Mass Distribution of Jatropha Seeds
~65%
~35%
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Plant Capacity and Land Requirement
• Plant capacity : 1 ton per day of Bio Diesel.• Requirement of Vegetable Oil : 1.1 tons per day.• Quantity of Seeds required to produce above amount
of oil: 3.15 tons per day.• Quantity of dry fruits required per day : 6.30 tons.• Quantity of dry fruits required per year : 1575tons.• Land required to meet the demand: 300 hectares.• Non Irrigated land required to meet the demand: 900
hectares.
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Measurement of Calorific Value : Bomb Calorimeter
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The Bomb & Fuel
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Temperature of Water in Jacket
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Energy Balance in Bomb Calorimetry
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Calorific Value of Pongamia Fruit Derivatives
• Calorific value of Oil : 36 MJ/kg
• Calorific value of cake: 19 MJ/kg.
• Calorific value of shells: 15 MJ/kg.
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Energy Audit of Sub-Species of Oil Seed Collections : 1ton of Oil
• Mass of produce: 6.3 tons.
• Mass of Oil: 1 ton.
• Mass of cake : 2.15 tons.
• Mass of Shells : 3.15 tons.
• Calorific value of Oil : 36 MJ/kg
• Calorific value of cake: 19 MJ/kg.
• Calorific value of shells: 15 MJ/kg.
• Total Energy value of Oil: 36 GJ
• Total Energy value of Cake: 40.8GJ
• Total Energy value of Shells: 47.25GJ
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Characterization of Bio-resource
• Pongamia oil
• De-oiled cake
• Shells
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Characterization of Derived Bio-resources
• Pongamia oil
• De-oiled cake
• Shells
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Straight Vegetable Oil Chemistry
C63 H122O6
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Straight Vegetable Oil Chemistry
• The molecular formula is a triglyceride molecule that contains multiple Carbon double bonds.
• A molecule with multiple Carbon double bonds tends to be more reactive under heated conditions than a molecule containing fewer or no double bonds.