Population and Settlement Case Studies

Population and Settlement Case Studies A case study to illustrate strategies to influence natural population change within a countryChina one child policy

The Main FactsPopulation - 1.3 billion - highest in the worldIn 1970 families were asked to limit families to two childrenThe One child policy became law in 1979Women must be 25 before they can marryPermission must be given before people can marry and have childrenFree health care, childcare, education and better pensions provided for those who comply with new lawsFines for parents who have two or more childrenForced abortions and sterilisation have been reported

What are the EffectsBirth rates fell from 33 per 1000 to 16 per 1000Population growth is slowing downIt has worked in the towns but not so successful in the countrysideBoys are more valued than girls and there has been talk of genocide taking place especially of the girlsThe population is becoming unbalanced - 110 males for every 100 femalesThe little emperor syndrome has developed with boys being spoiltMales are having problems finding a wifeThe ageing population will cause dependency problems in the future

Recent Changes - The law has now been relaxed and:-Families can have a second child especially if they have a girl first.A second child is permitted if the first one is handicappedFamilies who are only children are allowed to have two childrenUse your video notes and hand out to complete your A3 case study Extended thinking questionIs this policy sustainable?A case study of international migration to illustrate the causes, consequences and managementMexico-USAThe Main FactsPopulation - 1.3 billion - highest in the worldIn 1970 families were asked to limit families to two childrenThe One child policy became law in 1979Women must be 25 before they can marryPermission must be given before people can marry and have childrenFree health care, childcare, education and better pensions provided for those who comply with new lawsFines for parents who have two or more childrenForced abortions and sterilisation have been reported

What are the EffectsBirth rates fell from 33 per 1000 to 16 per 1000Population growth is slowing downIt has worked in the towns but not so successful in the countrysideBoys are more valued than girls and there has been talk of genocide taking place especially of the girlsThe population is becoming unbalanced - 110 males for every 100 femalesThe little emperor syndrome has developed with boys being spoiltMales are having problems finding a wifeThe ageing population will cause dependency problems in the future

Recent Changes - The law has now been relaxed and:-Families can have a second child especially if they have a girl first.A second child is permitted if the first one is handicappedFamilies who are only children are allowed to have two childrenA case study of migration within one countryIndonesia Transmigration

10Mexico Push and Pull factors

Push from Mexico: Lack of job opportunities Poor standard of living Lack of services healthcare and education

Pull into America:Excellent healthcareExcellent educationJob opportunities temporary and seasonalThe American Dream

Mexico to USAWhy leave Mexico?Low standard of livingLack of skilled, well-paid employmentFew opportunitiesLack of educationPoor quality housingPoor health serviceWhy migrate to the USA?Many opportunitiesHigh standard of living (one of highest in the world)Many job opportunities (well-paid jobs)EducationExcellent health careSearch for the American DreamSome characteristics of Mexico and the USAUSAMexicoUnemployment7%17%People per doctor4001800Family income$24, 750$3, 750School attendance99%55%

The issues of migration from Mexico to the USA

Satellite image of the Mexico California border

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Wetbacks illegal immigrants who cross from Mexico to USA across the Rio Grande. 15

Tijuana, Mexico16San Diego, California

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A case study of urban change to illustrate social, economic and environmental planning and its sustainability Greenwich Millennium Village On a patch of scrap land you have been asked to develop a sustainable community... What do you do?

The area of land that was chosen, not fully developed in this image

The area used to be mainly grass

A case study to illustrate how retail service provision changes over timeBristol Shopping Location of some Famers Markets in BristolMarkets:

Leigh Court Farm ltd

Long Ashton village marketGatcombe farm shopCar Boot Sales:Car boot sales are a very good way in which people can buy and sell goods. Most Car boots happen in farmers fields or on open areas around the city.

Car Boot Sales in Bristol:There are many car boots sells around Bristol for example;

Filton Sports And Leisure Centre on a SaturdayIt costs 6 for a car and 10 for a van to go and sell there itemsOrWhitchurch car boot on a SaturdayFrom 10:30am to 5pm

The distribution of shops is changing so the shops are generally closer together and there are far more large superstores. The distribution of shops is complex because there are so many different ways to buy things. It is made easier by new transport links allowing out of town shopping centre e.g. Cribbs Causeway. It is also changes as the public begins to change how often and how they shop, making fewer trips to further away stores and buying all they need at once.

Since 1997, Labour have closed 5,000 Post Offices across the country, including 38 in Bristol and South Gloucestershire. That's one in four post offices shut down in Bristol North West and Kingswood.

Clone Town ShoppingWhat is Clone Town Shopping

Clone town is a global term for a town where the High Street or other major shopping areas are significantly dominated by Chain stores.

FactsOver the last ten years small businesss have been closing down at the rate of 2000 a year.

Within areas such as Bristol there are 3 large shopping venues with over 500 chain stores that offer everything a shopper would need, therefore smaller businesss tend to be overlooked.

Specialist shops are at risk from e-tailing unless they start selling over the internet.Due to e-tailing eBay has become more used for fixed price sales rather than auction sales.In 2007, two music chains (FOPP & music zone) sold off all of its branches because so many people online.

E-tailing

Due to the increase in e-tailing, web design companies like Yoto Creative (a Bristol company) are thriving.

E-tailing in BristolEthical Shopping Part IEthical Shopping involves taking into account the environment and conditions goods are produced in and how they will affect the futures of the environment and the people who produce that good.

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Environmentally, people may be concerned where their goods come from, and the transportation required to import and/or transport that good to the retail facility. This is from where the idea of food miles was conceived. This idea concerns how many miles the good has travelled. Obviously, more miles means more fuel as used for transportation.Another concern of ethical shoppers is how companies produce their goods and how they obtain their economies of scale. Globalisation has meant MNCs can produce products at cheaper prices per unit as they are buying in bigger quantities and outsource jobs. They can pay lower wages as average salaries are lower and the Purchasing Power Parity is higher, that amount of currency can buy more goods in that country. This increases profits. This is of concern to people and trade unions, people are lowly-paid and overworked in these outsourced jobs as there is less regulation34Ethical Shopping Part II (Veblen Goods)Products such as those produced in organic and fair-trade manners also affect the market-place. These products carry a premium as a result as how they are produced. More money goes to the people that produce them. But some of this premium could come from the Veblen effect. These goods carry a positive price elasticity of demand. This is unlike other goods, as traditionally, if the price of a good were to inflate, people would stop buying it, thus reducing the demand. But these goods increase in demand if the price inflates, breaking the traditional laws of demand. The good carries an increased status, so more people would be prepared to buy it. Sustainable shopping will always be on peoples minds, so if the price were to increase, more money would go to the person who makes it as they would normally receive the same proportion of the price. If people spend more money on a product, they can also say they are making more effort to protect the environment, creating a snob effect.

A traditional elasticity of demand graph. If the price goes down, the quantity sold goes up. (These marked by D and Q) Thorstein Veblens theory does not comply with this. Introducing Space-Hungry Stores.

Superstores and retail parks need a lot of space. This is one reason why new superstores are often on green field land outside the city. All types of new building have to get planning permission from a local council. This can be given if a superstore company can argue that there is a need for one to give more choice or to provide goods for people in new housing areas. 36Examples:

BeforeAfter?Sainsbury's wanting to open up the biggest store in Europe in Ashton Gate Bristol.Planning on building a new store costing 50 million and knocking down the football ground ashton gate. Sainsburys felt their existing store at the moment on winterstoke road is too small and they want to expand. As this new store is only down the road many current Sainsburys workers will keep their jobs and as the store is bigger will provide some new jobs for local people.

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