1. (Activities and Discussions onReproductive Health Bill and the Environment)

2. HUMAN POPULATION INCREASEDRAPIDLY OVER THE PAST 500 YEARSUSE OF TRENDS: LEADERS : FUTURE TRENDS IN NATIONS POPULATIONS (AGE STRUCTURES) HELP ANTICIPATE UPCOMING NEEDS THUS: CENSUS NEED TO BE ACCURATE 3. Average Annual Exponential Growth Rates, Philippines: 2000-2040 YearGrowth RateProjected Total Fertility Rates, by Five- Year Interval, Philippines: 2000-2040 2000-20052.05 (Medium Assumption) 2005-20101.95 Year Rate 2010-20151.822000-2005 3.41 2015-20201.642005-2010 3.18 2020-20251.462010-2015 2.96 2025-20301.272015-2020 2.76 2030-20351.092020-2025 2.572035-20400.922025-2030 2.392030-2035 2.232035-2040 2.07 4. Summary of Projected Population, by Five-Year Interval, Philippines: 2000-2040 (Medium Assumption) YearBoth SexesMaleFemale200076,946,500 38,748,500 38,198,000200585,261,000 42,887,300 42,373,700201094,013,200 47,263,600 46,749,6002015102,965,30051,733,400 51,231,9002020111,784,60056,123,600 55,661,0002025120,224,50060,311,700 59,912,8002030128,110,00064,203,600 63,906,4002035135,301,10067,741,300 67,559,8002040141,669,90070,871,100 70,798,800 5. RELATIVEPROPORTION OF INDIVIDUALSBELONGING TO DIFFERENT AGE CLASSES IN APOPULATION CATEGORIES PRE-REPRODUCTIVE REPRODUCTIVE POST-REPRODUCTIVE REPRESENTED BY : AGE PYRAMID 6. DEPENDING ON ITS AGE STRUCTURE: PYRAMID LESS INDUSTRIALIZED HIGH PRE-REPRODUCTIVE MAY CONTINUE TO GROW : 2 CHILDREN HIGH WOMEN ENTERING REPRODUCTIVE THAN LEAVING BULLET STABLE SAME NUMBER PER GROUP 7. GROWTH RATE BIRTHS DEATHS/POPULATION SIZE EXPRESSED AS % PEAKED AT 2% IN 1965 CURRENT = 1.5% PER YEAR ZERO POPULATION GROWTH BIRTH = DEATH FERTILITY RATE NUMBER OF CHILDREN BORN TO EACH WOMAN DURING HER LIFETIME CURRENT : AVE OF 3.5 CHILDREN/WOMAN REPLACEMENT FERTILITY RATE AVERGAE FERTILITY RATE REQUIRED TO ACHIEVE LONG TERM ZERO POPULATION GROWTH 2.1 CHILDREN PER WOMAN 8. NUMBER OF INDIVIDUAL ORGANISMSTHE RESOURCES OF A GIVEN AREACAN SUPPORTTHENUMBER OF PEOPLE THAT CAN BESUPPORTED IN AN AREA GIVEN: ITS PHYSICAL RESOURCES BASE THE WAY THE RESOURCES ARE USED 9. PEOPLEEXCEED THE CARRYINGCAPACITY OF AN AREAEFFECTS OF OVER POPULATION REDUCTION IN THE QUALITY OF LIFE OVEREXPLOITATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES AIR, WATER AND LAND POLLUTION 10. FARM SUBDIVISION AND INTENSIFYING CULTIVATION OPENING UP OF NEW LANDS FOR AGRICULTURE MIGRATION TO CITIES EMMIGRATION/IMMIGRATION 11. CONDITIONOF HAVING INSUFFICIENTRESOURCES OR INCOMELACK BASIC HUMAN NEEDS CLOTHING SHELTER FOOD 12. POOREST COUNTRIES WEALTHIER STRUGGLE DAILY FORCOUNTRIESFOOD, SHELTER AND THE EFFECTS OFOTHER NECESSITIESPOVERTY MAY BE THE SUFFER FROM SEVEREFOLLOWING:MALNUTRTION,EPIDEMIC DISEASE POOR NUTRITIONOUTBREAKS, FAMINE MENTAL ILLNESSAND WAR DRUG DEPENDENCE CRIME HIGH RATES OF DISEASE 13. REASON (UNCLEAR) LACK ADEQUATE RESOURCES UNEVEN DISTRIBUTION OF RESOURCES HIGHEST POVERTY INCIDENCE SULU, MASBATE, TAWI-TAWI, IFUGAO AND ROMBLON,SARANGGANI, MT. PROVINCE LOWEST POVERTY INCIDENCE 2ND DISTRICT OF NCR (Mandaluyong, Marikina, Pasig, QCand San Juan) 4TH DISTRICT OF NCR (Las Pinas, Makati, Muntinlupa,Paranaque, Pasay, Pateros and Taguig) BULACAN 1ST DISTRICT OF NCR (Manila) BATANES 14. Open your activity books and submit the worksheet BEFORELEAVING CLASS (QUIZ) 15. EARLY SUCCESSION SPECIES HIGH GROWTH RATE, WIDE DISPERSAL, SMALL, FASTPOPULATION GROWTH LATE SUCCESSION SPECIES LOWER RATES OF DISPERSAL, SLOWER GROWTH RATE,LONGER LIVES, LARGER PRIMARY SUCCESSSION SECONDAY SUCCESSION DISTURBANCE SMALL SCALE LARGE SCALE 16. Succession is a directional non-seasonal cumulative change in the types ofplant species that occupy a given area through time. It involves the processes of colonization, establishment, and extinctionwhich act on the participating plant species. Most successions contain a number of stages that can be recognized bythe collection of species that dominate at that point in the succession. Succession begin when an area is made partially or completely devoid ofvegetation because of a disturbance. Some common mechanisms of disturbance are fires, wind storms, volcaniceruptions, logging, climate change, severe flooding, disease, and pestinfestation. Succession stops when species composition changes no longer occur withtime, and this community is said to be a climax community. 17. Theconcept of a climax community assumes that the plants colonizing and establishing themselves in a given region can achieve stable equilibrium. The idea that succession ends in the development of a climax community has had a long history in the fields of biogeography and ecology. Oneof the earliest proponents of this idea was Frederic Clements who studied succession at the beginning of the 20th century. However, beginning in the 1920s scientists began refuting the notion of a climax state. 18. By 1950, many scientists began viewing succession as aphenomenon that rarely attains equilibrium. The reason why equilibrium is not reached is related to the natureof disturbance. Disturbance acts on communities at a variety of spatial andtemporal scales. Further, the effect of disturbance is not always 100 percent. Many disturbances remove only a part of the previous plantcommunity. As a result of these new ideas, plant communities are nowgenerally seen as being composed of numerous patches of varioussize at different stages of successional development. 19. Primarysuccession - is the establishment of plants on land that has not been previouslyvegetated - Mount Saint Helens. Begins with colonization and establishment of pioneerspecies. Secondary succession - is the invasion of a habitat by plants on land that was previouslyvegetated. Removal of past vegetation may be caused by natural or human disturbancessuch as fire, logging, cultivation, or hurricanes. Allogenicsuccession - is caused by a change in environmental conditions which in turninfluences the composition of the plant community. Example: the deposition of silt maybe causing an allogenic succession from salt marsh to woodland. The adjacentwoodland has followed the salt marsh by invading its landward limit. Autogenic succession - is a succession where both the plant community and environmentchange, and this change is caused by the activities of the plants over time. Mt. St. Helensafter the last volcanic eruption. Progressivesuccession - is a succession where the community becomes complex andcontains more species and biomass over time. Retrogressive succession - is a succession where the community becomes simplistic andcontains fewer species and less biomass over time. Some retrogressive successions areallogenic in nature. For example, the introduction of grazing animals result indegenerated rangeland. 20. Table 9i-1: Comparison of plant, community, and ecosystem characteristics between early and late stages of succession Attribute Early Stages of Succession Late Stages of Succession Plant Biomass Small Large Plant Longevity ShortLong Seed Dispersal Characteristics of Dominant Plants Well dispersed Poorly dispersed Plant Morphology and PhysiologySimpleComplex Photosynthetic Efficiency of Dominant Plants at Low LightLow High Rate of Soil Nutrient Resource Consumption by Plants FastSlow Plant Recovery Rate from Resource Limitation FastSlow Plant Leaf Canopy StructureMultilayered Monolayer Site of Nutrient StorageLitter and SoilLiving Biomass and Litter Role of Decomposers in Cycling Nutrients to PlantsMinor Great Biogeochemical Cycling Open and RapidClosed and Slow Rate of Net Primary ProductivityHigh Low Community Site Characteristics Extreme Moderate (Mesic) Importance of Macroenvironment on Plant Success GreatModerate Ecosystem StabilityLow High Plant Species DiversityLow High Life-History TyperK Seed LongevityLongShort 21. An overview of the mechanisms of succession has been produced by Connell and Slatyer (1977, American Naturalist 111: 1119-1144). Connell and Slatyer propose three models, of which the first (facilitation) is the classical explanation most often invoked in the past, while the other two (tolerance and inhibition) may be equally important but have frequently been overlooked. The essential feature of facilitation succession, in contrast with either the tolerance or inhibition models, is that changes in the abiotic environment are imposed by the developing plant community. Thus, the entry and growth of the later species depends on earlier species preparing the ground. 22. The tolerance model suggests that a predictable sequenceis produced because different species have differentstrategies for exploiting resources. Later species are able totolerate lower resource levels due to competition and cangrow to maturity in the presence of early species, eventuallyout competing them. The inhibition model applies when all species resistinvasions of competitors. Later species graduallyaccumulate by replacing early individuals when they die. Animportant distinction between models is the cause of deathof the early colonists. In the case of facilitation andtolerance, they are killed in competition for resources,notably light and nutrients. In the case of the inhibitionmodel, however, the early species are killed by very localdisturbances caused by extreme physical conditions or theaction of predators 23. The first stage of succession was characterized by the pioneering colonization of annual plant species on bare ground and nutrient poor soils (Figure 9i-1). These annual species had short lifespans (one growing season), rapid maturity, and produce numerous small easily dispersed seeds. The annuals were then quickly replaced in dominance in the next year by biennial plants and grasses. After about 3 to 4 years, the biennial and grass species gave way to perennial herbs and shrubs. These plants live for many years and have the ability to reproduce several times over their lifespans. 24. Afterabout 5 to 15 years, the sites were then colonized by a number of different softwoodtree species including loblolly pine (Pinus taeda), shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata),Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana), and sweetgum.As the softwoods increased in their numbers and grew in height, they began forming aforest canopy. This canopy reduces the amount of light reaching the forest floor.The resulting shaded understory conditions caused the exclusion of many light lovingperennial herb and shrub species. Low light conditions also inhibited the germination ofpine seedlings.Perennialherb and shrub species that were adapted to low light conditions now began totake over the ground cover. The canopy also changed the microclimate of habitat nearground level.It was now more humid, has moderated temperatures, and less wind. These conditions,plus the development of a soil litter layer, allowed for the germination of hardwoodspecies, like oak (Quercus spp.) and various species of hickory (Carya spp).Theseedlings of these tree species also tolerate low light levels. 25. By about 50 to 75 years after the initial colonization of thepioneer species, the hardwoods started to replace thesoftwood species in the developing forest. At this stage in the succession, the pines had maximumheights of about 25 meters, while the oaks and hickorieswere on average about 10 meters tall. Because of their shorter lifespans (50 years), many of thesoftwood species were beginning to die out and the gap thatwas created was then filled by a subdominant hardwoodtree. Hardwood species, like oak and hickory, can live for morethan 100 years. Sites more than 100 years old were found tobe dominated by mature oak forests. 26. GROUPOF ORGANISMS (PLANTS/ANIMALS)INTERACTING INHABITING A GIVEN AREA 27. GUILDSAUTOTROPHSHETEROTROPHSDOMINANTS MOST NUMEROUS HIGHEST BIOMASS PRE-EMPT MOST SPACE LARGEST CONTRIBTUION TO ENERGY FLOW INFLUENCE OVER THE OTHERS 28. RELATIVE ABUNDANCESPECIES DIVERSITYSPECIES RICHNESS 29. MATERIALS NEEDED: 10 sheets of newspaper Students Conflicts inside a raffle box (eg. Typhoons, famine,disease etc) THE GAME Newspaper sheets will be placed on the floor so as to accommodate everybody The teacher will pick one conflict from the raffle box which is equivalent to number of newspaper sheets to be removed Students should do something to let themselves in the sheets or else they will be out of the game Typhoon, Famine, Drought, Floods = 1; Disease = 2 30. 1. What is the connection to theenvironment?2.2. What is the connection to thepopulation in urban areas?