population ii
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 5
“Processes and Cycles of Population Change”
The “J” curve
Worldwide Population Trends
World population increase has been a result of declining death rates, not increasing birth rates.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1936-1938
1946-1948
1955-1960
1960-1965
1965-1970
1970-1975
1975-1980
1980-1985
1985-1990
1990-1995
1995-2000
2000-2005
Birth rate Death rate
The “S” curve
Population growth is occurring more quickly in some parts of the world than in others.
10 Places With the Lowest Birth Rates Worldwide
1.10
1.10
1.10
1.00
1.14
1.16
1.15
1.15
1.15
1.14
Czech Republic
Armenia
Ukraine
Spain
Russian Federation
Slovenia
Macao Special Adminstrative Region
Bulgaria
Latvia
Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
Doubling Times
• Doubling time is the number of years it would take for a population to double at the current rate of growth.
• Countries with rapid population growth have low doubling times.
• As population increase slows, doubling time increases.
• The world doubling time is 51 years.• --North America--124
--Europe--0--Middle America--35--South America--41--N. Africa/SW Asia--35--Subsaharan Africa--27--South Asia--36--East Asia--87--SE Asia--41--Austral Realm--109--Pacific Realm--34
Russia’s demographic collapse
Why do women in some parts of the world have more babies than those in other parts of the
world?
Economic Factors Affecting Fertility
--agrarian society--children are economic assets
--industrial societies--children are economic liabilities.
--level of development--smaller family size is associated with a higher standard of living
Social Factors Affecting Fertility--traditional role of woman as a child-bearer--need for adult children to care for the elderly--preference for male child--high infant mortality rate--low literacy rate
--access to birth control information--machismo factor--religion
Political factors affecting fertility
--anti-natal policies.(China/India)
--pro-natal policies-concern over changing
demographics (France/Singapore)
-a “civic duty” in some places
Possible solutions?
• Encourage development• Broaden role of women in
society• Education• Decrease infant mortality• Establish pensions• Incentives for one child
The changing world ecumene(2000 years ago)
World ecumene 1000 years ago(10 million people)
World ecumene 1800(1 billion people)
World ecumene 1927(2 billion people)
World ecumene 1960(3 billion people)
World ecumene 1974(4 billion people)
World ecumene 1987(5 billion people)
World ecumene 1999(6 billion people)
World ecumene 2050(9 billion people)
The Great Population Debate“No Population Problem” Cornucopians: People are the world’s ultimate resource. Marxists: Poverty is the result of distribution problems, not
overpopulation.“There Is a Population Problem” Malthusians: Population growth, which is exponential, is
limited by growth in the food supply, which is arithmetic. Neomalthusians: In addition to food, other factors (such as
shortages of water and space) impose limits on continued growth.
Zero Population Growth: A halt in population growth is needed
“The ‘Population Problem’ Is a Complex Issue” Problems are the result of unequal distribution of resources
and high growth rates. Overconsumption by slow-growth countries is also
problematic.
Population Pyramids show the age and sex structure of given
populationsBy age cohort
Time
Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4
Naturalincrease
Birth rate
Death rate
Some basic terminology…
• …Birth Rate (aka Crude Birth Rate)
• …Death Rate (aka Crude Death Rate)
• …Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
2.1 is replacement rate
…Infant Mortality Rate
The demographic equation
TP=OP+B-D+I-E