population substructure most organisms do not occupy a continuous range in time and space
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Toads and roads
• Panmictic• A=a=p=q=0.5 initially• What will happen to the frequency of A
and a, assuming that both alleles are neutral and the toad population is finite?
Toads and roads
• Panmixia within each subpopulation• A=a=p=q=0.5 initially in all subpopulations• What will happen to the frequency of A
and a, assuming that both alleles are neutral and each toad subpopulation is finite?
Toads and roads
Subpopulations can diverge in allele frequencies even if there is random mating within each subpopulation. This population differentiation is due to random genetic drift. The result of population subdivision is reduced heterozygosity and deviation from HWE among subpopulations.
Hierarchical F statisticsI = individualS = subpopulationT = total population (assumed panmictic)
FIS can be thought of as:• F• Proportional loss of heterozygosity due
to recent common ancestry
FST can be thought of as:• Proportional loss of heterozygosity due
to population subdivision and subsequent random genetic drift
• Proportion of total genetic variance found among populations rather than within them
FIT can be thought of as:• Proportional loss of heterozygosity due
to recent common ancestry and population substructure
Hierarchical F statisticsHI = observed heterozygosity (usually with
molecular markers) averaged among individuals within a subpopulation
HS = expected (HWE) heterozygosity for each subpopulation, averaged across all subpopulations (2pq)
HT = expected (HWE) total heterozygosity based on allele frequency and without reference to any population substructure (2pq)
FIS = (HS-HI)/HS
FST = (HT-HS)/HT
FIT = (HT-HI)/HT
AA: p2 + pqFST
Aa: 2pq – 2pqFST
aa: q2 + pqFST
Hierarchical F statisticsAccording to Sewall Wright:FST ranges from 0-1• 0 = no genetic differentiation; panmixia• 0.00–0.05 = little genetic diff• 0.05-0.15 = moderate genetic diff• 0.15-0.25 = great genetic diff• 0.25-1.00 = very great genetic diff• 1 = complete genetic differentiation
Plant mating system N FST
Selfing 78 0.510
Mixed (animal) 60 0.216
Mixed (wind) 11 0.100
Outcrossing (animal) 124 0.197
Outcrossing (wind) 134 0.099
From Hamrick and Godt (1989)
Hierarchical F statisticsAccording to Sewall Wright:FST ranges from 0-1• 0 = no genetic differentiation; panmixia• 0.00–0.05 = little genetic diff• 0.05-0.15 = moderate genetic diff• 0.15-0.25 = great genetic diff• 0.25-1.00 = very great genetic diff• 1 = complete genetic differentiation
Organism FST
Human ‘races’ 0.069
Yanomamo villages 0.077
House mouse 0.113
Jumping rodent 0.676
Drosophila equinoxialis 0.109
Horseshoe crab 0.076From Hartl & Clark, Principles of Population Genetics
• Drugs metabolized by N-acetyltransferase– Nydrazid (anti-TB)– Sulfonamides (antibiotic)– Procanbid (antiarrhythmic)– Hydralzaine (antihypertensive)– Caffeine
20%
60%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Perc
enta
ge S
low
Meta
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Asian CaucasianPrice Evans DA. N-acetyltransferase in pharmacogenetics of drug metabolism. In Kalow W, ed. Pharmacogenetics of drug metabolism. International encyclopedia of pharmacology and therapeutics. New York: Pergamon Press, 1992: 43:95-178.
From Anne Chungwww.apamsa.org/files/APAMSA%20presentation-general.ppt
Racial differences in human populations
• Why is this observation interesting to evolutionary biologists?
• Why is this observation interesting to physicians and drug companies?
• Why is this observation interesting (and contentious) to society?
• What evolutionary and non-evolutionary mechanisms could explain this observation?
American Anthropological Association (Am Anthropol 1998;
100: 712-713)
It has become clear that human populations are not unambiguous, clearly demarcated, biologically distinct groups. . . . Throughout history whenever different groups have come into contact, they have interbred. The continued sharing of genetic materials has maintained humankind as a single species. . . . Any attempt to establish lines of division among biological populations is both arbitrary and subjective.
Does “race” have biological meaning?
• Is shared skin color a good surrogate for shared ancestry?
• How could shared ancestry in human populations be determined?
How could shared ancestry in human populations be determined?
• Is shared skin color a good surrogate for shared ancestry?
• Can the genetic distance tree above be reconciled with the statement from the AAA?
• Should human population structure be considered during drug development/testing?
• What evolutionary and non-evolutionary mechanisms could explain variation in drug response among human populations?