populations and communities holt es ch. 8.1. population: a group of organisms of the same species...
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Populations and Communities
Populations and Communities
Holt ES Ch. 8.1Holt ES Ch. 8.1
Population: a group of organisms of the same species that live together in one place at one time and interbreed.
Population growth is important because populations of different species (including humans) interact in communities
Population: a group of organisms of the same species that live together in one place at one time and interbreed.
Population growth is important because populations of different species (including humans) interact in communities
Populations can be described 3 ways;Populations can be described 3 ways;
Size Total number of individuals
Density # individuals per unit Area
Dispersion Arrangement in space
Even, clumped, random
Size Total number of individuals
Density # individuals per unit Area
Dispersion Arrangement in space
Even, clumped, random
DispersionDispersion
Population growth depends on 4 factors:
Population growth depends on 4 factors:
1. Births
2. Deaths
3. Immigration (movement of individuals into a population)
4. Emigration (movement of individuals out of a population)
1. Births
2. Deaths
3. Immigration (movement of individuals into a population)
4. Emigration (movement of individuals out of a population)
Biotic PotentialBiotic Potential
Fastest rate at which a population can grow…depends on …
reproductive potential --- The maximum number of offspring that each member can produce
Fastest rate at which a population can grow…depends on …
reproductive potential --- The maximum number of offspring that each member can produce
Reproductive potentialReproductive potential
Varies widely: flies vs. whales
Higher when individuals Produce more offspring at a time Reproduce more often Reproduce earlier in life
Greatest effect because it shortens generation time
Varies widely: flies vs. whales
Higher when individuals Produce more offspring at a time Reproduce more often Reproduce earlier in life
Greatest effect because it shortens generation time
Reproductive strategiesReproductive strategies
R strategy – where biotic and abiotic factors fluctuate
K strategy – where biotic and abiotic factors are more stable
R strategy – where biotic and abiotic factors fluctuate
K strategy – where biotic and abiotic factors are more stable
Characteristics of r- and K-selected
organisms
Characteristics of r- and K-selected
organisms r-organisms K-organisms short-lived long-lived small large weak strong or well-protected waste a lot of energy energy efficient less intelligent more intelligent have large litters have small litters reproduce at an early age reproduce at a late age fast maturation slow maturation little care for offspring much care for offspring strong sex drive weak sex drive small size at birth large size at birth Note: Not all characteristics apply to all organisms. Cybernetica, http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/DEFAULT.html
r-organisms K-organisms short-lived long-lived small large weak strong or well-protected waste a lot of energy energy efficient less intelligent more intelligent have large litters have small litters reproduce at an early age reproduce at a late age fast maturation slow maturation little care for offspring much care for offspring strong sex drive weak sex drive small size at birth large size at birth Note: Not all characteristics apply to all organisms. Cybernetica, http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/DEFAULT.html
Two kinds of population growth:
Two kinds of population growth:
Exponential
logistic
Exponential
logistic
Exponential growthExponential growth
Numbers increase by a certain factor in each time period
J-shaped graph Lag time
Numbers increase by a certain factor in each time period
J-shaped graph Lag time
Logistic growthLogistic growth
Begins with a minimum number of individuals and reaches a maximum at the carrying capacity of the habitat
S - shaped graph Lag time
Begins with a minimum number of individuals and reaches a maximum at the carrying capacity of the habitat
S - shaped graph Lag time
Carrying capacityCarrying capacity
The maximum population an environment can support at any given time
The maximum population an environment can support at any given time
Actual logistic growthActual logistic growth
Logistic growth curveLogistic growth curve
Factors affecting population size
Factors affecting population size
Abiotic factors: Weather, climate
Biotic factors:foodpredators diseaseparasiteshumans
Abiotic factors: Weather, climate
Biotic factors:foodpredators diseaseparasiteshumans
Density-dependent factors limiting growth
Density-dependent factors limiting growth
Variables that are affected by the number of individualsnumber of individuals present
Ex: availability of nest sites, food, water,competition, migration
Variables that are affected by the number of individualsnumber of individuals present
Ex: availability of nest sites, food, water,competition, migration
Density-independent factors affecting growthDensity-independent
factors affecting growth
Variables that affect a population regardless of population sizeregardless of population size
Ex: weather, flood, fire
Variables that affect a population regardless of population sizeregardless of population size
Ex: weather, flood, fire