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Page 1: POPULISM - WordPress.com...3 Alfio Mastropaolo, ,,Central and Eastern European Countries, Populism Fear: Eeastern European Perspectives”, in Twenty-First Century Populism - The Spectre

Adam Kubina

POPULISM Implementation the Czech populist within the American landscape

Page 2: POPULISM - WordPress.com...3 Alfio Mastropaolo, ,,Central and Eastern European Countries, Populism Fear: Eeastern European Perspectives”, in Twenty-First Century Populism - The Spectre

STATEMENT BY THE AUTHOR

I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge, it contains no material previously published or written by another person, nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at any educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis.

Taipei, January 15, 2017, Adam Kubina

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Abstract

In our time, populists are gaining in popularity and starting to becoming normative; as such, it is necessary to provide research which will prove able to provide a basic index to characterise populists in many countries. We are going to implement the Czech example within the American landscape. The main research question we are going to analyse is: what are the main indexes of the populists> Through this, we are going to discover for example why the Republican Party has, historically, held power for so long, why Donald Trump won the 2016 election and why the future President Donald J. Trump is not the only one who has been utilising populist rhetoric. Every politician will turn to populism, if he or she wants achieve a successful political candidacy. We will implement our findings also onto Hillary Clinton, Ted Cruz, Bernie Sanders – examples through which we will be able to successfully discover the nature of populism within the American landscape.

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Introduction 5 I. Context 5

II. Research literature 7

III. Hypothesis 11

IV. Measures and Evidence 12

IV. I. Czech Populism among Political system 12

IV. II. Confirmation of Czech populism 14

V. Application toward U.S. Populism 16

V. I. Presidential Election - Republican Nominee 16

V. I. I. Donald J. Trump 16

V. I. I. I. Confirmation of our survey 17 V. I. II. Senator Ted Cruz 18

V. II. Presidential Election - Democratic Nominee 19

V. II. I. Hillary Clinton 19

V. II. II. Bernie Sanders 20

VII. Two main Political parties in the United States 21

VII. I. Republican party of the United States 21

VII. II. Democratic party of the United States 22

VIII. Final message of eighth surveys 23

Conclusion 24

Literature 26

References 26

Measures of indexes 27 IX. I. Republican Party 27

IX. I. I. President-elect Donald J. Trump 27

IX. I. II. Senator Ted Cruz 29

IX. II. Democratic Party 30

IX. II. I. Presidential candidate Hillary Clinton 30

IX. II. II. Politician Bernie Sanders 32

Graphs 34 X. Appendixes 34

X. I. President-elect Donald J. Trump 34

X. II. Democrats and Republicans 37

Research questions 42 XI. I. Populism in the Czech Republic 42

XI. II. Confirmation of Czech populism 48

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Adam Kubina January 15, 2017

American Government and Politics Words: 10 023 Diplomacy

Introduction The research study is entitled implementation of Czech populism within the American landscape. The author is seeking to gather the basic indexes of how we can define or discover populism and populist parties. In our time, populists are gaining in popularity and starting to becoming normative; as such, it is necessary to provide research which will prove able to provide a basic index which can characterise populists in many countries. In our research, we are going to begin with the Czech Republic and apply its model to the United States of America. We are going to implement Czech populism within the American landscape. The main research question we are going to analyse is: what are the main indexes of the populists? Through this, we are going to discover for example why the Republican Party has, historically, held power for so long, why Donald Trump won the 2016 election and why Donald Trump is not only one person who used (if yes) populist rhetoric during the election of 2016. Firstly, we will implement our model on the six main Czech political parties, and look to diplomats and professors from the Diplomatic Academy of Prague for confirmation; then, we will implement our approach with regard to the United States of America 2016 Election. Finally, our research will focus itself on Czech populism usage toward the U.S. In the reviewed literature, there are three works which we are going to analyse. These books and articles are going to be at the core of this research, and others will be utilised as reference for our theoretical power and context. The main priority will be our survey of the main political parties, diplomats and scholars from Prague. Through this, we will discover our preferred indexes according to which we can reveal and confirm populists in the United States of America. The author did not discover a single book focusing solely on a comparison between these different or similar aspects of populism in these states. In addition, the author discusses the relevance and importance of theoretical power in terms of the use of evidence and data. Through this, we may discover that in these articles we have to stand with assessment as well as critique, as they are some issues with which the analyses referred to above were not concerned. For this reason, the research may be of particular use for the future work of other students, professors and scholars.

I. Context Democracy is an ideology, a complex system in which elites decide on policy mostly during informal meetings, which has led to populists’ dissatisfaction with the system. However, populists 1

are not anti-democratic; they are just use tapping into theories which have existed for a long time but were not brought to the surface. Through this, populists can appeal most to the lower class 2

Noam Gidron and Bart Bonikowski, eds., Varieties of Populism: Literature Review and Research Agenda (Harvard 1

University: Weatherhead Center for International Affairs), 18.

Noam Gidron and Bart Bonikowski, eds., Varieties of Populism …, 20.2

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voters, who share their dissatisfaction with the current political regime. “Populists have developed 3

their ambiguous democratic fundamentalism by exploiting the failures of democracy.” In addition, 4

Populists do not want to bring about a new political or economic order. They want to restore order which existed in the past and served well, and which big businesses, public bureaucrats and trade unions have disrupted. They share three elements which are indivisible: basic individual rights, minority rights and politics in general. 5

When we think about populism and constitutionalism, they are not different approaches, but are complementary to each other. Populism tries to achieve constitutional rules, meanwhile constitutionalism is achieving people’s legality. At the same time, they direct their criticism 6

towards the “democratic deficit”, which consists in weak elections and lots of laws across institutions which are misleading in their rhetoric. Abraham Lincoln‘s famous quote, “of the 7

people, by the people, and for the people” speaks to how democracy has to be provided. In our 8

time of democracy, we pay little attention to election time and little attention to politics. ,,Democracy makes the people the rulers, and legitimacy derives from their consent.” 9

What we are interested in is why protests are held and against what; we pay more attention to the media and in this regard, we cannot have a true view of the politics of today. The main potent instrument shared among populists is presenting people with the opportunity to say “no” toward institutions or solutions which have been created by mainstream politicians. They appeal is also enhanced by the fact that they appear to have quick response and easy solutions, and that they reflect only people’s desires. Simply, they have adopted responsible 10

nationalism. Moreover, they also encourage people to have higher standards of social protection 11

so as to maximise the well-being of citizens. 12

Alfio Mastropaolo, ,,Central and Eastern European Countries, Populism Fear: Eeastern European Perspectives”, in 3

Twenty-First Century Populism - The Spectre of Western European Democracy, ed. Daniele Albertazzi and Duncan McDonnell, al. (Great Britain: CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham and Eastbourne, 2008), 46.

Alfio Mastropaolo, ,,Central and Eastern European Countries, Populism Fear: Eeastern European Perspectives”…, 4

47.

Ibid., 33.5

Yves Surel, ,,The European Union and the challenges of populism”, Policy Brief Notre Europe 2011, number 27: 8, 6

http://www.institutdelors.eu/media/bref27_ysurel_en.pdf?pdf=ok (downloaded 22. 07. 2016), 2.

Yves Surel, ,,The European Union …, 3.7

Christopher H. Achen and Larry M. Bartels, eds., ,,Democratic Ideals and Realities”, in Democracy for Realists: Why 8

Elections Do Not Produce Responsive Government (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2016), 1.

Christopher H. Achen …, 1.9

Daniel Smilov, ,,Central and Eastern European Countries, Populism Fear: Eeastern European Perspectives”, in 10

Changing faces of Populism: Systemic Challengers in Europe and the U.S., ed. Hedwig Giusto al. (Roma: O.GRA.RO., 2013), 245.

Daniel Smilov, ,,Central …, 233.11

Isabelle Durant et al., eds., The Rise of Populism and Extremist Parties in Europe (Brussels: The Spinelli Group, 12

2013), 38.

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Populists will not adopt diverse interests and opinions; they easily radicalise values and views which are shared in the common desires of people. They remind us that democracy has 13

several times failed and has to be changed. ,,Everybody becomes a populist in a certain sense.” 14 15

Our democracy is transforming with the current challenges and from now, one year after new elections, we can call our democracy a “populist democracy”.

II. Research literature Michael Kazin, the author of Trump and American Populism, claims in ForeignAffairs that the U.S. is witnessing a wave of populism, not only in the Republican Party but also in the Democratic Party, as the two sides compete in their claims to represent “the people”. They belong to a broadly liberal current in American political life; they advance a version of “civic nationalism,” which the historian Gary Gerstle describes as “belief in the fundamental equality of all human beings, in every individual’s inalienable rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, and in a democratic government that derives its legitimacy from the people’s consent”. 16

He claimed that over time, people have become disappointed by real grievances including an economic system that favours the rich, fear of losing jobs to new immigrants and politicians caring more about themselves than about the well-being of the majority. The author connects populism 17

with the rich history of the United States of America, by providing examples of how and why the current populism emerged. Furthermore, he noted terms which populists have habitually referred to, such as “working families”, “our middle class” and “the American people”; this is nothing new. 18

We can see from history the example of George Wallace (U.S. politician and frequent presidential candidate), who reached out to people such as “the bus driver, the truck driver, the beautician, the reman, the policeman, and the steelworker, the plumber, and the communications worker, and the oil worker and the little businessman.” 19

The author in conclusion states that in an highly multicultural nation like the United States, it is impossible to talk about “the people”, because there are so many diverse racial and ethnic

Rosa Balfour (rapporteur) et al., eds., European Policy Centre - Europe’s troublemakers: The populist challenge to 13

foreign policy (Brussels: European Policy Centre, February 2016), 26.

Rosa Balfour (rapporteur) …, 26.14

Daniel Smilov, ,,Central and Eastern European Countries, Populism Fear: Eeastern European Perspectives”, in 15

Changing faces of Populism: Systemic Challengers in Europe and the U.S., ed. Hedwig Giusto al. (Roma: O.GRA.RO., 2013), 238.

Michael Kazin, ,,The Power of Populism Trump and American Populism Old Whine, New Bottles”, in 16

ForeignAffairsNovember/December 2016, volume 95, number 6, 17.

Michael Kazin, ,,The Power of Populism …, 18.17

Ibid., 23.18

Ibid., 22.19

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groupings. However, populists will try to create a common approach to this. He argues that Trump 20

will have difficulties in winning the White House because of an awkward speaking style and lack of public trust. The main point of his article is his foregrounding of a recent study by the political scientist Justin Gest, that 65% of white America (which is two fifths of the population) will vote for a party which will guarantee “stopping mass immigration, providing American jobs to American workers, preserving America’s Christian heritage, and stopping the threat of Islam.” These men 21

and women believe that the current politicians are ignoring them; in this regard, they feel abandoned by the mass culture. At the same time, though, they are still open to politicians from the two main political parties of the United States which will provide secure employment and security. The author reviews several further examples from history which are not especially pertinent to the main argument at the end of the article, which is that populism provides a language that can strengthen democracy. In history, the People’s Party created a ground for the U.S. to achieve a more humane society in the twentieth century. The author concludes with this smart quote: ,,One must expect and even hope that there will be future upheavals to shock the seats of power and privilege and furnish the periodic therapy that seems necessary to the health of our democracy.” 22

The argument that Trump would have difficulties winning the White House has, of course, been discredited by the election. We can see now that the people nowadays are looking to individuals who are not seen as belonging to the political class. In this way, people believe that it is time to take power into their hands once again. That is why in the future we will see more populist parties scoring victories, for example in France, Hungary and Germany. The author cited above was keen throughout to show that populists are an historical phenomenon, but this is not our case. We have to note that there are many indexes which populists are using to gain votes, and that these indexes are the same in diverse cases (e.g., in our case, the United States of America and the Czech Republic). Somewhat surprising is that the author seems to conclude that populists are contributing to democracy; again, Mr Kazin is referring to history. This is not possible anymore, in our age of globalisation; we have to look to the future, what will happen, and not backwards to what has happened in history. These are the major priorities: not to refer to history, but to analyse the future. Francis Fukuyama, in American Political Decay or Renewal? The meaning of 2016 Election in ForeignAffairs, found himself changing his view of the political situation in the U.S. His first argument was that the United States suffers from its political constitution of checks and balances and well financed interest groups, a so-called “vetocracy”. By now, Mr Fukuyama has changed his 23

opinion and claims that populism brings some advantages and hopes for the future.

Michael Kazin, ,,The Power of Populism Trump and American Populism Old Whine, New Bottles”, in 20

ForeignAffairsNovember/December 2016, volume 95, number 6, 23.

Michael Kazin, ,,The Power of Populism Trump …, 24.21

Ibid., 24.22

Francis Fukuyama, ,,American Political Decay or Renewal? The meaning of 2016 Election”, in ForeignAffairs July/23

August 2016, volume 95, number 4, 58.

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He argues that after several decades, the U.S. democracy is finally responding to the rise in inequality and the economic stagnation and discussions of race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation or geography. He is trying to understand why populists have taken so long to come to power. In 24

1980 in the U.S., there was the situation of an African American underclass which had hardly found a footing in the job market. Now, the white working class is in the same position as the African American underclass was in 1980. 25

He focuses on a business model which is provided as the main factor in delivering this situation in the U.S. “It was Republicans who provided the votes to pass trade legislation such as the North American Free Trade Agreement and the recent trade promotion authority (more commonly known as “fast track”). Their business backers clearly benefit from both the import of foreign labor, skilled and unskilled, and a global trading system that allows them to export and invest around the globe..”, which prioritised cutting tax on wealthy Americans and undermining the power of labor unions. Republicans undercut the interests of the working class; that is why there is 26

a huge demand from people for more nationalist economic policy, presenting a huge challenge to the Republican party. He also argues that the Democratic party lost its touch with white working 27

people and focused more on women, African Americans, young urbanites, gays and environmentalists. 28

The author utilised a very revealing survey which found that: “80 percent of Trump’s supporters polled said they felt that “the government has gone too far in assisting minority groups,” and 85 percent agreed that “America has lost its identity.” After all the confusing agenda of 29

Trump, there is one common goal that has emerged, and this is restoring the jobs of American workers. The main argument is that after 50 years, it is impossible to unite and change trade liberalisation from the side of the U.S., that present day economies are so interconnected that it would have an impact on the rest of the global trade market. At the same time, the U.S. needs a strong leader who will become an institutional reformer and make government an effective force again. The challenge, according to Fukuyama, is whether it will be possible to re-think long-30

standing positions on immigration, trade and investment and back away from globalisation without any suffering. However, he did not answer the question that he posed; he only gave predictions (positive and negative) as to how populists will likely behave in the future. As with Mr Kazin, he

Francis Fukuyama, ,,American Political Decay or Renewal? The meaning of 2016 Election”, in ForeignAffairs July/24

August 2016, volume 95, number 4, 59.

Francis Fukuyama, ,,American Political …, 60.25

Ibid., 61-62.26

Ibid., 62.27

Ibid., 63.28

Ibid., 63.29

Ibid., 66.30

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argues that populism can bring solutions for current problems, but his analysis did not reflect how the populism emerged and through which indexes they took their power. Mr Fukuyama only asked about why populism did not emerge earlier and in our research, we will find out why populists have now arrived at their peak. Fukuyama sees a solution in the following steps. Firstly, bringing U.S. multinationals back to the mainland of the U.S. and rebuilding the American infrastructure, thus bringing jobs back to the U.S. Secondly, fixing the system against well-organised interests groups who can easily block 31

or veto any legislation. Finally, creating smaller and more expert groups which will be equipped to provide better packages to Congress. In these three aspects, Fukuyama sees an opportunity for 32

Trump to restore the American image in the future. In conclusion, he claims that populism has two sides: a negative one, exemplified by the populism that emerged in the 1930s and a positive one, during the Progressive era and the New Deal. So American people want to choose ‘the populist’ leader for the restoration and normalisation of their rights toward politics in the U.S. However, this is a not strong argument for the solution he proposes, because in every new President, from whichever political party gains power, he or she brings new people into power with her/him. Moreover, every new President has the chance to change and provide a new ground for foreign policies. For a stronger argument, we have to provide the following solutions: we have to create a positive programme rather than a defensive programme to deal with the current challenges, we have to create a programme which will provide a credible alternative than the populist approach, by admitting we are victims of the current regime of the mainstream politicians - in this regard, politicians need to create new ideas and update their current ones. We have to share these ideas and bring them to the media and become more adept at explaining these new positive ideas. J. Eric Oliver and Wendy M. Rahn argue that Trump’s supporters are distinctive in thinking, nativism and economic insecurity. Moreover, they found that populism is political rhetoric focused on the goal of replacing the current corrupted politics and putting people back in charge of their country. “Populists in established democracies claim they speak for the ‘silent majority’ of 33

‘ordinary, decent people’ whose interests and opinions are (they claim) regularly overridden by arrogant elites, corrupt politicians, and strident minorities”. Furthermore, they claim that anti-34

elitism and collectivism are the main lure of populism. In concluding their description of populism, they note that it is successful when it emerges in the right place at the right time, when existing political parties are not capable of solving or responding effectively to national problems. 35

Francis Fukuyama, ,,American Political Decay or Renewal? The meaning of 2016 Election”, in ForeignAffairs July/31

August 2016, volume 95, number 4, 67-68.

Francis Fukuyama, ,,American Political Decay …, 68.32

J. Eric Oliver and Wendy M. Rahn, Rise of the Trumpenvolk: Populism in the 2016 Election, ANNALS, AAPSS, 667, 33

September 2016, 190.

J. Eric Oliver and Wendy M. Rahn, Rise of the Trumpenvolk …, 191.34

Ibid., 192-4.35

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They discovered three tropes of populism, which they use to describe the ways in which populists are using them to enhance their appeal in favour of the people. Firstly, anti-elitism, in which “It doesn’t really matter who you vote for because the rich control both political parties”. 36

Secondly, mistrust of expertise which populists use as in “I’d rather put my trust in the wisdom of ordinary people than the opinions of experts and intellectuals.” And finally, a national affiliation: “I consider myself to be like ordinary Americans”. Here we can see that populists are using rhetoric 37

which is obtained by folk knowledge rather than expert opinion. However, in these cases, there is a lack of evidence. There is evidence provided only from presidential candidates, but no greater connection with theoretical power from different states; we cannot build only on a one nation model if we want to develop a successful analysis. Their argument and finding is that in defining use of the term “the people”, we can see that it entails an allegiance to institutions and its leaders – but at the same time, “the people” can represent an alienation from the politicians and business leaders who run these institutions. That is why populists are employing this approach of addressing themselves to “the people” and encouraging citizens of particular states with other tools of their folk rhetoric. They sum up that 38

Donald Trump represents a mixture of strong nationalist and ethnocentric identity, and can be seen as the fruit of the failure of the Republican Party to incorporate a wide range of constituencies. 39

However, we have not seen any turmoil in the Republican Party because, as we are going to discover, these indexes are rooted in American society – so the „turmoil“ of the Republican Party has been misdescribed. Moreover, their indexes of anti-elitism and mistrust of expertise are apposite, but there is no usage and application of them to different nations, so they are inadequate to our purposes; furthermore, there are only two main indexes which represent their thoughts, whereas we have to provide fixed stable indexes which can effectively describe populists. Finally, there are more strategies that are used by the populists and have too many significances to be summed up by “the people” approach deployed in their work.

III. Hypothesis We have already acknowledged the theoretical power which can provide us with the means to establish the hypothesis. Our research is going to focus on the relationship between the populism of the Czech Republic and the USA. We will find out from the survey which political parties in the Czech Republic may be regarded as populist, and then we will apply our indexes which we used in the Czech case to the American one, and we will find out why American society has tendencies towards populism. This we will discover from the indexes that we will set up in the Czech case.

J. Eric Oliver and Wendy M. Rahn, Rise of the Trumpenvolk: Populism in the 2016 Election, ANNALS, AAPSS, 667, 36

September 2016, 197.

J. Eric Oliver and Wendy M. Rahn, Rise of the Trumpenvolk …, 197.37

Ibid., 199.38

Ibid., 202.39

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Through our theoretical capacities, we can find that the populist parties in the current globalisation are spreading widely across the whole globalised world. Thus, they have to be connected by the same indexes. If we can compare the Prague situation with Washington, D.C.’s case, we will be able to use this framework for other states as well, and will be in a position to confirm our indexes according to which we can measure populism. We discovered that populists are utilising the main indexes toward their success, problems of immigration, religion, democracy, terrorism, referendum, social benefits and security threats to their countries. In our survey of the Czech Republic, we will focus on variables including anti-elitism, anti-intellectualism, absolution of majority, moralism and nationalism; through this, we will discover which of the main six political parties may be regarded as populist. Subsequently, we will take a survey of scholars and diplomats to confirm our first hypothesis. Finally, our two hypotheses will be connect to the U.S. hypothesis which we going to draw from literature and compare with our indexes. Thus, our hypothesis is that the indexes in the era of globalisation are the same in every democratic country; in this regard, populism can be measured by our indexes as mentioned above: immigration, religion, democracy, terrorism, referendum, right-wing or left-wing and security threats to the country. By application toward landscape of the United States of America, we can discover that the Republican party is using the key index for their popularity, while the Democratic party is using indexes which are not popular at present. Furthermore, we will also find out that Donald J. Trump is not alone in making use of populist rhetoric. Through this, we will be able to summarise the whole of the 2016 election in terms of why the individuals got to such high points and were able to gain so many popular votes. Also, we will analyse the Democratic and Republican parties. Our main hypothesis is that the Republican party are using the same indexes as the populists of the Czech Republic populists. If they use it cleverly, they can easily gain many followers as is happening now.

IV. Measures and Evidence IV. I. Czech Populism among Political system In our survey we considered the main six political parties of the Czech Republic. ANO, formed in 2011, is a centrist and populist political party, The Czech Social Democratic Party is a social-democratic political party, The Christian and Democratic Union – Czechoslovak People's Party often shortened to ‘lidovci' ('the populars') – is a Christian-democratic political party, The Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia is a communist party, The Civic Democratic Party is a liberal-conservative political party, TOP 09 (the name is derived from "Tradition Responsibility Prosperity”) is a conservative political party and finally, Dawn - National Coalition is a right-wing populist and eurosceptic political party in the Czech Republic.

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To these parties we addressed questions which will enable us to discover whether the overall structure of the Czech political system may be regarded as populist or not. We sent 192 surveys to all politicians in House of Parliament; only 19 responded to all of the questions in our survey. Their behaviour was not cooperative, and if they found out that the survey concerned populism, they did not respond overall. Moreover, all of the political parties are interconnected within the system, so they can communicate easily about how to answer to this survey – and indeed, whether to answer it or not. Our main indexes which we will analyse in the behaviour of populism are: anti-elitism, anti-intellect, absolutisation of majority, moralism and nationalism. Let us explain what these indexes mean: Anti-elitism: delimitation against elites in specific community on the basis of a suspicion that the elites are using their power for assuring their positions against the people. In practice, politics, this is demonstrated in terms of questions about the independence of the media and the democratic principles of the regime. Anti-intellectualism: preference of demagogic, or emotional arguments over rational arguments. In radical forms the anti-intellect displays no interest in education or calls its its significance into question. Absolutisation of majority: conviction that the will of the majority has unreserved power in the deciding process. In many cases, this is accompanied by a reduction of the rights of minorities. Moralism: usurpation of laws for pressing for “moral” values. Tendencies for authoritarian, theocratic, meritocratic or Socratic methods of governments. Nationalism: In the positive sense of the word, this concerns glorification of the national history connected with famous historic legends or persons, which are symbolic of the restored glory of the nation. In the negative sense of the word, it is about “mobilisation” of a national spirit against foreigners, and particularly against refugees. For each index we created various survey questions. Firstly we have anti-elitism, where the questions are: Do you think that the European Union is handling the refugee crisis sufficiently well? (immigration), Do you see the Russian Federation as a threat to the Czech Republic? [Russia (offensive attack question on Russia toward joint military exercises of NATO along the Russian borders) and BREXIT] and Do you think that Czech media are independent? (democracy). Secondly, we have anti-intellectualism which comprises statements for the advantage of populist rhetoric such as: ,,Let's take back control of huge sums of money, take back control of immigration, take back control of our democracy."” (toward relationship with European Union, author - Adam Kubina) - Boris Johnson; former London mayor (Terrorism), ,,The EU is dying. 40

We've given ourselves the chance to rejoin the world... June 23rd needs to become a national bank holiday and we will call it Independence Day.” Nigel Farage, former lead of UK Independence Party (UKIP).‑ (terrorism) and ,,… we have to say it narrowly, that nowadays are some recipients 41

Boris Johnson; former London mayor ,,Brexit in quotes”, RTE News, http://www.rte.ie/news/special-reports/40

2016/0622/797347-brexit-quotes/ (downloaded 21. 06. 2016)

,,It’s Brexit: A visual guide to the UK's dramatic decision”, CNN, http://edition.cnn.com/2016/06/24/europe/brexit-41eu-referendum-visual-guide/ (downloaded 21. 06. 2016)

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of social welfare evaluated, I have to say, two times more against people, which are working for minimal wage, so this social welfare nowadays is totally bad.” - Ing. Mgr. Marian Kotleba is a 42

Slovak politician and leader of the far-right Kotleba – People's Party Our Slovakia political party (left-right wing social welfare benefits). Thirdly, we are talking about absolution of majority: Do you think that only citizens of the Czech Republic would have to agree through a referendum whether or not the Czech Republic should accept refugees? (immigration), Should European citizens of particular states have greater political power? (democracy), Do you agree with the decision of Great Britain to place all of its responsibility on its citizens regarding the question of BREXIT (referendum on Thursday June 23, 2016)? (referendum) and :Are you for the introduction of a referendum on the question of whether the Czech Republic should leave the European Union? (referendum). Fourthly, we are bearing in mind moralism: Do you agree that Islam should be forbidden in the Czech Republic? (religion), Is the integration of gypsies a moral obligation of the Czech republic in the area of human rights (left-right wing social welfare benefits), Is the integration of refugees within the European community an obligation of the European Union in the area of human rights (left-right wing social welfare benefits). Finally, nationalism as the last stage of our phases of populism: Has the Czech Republic provided asylum for refugees? (immigration), Do you think that Islam is dangerous for the European Union? (religion) and Do you agree that the Czech Republic should protect its national borders over the whole territory of the Czech Republic against refugees? (immigration). As you can see from the brackets, we identified six main topics which are populist, focusing particularly on: immigration, religion, democracy, terrorism, referendum, Russia & UK and social welfare. We found out that the current Czech Republic is populistic at a level of 62.5% which is very important, as a populistic structure of more than 50% guarantees its acceptance within politics as a whole in the future, because, as we know from the theoretical power, populists are influencing other politicians/ambassadors through their rhetoric. From our survey, we can see that the most favoured indexes which are concentrating populists in the Czech Republic are: anti-elitism, anti-intellect and nationalism. Those they are less focused on are: absolution of majority and moralism. The topics on which populists are focusing the most we are now going to confirm through the ambassadors, scholars and generals from our second survey.

IV. II. Confirmation of Czech populism Through this survey, we will confirm that populism has found a place in the Czech Republic. We are going to ask Professors from the relevant fields who are teaching at Diplomatic Academy of Prague, and from all Diplomats which are representatives of the Czech Republic in

Demagog.sk - Factcheck politických diskusií: Přehled výroků (Accessed December 7, 2016, http://www.demagog.sk/42

statistiky/?strana=20=1&oblast=6&ph=2)

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foreign countries. In total, we are going to ask 102 people, of whom 21 are Professors and 91 Diplomats. We set up 17 questions (16 research questions and 1 question for perception) which are primarily focused on confirmation that populism exists in the Czech Republic; through this, we will also confirm our main seven topics on which populists are concentrating: immigration, religion, democracy, terrorism, referendum, Russia and UK and social welfare benefits. Do you think that populism has widened in the Czech Republic? (Yes: 70%), Do you think that populist parties are using European Union for their election? & Do you think that the European Union is presenting opportunities for populist parties and their behaviour? (Yes: both), Do you think that political parties are propagating opinions which could help their campaigns in the future elections of 2017? & Do you agree with the opinion that the European Union borders have to be secured more than the borders of the Czech Republic? (Yes), Do you think that mainly Islam is a target of populist statements? & Do you agree that a European Islam has to be developed to reduce future terrorist acts? (No: 75%, Yes: 60%), Do you agree that citizens of states should receive greater political power through referenda? & Do you think that referendums are only tools of political elites for the achievement their goals. (No: 13.5%, Yes: 55%), Do you think that populists are particularly endangering democracy? (Yes: 50%, No: 50%), Do you agree that the European Union is helping to foster greater democracy in Europe? (No: 55%). Do you think that mainly terrorism is playing a key role in the growth of populism in Europe? (No 60%), Do you agree with the thinking of some political parties in the Czech Republic that terrorism should not be dealt with through organisations such as NATO? (Yes: 60%), Do you think that the greatest risk for the European Union is a military attack from the East? (No: 75%), Do you agree with the premise that NATO should provide joint military exercises along the Russian borders? (Yes: 55%), Do you think that social welfare benefits for minorities in the Czech Republic are only a populist’s decoy? (No: 85%), Do you agree that the dissatisfaction of Czech citizens over social welfare benefits is contributing to the popularity of populist parties? (Yes: 50%). We can see from the answers of the scholars and Ambassadors that they are confirming (64.7%) that populism is widening in the Czech Republic and they are using the European Union to their advantage. We have found out that political parties are using populist rhetoric to help them in the election in 2017. In addition, the borders should be protected as whole - the European borders and not protecting borders of particular states. What Ambassadors and scholar do not agree with is that Islam is not a primary tool for populist and they are against the creation of a European Islam to reduce future terrorist acts; as we can see here, this means that religion is not the main tool of populis, but at the same time, the scholars and Ambassadors are becoming nationalistic on the question of whether there should be developed a European Islam for reducing future attacks. There is a draw on the question of whether populists are endangering democracy, because at present, the populists are not in power in the main cities of Europe; that is why there is a tie and, at the same time, they have concluded that the European Union is not helping towards greater democracy. This

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means that the institution does not contribute to better democratic principles. More interesting is that the scholars and Ambassadors concluded that NATO has to operate against terrorism and also provide joint military exercises along the Russian borders – but at the same time, there is no threat from the East. Finally, they are concluding that social welfare benefits are not a decoy of populists. We see that the main core indexes which populists are against are: anti-elitism, absolution of majority and nationalism. Those they are focusing less on are: anti-intellectualism and moralism.

V. Application toward U.S. Populism As you can see from the brackets, we identified six main topics which populists are focusing most on: immigration, religion, democracy, terrorism, referendum, Russia & UK and social welfare. Subsequently, the main indexes which we are going to focus on will be anti-elitism, anti-intellectualism, nationalism and absolution of majority. Moralism cannot be taken into count, because it was at less than 50% in both surveys. Thus, the main core of our indexes are: anti-elitism, anti-intellectualism, nationalism and absolution of majority.

V. I. Presidential Election - Republican Nominee V. I. I. Donald J. Trump In our third survey, we will concentrate on the Twitter feed of the current President-Elect of the United States of America, Donald J. Trump, and we will deeply analyse the anti-elitism, anti-intellectualism, nationalism and absolution of majority. Then we will sum up the extent to which Trump’s main social profile is populist from the indexes such as anti-elitism, anti-intellectualism, nationalism and absolution of majority. Secondly, we will use the the graphs from the surveys from different scholars to support our arguments. Finally, we will explain why the Republican party in the U.S. has been in the leading position over the past several years, as all of these connections are rooted in our populistic research. The Republican Party and President-elect Donald J. Trump are sharing the same indexes with the same populistic goals, which can easily affect citizens of the United States. For Twitter as the main tool of the President-Elect, we summed up over 1 100 tweets from August the 25th until December 26, 2017, from a total of 34 200 tweets. He has a total of 19. 6 million followers. We found out that the main indexes (from the highest to the lowest) for the Donald J. Trump are: absolution of majority, anti-intellectualism, anti-elitism and nationalism. Out of 1 100 tweets, were from the following areas (from the highest to the lowest) immigration, religion, terrorism, democracy, referendum, Russia&UK and social welfare; just 84 tweets from these tweets were only 36 populists. By this calculation, we can see that the President-Elect in his tweets was 43% populistic between August 25th and December 26, 2017. President-Elect Donald J. Trump has been primary focused on his presidential candidate opponent Hillary Clinton, following populistic tweets about immigration, religion (Islam), terrorism or giving more power to people if he is to become elected as the Commander of Chief of the U.S.

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From absolution of majority, we can see that the populists using “I means you, equal we”; if there is any problem or conflict between political parties or conflict over its political personality, populists are then using as a conclusion “we are going to deal with it, we are going win, we are going to be stronger”. Secondly, in anti-intellectualism, the main aggressive behaviours of populists are directed against their opponents or against people who are not in favour of their policies; thus, they are creating speedily incautious statements which can be referred to as anti-intellectual. Thirdly, anti-elitism, which our example President-Elect used as the third most; he basically was against the current administration of the White House and loudly critiqued their steps in the current world order. Finally there is nationalism, which is not as frequently used as absolution of majority but is still one of the most used of our indexes. In absolution of majority, the President-Elect used the idea that there is only one supremacy in the world, which is the United States of America. We found out that President-Elect Donald J. Trump used populist skills only there, where he had to gain the same number of voters (or much more higher) than could be expected of Democrat nominee Hillary Clinton. Why? Because we can see that every politician or candidate, if they want to gain voters, are using the main rhetorical indexes such as: absolution of majority, anti-intellectualism, anti-elitism and nationalism and connecting it through immigration, religion, terrorism, democracy, referendum, Russia&UK (Brexit). However, in the indexes, we can conclude that there will be no change in the future among populists. Meanwhile, the topics as we discovered, for the two last decades would probably change, as was mentioned above, every two to three decades. This is because they depend on World Affairs which affect the whole country from low to high politics. Thus, our index after usage toward U.S. we can sum up as anti-elitism, anti-intellect, nationalism and absolution of majority (immigration, religion, terrorism, democracy, referendum, Russia&UK - World).

V. I. I. I. Confirmation of our survey We can see from appendixes #1 and #2, that supporters are strongly in agreement with the policy of Trump toward immigrants “which threaten American customs and values”. Since the first primaries, Donald J. Trump gained enormous waves of supporters on the topic of “immigration” and “terrorism” in the United States brought from immigration abroad. In the second graph, the second highest topic for Trump gaining supporters is to “raise taxes on high incomes” where he gained about 1% more than in “immigrants threaten American customs and values”. In additional, Trump is mostly focused on individual income tax (where about 15% wants tax cut), corporate income tax (20% tax cut) and business tax (20% tax cut) - appendix #6. We see that both graphs are connecting absolution of majority and nationalism, where people are deciding about the course of the country. These values the current President-Elect understood and used very well. We can pose the question of why these topics are the current and most popular among the populists? Our answer to this question lies in appendices #3 and #4 where we can find that the United States of America is in 7th position as the state with the most victims of terrorist attacks

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beyond Western Europe in the world taking into account the the Madrid train bombing of the last decade, the London tube and bus bombings, the Oslo and Utøya island attacks and the Attacks in Paris; these events only strengthened the connection made by U.S. citizens between terrorism and immigration. From our theoretical power we know that these terrorist acts and immigration conflicts are being used by the populists in their rhetoric to gain new votes. Following the answer on appendices #3 and 4, we can analyse the results from appendix #7 and #8, where we can see that it is the same case with the topic about the referendum in the UK - Brexit + terrorism and immigration; just as Republicans position themselves in terms of Globalisation is bad and can cause problems to citizens of U.S., in the same way, we can see the UK and its relationship with the EU – that so much openness brings more bad than good. Meanwhile, in the fourth appendix it is shown clearly that the core supporters of Trump and Republicans see immigration as a critical threat. To sum up, both immigration and globalisation are topics which we have already provided in the cases of Europe and the Czech Republic, and the same case emerges from these surveys. To sum up, Trump, with his almost 50% rhetoric populist skills, is focusing on foreign affairs, the decline of American greatness, terrorism & military affairs, independence, bashing other candidates, social policy & the current White House Administration and dangerous immigration.

V. I. II. Senator Ted Cruz In our fourth survey, we will concentrate on the Twitter feed of the 2016 U.S. Presidential Candidate Senator Ted Cruz, where we will deeply analyse the anti-elitism, anti-intellectualism, nationalism and absolution of majority and connect it through immigration, religion, democracy, terrorism, referendum, Russia + UK and social welfare. From Twitter as the main tool of the Senator, we summed up over 1 100 tweets from August 25th until December 26, 2017 from total 18 100 tweets. He has around 1. 97 million followers. We found that the main indexes (from the highest to the lowest) for Ted Cruz are: anti-intellectualism, absolutism, anti-elitism and nationalism. From 1 416 tweets were about (from the highest to the lowest) ‘Russia + UK’ (in Cruz’s case, Israel), terrorism, immigration, democracy, religion, referendum; just 38 tweets from these tweets were only 12 populists. By the calculation we can find out that the candidate in his tweets was 32% populistic between March 15 and May 15, 2016. We have to bear in mind that Senator Cruz dropped out of the race for the Republican nomination on May 3rd 2016; that is why we are starting at the point where each of our ‘candidates’ under survey was most active during his/her candidacy. Ted Cruz had a very different approach than his rivals Trump and Sanders. He was primary against modern Republicans and tended to present himself as a full-blooded conservative Republican. He was a pro-Israel politician and all the time he was posting about poll results from the primaries, and if there was any terrorist act, he immediately responded to it. He mostly shared news and stories about himself and this was his mistake; during his critical periods, there was not

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any connection with people narrowly from Senator Cruz as there was in Trump’s case. Moreover, we can see that Ted Cruz was even less populistic than the politician Bernie Sanders. He did not use any nationalistic approaches through referendum (give more power to the people) or not applying to any religion for increasing its popularity. However, he still used the indexes of populists to achieve a more than standard share of votes.

V. II. Presidential Election - Democratic Nominee V. II. I. Hillary Clinton For Twitter as the main tool of the Presidential Candidate Hillary Clinton, we summed up over 2, 050 tweets between August 25th and December 26th, 2017 from a total of 9, 836 tweets. She has in total 12 million followers. We found out that the main indexes (from the highest to the lowest) for Hillary Clinton are: anti-intellect, absolutism, nationalism and anti-elitism. From 2 050 tweets the subjects included (from the highest to the lowest) democracy, social welfare, immigration, terrorism, Russian+UK, referendum and religion. Only 50 tweets from these tweets were only 21 populist. By the calculation we can see that Mrs Clinton in her tweets was 42% populistic between between August 25th and December 26th 2017. In Mrs Clinton we can see that the main concentration was on his rival from the opposite party, Donald J. Trump. The main argument against terrorism was that the U.S. has to defeat all terrorists and dictators. She often used Spanish language like her Democrat rival Bernie Sanders; furthermore, they were also similar in that both agreed on stopping drugs in the U.S. Hillary Clinton primary focused in her tweets on student debt and the young generations. However, she totally underestimated the middle class, which she did not connect with so often (maybe not at all), while Trump was primarily focused on them. Moreover, in all subjects (Cruz, Hillary and Sanders) we can see that they were not as narrowly connected as Trump. From the President-Elect’s Twitter-account you can easily see that most of his tweets are by himself; thus, he is connecting narrowly with the U.S. citizens – in the cases of the other subjects included, they are not. We see similar cases in Mrs Clinton and Mr Sanders. Both actors have used the populist approaches to gain enough votes. In both cases, they were highly successful. Our range of 42-45% is optimal and maximum for populism; if there were more than 50%, then there would be an increasing threat from the gaining populist to the losing populist. Each candidate has different intentions and approaches. As we see here, Hillary Clinton was mainly concentrating on indexes such as anti-intellectualism, absolutism and nationalism. She did not use any elitism, or only to a very small extent. It depends which side the actor is on. In Sanders’ case, we know, that he mainly used absolutism, anti-intellectualism and elitism. If actors are using the same index, but in different meanings, this is correct. Hillary did not use any anti-elitism while Sanders did, because Sanders did not have any support from the administration and President or vice-Presidents of the United States of America. So we can see, that it depends highly on which position you are in. We can say that our indexes are the most common, and are used in different measure according to your attitudes

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and strengths and weaknesses. In addition, Senator Cruz took a similar approach in nationalism, which he did not tend towards because he knew that he had already gained enough and concentrated on anti-intellectualism, from which he could get more votes than nationalism in his position. With Clinton, it was the same case. V. II. II. Bernie Sanders In our sixth survey, we will concentrate on the Twitter feed of 2016 U.S. Presidential Candidate Bernie Sanders, and will deeply analyse the anti-elitism, anti-intellectualism, nationalism and absolution of majority and connect them through immigration, religion, democracy, terrorism, referendum, Russia + UK and social welfare. From Twitter as the main tool of Mr Sanders, we summed up over 1 700 tweets from March 1st until July 1st, 2016 from a total 10, 200 tweets. He has around 4. 76 million followers. The main change is the date at which we are analysing, because in comparison between Sanders and Trump, Sanders dropped out of the race on July 12th, 2016, while Trump has continued to the end. That is why we chose a four month period for analysis as in every one of our surveys of U.S. politicians. We found out that main the indexes (from the highest to the lowest) for Bernie Sanders were: absolutism, anti-intellectualism, elitism and nationalism. From 1 700 tweets, the subjects included (from the highest to the lowest) social welfare, immigration, democracy, referendum, terrorism, religion, and Russia+UK, only 44 tweets from these tweets were only 20 populist. By this calculation we can see that Bernie Sanders in his tweets was 45% populistic between March 1st and June 1st, 2016. Bernie Sanders was primary focusing on anti-intellectualism directed against Presidential Candidate Donald J. Trump; but, from our perspective, there was a lack of concentration on his main political rival in the democratic camp, Hillary Clinton. Sanders wrote mainly about strong nationalism and enormous absolutistic social welfare. Moreover, he also focused on how much rich people have been devastating the middle class. In addition, he believes that the U.S. is the wealthiest country in the world but because of its political establishment assisting rich people, it is going in the wrong direction. An interesting finding is that Sanders used a greater percentage of populist skills than Trump did. We know that this is essential for victory when you are trying to get enough votes. However, their focuses differed and they concentrated on very different topics as we can see from our indexes. Still, the indexes are the same and we confirmed that these indexes are sound with respect to discovering out populists. It is interesting to note that while Trump is primarily focused on immigration as topic number one, Sanders tended to focus on the social welfare of U.S. citizens. Now we can see a clear gap between the topics of Republicans and Democrats if we put it together in one box. In analysing the Democratic party, we will confirm our argument. Sanders mainly focused on social welfare, immigration and democracy. He tried to connect his populistic rhetoric to gain more votes for his ‘revolution movement’. Otherwise, as we know from our theoretical power,

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if he had not used these populist approaches, he could not have effectively mobilised a mass of people.

VII. Two main Political parties in the United States VII. I. Republican party of the United States Our indexes can also be used for the Republican party, which is in power for a decade in the U.S. political system; after the 2016 election, there will be 51 seats for Republicans in the U.S. Senate and 239 Republicans in the House of Representatives. We have to ask ourselves if the opposing candidate of the Donald J. Trump was so popular, why did her Democratic fail to gain enough seats in the Senate and House of Representatives? The answer to this question is very simple: because the Republicans are also using the populist indexes which share the same values as in Trump’s case. In total, we gathered six appendices (graphs) which will help us to confirm this hypothesis about the Republican victory. Firstly, we have to say a little about the Republicans, the information we can find it in appendix #12. Republicans are conservative and nationalist which connects equity, pragmatism, meritocracy, looks to the past and the conservative nature. They are focused on the individual, support employers, advocate for free trade with a goal of economic freedom. Mostly, they are supporting a faith in God (87%), tax cuts (84%) and gay rights (44%). Their main belief in society is the “survival of the fittest” and the community has to based on morals. From our appendices #9 and #10, we see that Republicans see Islamic Fundamentalism and globalisation as a critical threat to their state. The relationship is the same that we observed during the European survey or with the U.S. President-Elect, so we can easily discover that in Islamic Fundamentalism as in the indexes of anti-intellectualism or the absolution of majority; meanwhile, in Globalisation we are talking about nationalism, where Republicans are trying to become less involved in world affairs. From appendixes #8 and #11, we see that Republicans are most likely to say “Immigration is a critical threat to the United States” and, with the core Trump Supporters, they are in favour of achieving foreign policy goals by maintaining US military superiority. From these aspects we can say, that while in Appendix #8 there is an index which is absolution of majority through religion against Islam, then in the next appendix #11 there is strong nationalism and absolution of majority by the supremacy of its military capabilities. Both aspects are interconnected with anti-elitism and anti-intellectual rhetoric which have to pursue their goals when necessary. The main point is that all of these graphs confirm that the Republicans are using topics such as immigration, religion, democracy, terrorism, referendum, Russia & UK and social welfare to pursue their goals. We can easily discover this because all of these topics are highly dependent on our four indexes which are: anti-elitism, anti-intellect, nationalism and absolution of majority. The Republicans used our indexes to win the next two and four years in U.S. politics. Our hypothesis can be that Republicans can be Populists to a degree of about 40% of its part as the current President-elect, because in our last survey among the populist parties in the Czech Republic,

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the level was 62.5% - so our scale toward Republicans is from 43% up to 62.5%. The main point is that once it gets into the House of Representative or Senate populists, it is like a virus and easily affect others who are then accepting of populist rhetoric as well.

VII. II. Democratic party of the United States After the 2016 election, there will be 48 seats for the Democrats in the U.S. Senate and 193 Democrats in House of Representatives. We have already found out why the Democrats lose its opportunity to gain more votes and why the republican party has been leading for so many years. To avoiding repetition, we can look at how much the presidential candidates brought the characteristics of the Democratic party into their populistic rhetoric. We know that Hillary Clinton was at 43% populist with Bernie Sanders at 45%. Democratic party is the left wing party of the United States of America. As we can see on Appendix #12, they encompass the main characteristics of a progressive nature, look to the future, and value idealism and equality. They are supporting workers, personal freedom and fair trade. Their main watchwords are: fairness, helping those who cannot help themselves, diplomacy and pacifism. They are supporting gay rights (54%), war (34%), God (78%), same-sex marriage (43%) and abortion rights (66%). Their main strengths are in urban cities with occupations such as scientist, professor, architect, media or teacher. The most interesting finding is that, if we compare how much the Democratic party and Republican party differ from each other, we can see, that Ted Cruz has along with Donald J. Trump the same populist target topics in using most often (from highest to lowest): terrorism, Russia + UK and immigration. Meanwhile, in the Democratic camps, the case is different. For Bernie Sanders the most used populist topics were (from highest to lowest): social welfare, immigration and democracy. In presidential candidate Hillary Clinton, the most favoured topics for gaining votes were (from highest to lowest): democracy, social welfare and immigration. We can see that Republicans gained mainly votes from topics such as terrorism or Russia + UK. Both parties used the topics of immigration issues. Above all, it is interesting that each party is sharing its interests of the party which the particular actor belongs to. We can see from appendix #8, that Democrats do not see immigration as a critical threat. From our survey, we can see that neither Sanders nor Clinton saw a main threat from immigration. Again, in appendix #9 we can confirm our hypothesis that both Sanders and Clinton see democracy as important to the United States through globalisation. In the Republicans’ case, it is the other way round. In our last topic of terrorism from appendix #10 we can also see that neither Sanders nor Clinton proved themselves as guarantee fighters against terrorism; we can find from our survey that they had been focusing on different topics. Lastly, in appendix #11, we can easily see that Democrats are for maintaining US military superiority, but not as much as Republicans. However, their highest preferences are in maintaining existing alliances.

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We found out that the Democratic party has not been gaining enough votes; this is true of their top candidates as they did not hear their citizens as well as Republicans did. If we can sum up our survey, we can see while the Democratic party has been focused on absolutism and anti-intellectualism, the Republican party has been focusing on nationalism and elitism and these are the goals which won not only the Senate and House of Representatives, but also the new Presidency of the United States of America.

VIII. Final message of eighth surveys The main point is that the measures for the President-Elect are the same as for Republicans as a whole. The events which were favoured by Republicans rather than Democrats are the same as the topics on which they are mostly focusing. Moreover, we also cited graphs for indexes which are highly decisive over the elections regarding which political party will gain the most seats in the particular states. As we have already stated, the topics may change over time – but for the next decade, they will remain the same. However, indexes will never change because this is in the nature of the behaviour of populists as we found from our theoretical power applied to the history of populists. From our three surveys which are interconnected with each other, we confirm that the situation of populists in Europe as well as in the United States is increasing. But, at the same time, the populists, as we found out through our theoretical power, have always existed through our history and they are using only the maining burn topics on the international field which can easily bring votes to their campaigns. Moreover, our indexes have confirmed that we can target populists in particular states; in this research, the Czech Republic and the United States. We can see that not only Donald J. Trump used populist rhetoric but all candidates – but with different strategies about how to gain voters. Our surveys were highly successful and we can confirm our hypothesis, which we set up at the start. Moreover, we can easily see that populism will be in every politician who wants to become successful and the mark “populist” is wrongly using by media, which are control by particular politic parties. In all our surveys, it is interesting to see that populists are not using their rhetoric skills often, but sometimes and with very efficient targeting. Through this, they will increase their successful strategy. If they will use populist rhetoric over more 65% then it will amount to self-destruction and persuasion would be not effective. We can easily see that each of the eight surveys confirm each other and that whole research is fully clear without any huge flaws during the work. We found out the theories which had not been discovered up to now, of which these are the most important: to see why the Republican party has been in power for so long and moreover, that during the Presidential Election, there were many populists who used populist strategies. We also found out which strategies each presidential candidate had employed. We have successfully shown what the difference is between the Democratic party and Republican party in the way that they gained votes.

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Conclusion The main task of our hypothesis in our research was to find out how much we can use our model of populism toward different countries. We used three surveys starting in the Czech Republic, where we found out that Prague has six core political parties populistic to a level of 62.5%. Then we use the second survey of the Ambassadors of the Czech Republic and Scholars from the Diplomatic Academy Prague to confirm our hypothesis, that this structure of how to identify populists is right. In our main work – how to implement these indexes to U.S. - we found out that the main indexes are: anti-elitism, anti-intellectualism, nationalism and absolution of majority. Populists are using these credentials through topics as immigration, religion, democracy, terrorism, referendum, globalisation threats & opportunities (in the Czech case it is Russia & UK) and social welfare benefits. In our third survey, we found out that the current President-Elect had been between August 25th and December 26, 2017, 43% populistic. These months that we analysed were the most critical for his presidential campaign, which is why they were necessary to our research. We once again confirmed that the main aspects are anti-elitism, anti-intellectualism, nationalism and absolution of majority. Moreover, we brought our model further and applied it to the different elections, which were for the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives. We discovered that Republicans are not different from our indexes, and used the same approach to gain the crucial votes for their re-election or election to the U.S. political structure. We confirm our hypothesis which we set up through theoretical power at the outset, and confirm it through four different surveys in this research of which three were created by ourselves alone. The main point is that populists have been always present in the political arena and in world affairs, and they are using their rhetoric during important events to mobilise the mass population to completely change the current political structure; but, at the same time, they present a threat to the current international order. However, we know that every change brings a hope for better times. Furthermore, in our research we set up main four indexes which can easily be applied to populists in any particular state in the world with the current topic, for at least one decade into the future. Our conclusion is that once the populist has entered into political structures between others parties, other members of the particular political environment are easily affected by populistic rhetoric and, after some time, the structure changes toward populistic approaches as we can see in the cases of the Czech Republic and the U.S - we call it transformation of power through populistic manners. Nowadays, in every society we can find about 30% and more of the populistic existence among the leaders of these countries (U.S. Commander of Chief - 43%) or among the political parties (U.S., CZE). In summing up, populists emerged onto the surface world affairs only when politicians are the brink of collapse through their political failures. Politicians are using populist rhetoric to gain votes and more popularity among citizens. Our summary of the whole survey can be very easily delivered in one sentence. Before we write this sentence, we have to remind ourselves, that once a populist party has entered into the political system, other parties are going to become populists as well. Our last sentence of this

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research will be: “Every politician will become populist if he or she wants achieve successful political candidacy”.

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Literature

1. Michael Kazin, ,,The Power of Populism Trump and American Populism Old Whine, New Bottles”, in ForeignAffairsNovember/December 2016, volume 95, number 6, 17-25.

2. Francis Fukuyama, ,,American Political Decay or Renewal? The meaning of 2016 Election”, in ForeignAffairs July/August 2016, volume 95, number 4, 58-68.

3. J. Eric Oliver and Wendy M. Rahn, Rise of the Trumpenvolk: Populism in the 2016 Election, ANNALS, AAPSS, 667, September 2016, 189-206.

References

4. Rosa Balfour (rapporteur) et al., eds., European Policy Centre - Europe’s troublemakers: The populist challenge to foreign policy (Brussels: European Policy Centre, February 2016), 78.

5. Isabelle Durant et al., eds., The Rise of Populism and Extremist Parties in Europe (Brussels: The Spinelli Group, 2013), 50.

6. Daniel Smilov, ,,Central and Eastern European Countries, Populism Fear: Eeastern European Perspectives”, in Changing faces of Populism: Systemic Challengers in Europe and the U.S., ed. Hedwig Giusto al. (Roma: O.GRA.RO., 2013), 227-255

7. Noam Gidron and Bart Bonikowski, eds., Varieties of Populism: Literature Review and Research Agenda (Harvard University: Weatherhead Center for International Affairs), 39.

8. Alfio Mastropaolo, ,,Central and Eastern European Countries, Populism Fear: Eeastern European Perspectives”, in Twenty-First Century Populism - The Spectre of Western European Democracy, ed. Daniele Albertazzi and Duncan McDonnell, al. (Great Britain: CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham and Eastbourne, 2008), 30-49.

9. Yves Surel, ,,The European Union and the challenges of populism”, Policy Brief Notre Europe 2011, number 27: 8, http://www.institutdelors.eu/media/bref27_ysurel_en.pdf?pdf=ok (Accessed 22. 07. 2016)

10. Christopher H. Achen and Larry M. Bartels, eds., ,,Democratic Ideals and Realities”, in Democracy for Realists: Why Elections Do Not Produce Responsive Government (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2016), 1-20.

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Measures of indexes IX. I. Republican Party IX. I. I. President-elect Donald J. Trump

Anti-intellect: 1. Hillary Clinton is using race-baiting to try to get African-American voters- but they know she is

all talk and NO ACTION!, 25 Aug @realDonaldTrump Donald J. Trump 2. Mexico will pay for the wall - 100%! #MakeAmericaGreatAgain #ImWithYou

www.snappytv.com/tc/2711677, 1 Sep @realDonaldTrump Donald J. Trump 3. Mexico will pay for the wall!, 1 Sep @realDonaldTrump Donald J. Trump 4. "@lblackvelvet: @realDonaldTrump We need to show Americans that Hillary will KILL our

Country !! Vote for Trump !!”, 5 Sep @realDonaldTrump Donald J. Trump 5. Hillary Clinton should have been prosecuted and should be in jail. Instead she is running for

president in what looks like a rigged election, 15 Oct @realDonaldTrump Donald J. Trump 6. The election is absolutely being rigged by the dishonest and distorted media pushing Crooked

Hillary - but also at many polling places - SAD, 16 Oct @realDonaldTrump Donald J. Trump 7. Our country is stagnant. We’ve lost jobs and business. We don’t make things anymore b/c of the

bill Hillary’s husband signed and she blessed, 20 Oct @realDonaldTrump Donald J. Trump 8. HILLARY FAILED ALL OVER THE WORLD. #BigLeagueTruth LIBYA, SYRIA, IRAN,

IRAQ, ASIA PIVOT, RUSSIAN RESET, BENGHAZI… twitter.com/i/web/status/7889268181…, 20 Oct @realDonaldTrump Donald J. Trump

9. Crooked Hillary launched her political career by letting terrorists off the hook. #DrainTheSwamp… twitter.com/i/web/status/7917707951…, 27 Oct @realDonaldTrump Donald J. Trump

10. Did China ask us if it was OK to devalue their currency (making it hard for our companies to compete), heavily tax our products going into.., 4 Dec @realDonaldTrump Donald J. Trump

Anti-elitism 1. Hillary Clinton only knows how to make a speech when it is a hit on me. No policy, and always

very short (stamina). Media gives her a pass!, 26 Aug @realDonaldTrump Donald J. Trump 2. .@CNN is unwatchable. Their news on me is fiction. They are a disgrace to the broadcasting

industry and an arm of the Clinton campaign., 9 Sep @realDonaldTrump Donald J. Trump 3. .@timkaine is the ANTI-DEFENSE SENATOR. #VPDebate #BigLeagueTruth twitter.com/gop/

status/783487781859…, 5 Oct @realDonaldTrump Donald J. Trump 4. CLINTON IS WEAK ON NORTH KOREA: bit.ly/2dPSxnn #VPDebate, 5 Oct

@realDonaldTrump Donald J. Trump 5. This country cannot take four more years of Barack Obama! #Debate, 10 Oct

@realDonaldTrump Donald J. Trump 6. Our very weak and ineffective leader, Paul Ryan, had a bad conference call where his members

went wild at his disloyalty., 11 Oct @realDonaldTrump Donald J. Trump

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7. We have all got to come together and win this election. We can't have four more years of Obama (or worse!)., 17 Oct @realDonaldTrump Donald J. Trump

8. Obamacare is a disaster! Time to repeal & replace! #ObamacareFail www.washingtonexaminer.com/press-gr…, 25 Oct @realDonaldTrump Donald J. Trump

Nationalism 1. Wow, Hillary Clinton was SO INSULTING to my supporters, millions of amazing, hard

working people. I think it will cost her at the Polls!, 10 Sep @realDonaldTrump Donald J. Trump

2. I was never a fan of Colin Powell after his weak understanding of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq = disaster. We can do much better!, 15 Sep @realDonaldTrump Donald J. Trump

3. The world is most peaceful, and most prosperous when America is strongest. pbs.twimg.com/media/CuXy5VUXgAAMks3…, 10 Oct @realDonaldTrump Donald J. Trump

4. One of my first acts as President will be to deport the drug lords and then secure the border. #Debate #MAGA, 20 Oct @realDonaldTrump Donald J. Trump

5. This will prove to be a great time in the lives of ALL Americans. We will unite and we will win, win, win!, 12 Nov @realDonaldTrump Donald J. Trump

6. The United States must greatly strengthen and expand its nuclear capability until such time as the world comes to its senses regarding nukes, 22 Dec @realDonaldTrump Donald J. Trump

Absolution of majority 1. What do African-Americans and Hispanics have to lose by going with me. Look at the poverty,

crime and educational statistics. I will fix it!, 26 Aug @realDonaldTrump Donald J. Trump 2. Heroin overdoses are taking over our children and others in the MIDWEST. Coming in from

our southern border. We need strong border & WALL!, 27 Aug @realDonaldTrump Donald J. Trump

3. "@Gsimmons03Ginny: @realDonaldTrump ..Kaine is awful, Trump and Pence are the ticket..no more lies, we are ready to see America Great Again!, 5 Oct @realDonaldTrump Donald J. Trump

4. The Republican Party needs strong and committed leaders, not weak people such as @JeffFlake, if it is going to stop illegal immigration., 4 Sep @realDonaldTrump Donald J. Trump

5. To the African-American community: The Democrats have failed you for fifty years, high crime, poor schools, no jobs. I will fix it, VOTE “T", 4 Sep @realDonaldTrump Donald J. Trump

6. I have created tens of thousands of jobs and will bring back great American prosperity. Hillary has only created jobs at the FBI and DOJ!, 2 Oct @realDonaldTrump Donald J. Trump

7. 'Donald Trump: A President for All Americans' www.foxbusiness.com/politics/2016/1…, 6 Oct @realDonaldTrump Donald J. Trump

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8. We must repeal Obamacare and replace it with a much more competitive, comprehensive, affordable system. #debate #MAGA, 10 Oct @realDonaldTrump Donald J. Trump

9. I WILL DEFEAT ISIS. THEY HAVE BEEN AROUND TOO LONG! What has our leadership been doing? #DrainTheSwamp pbs.twimg.com/media/CvLXS4yVIAAfRo-…, 20 Oct @realDonaldTrump Donald J. Trump

10. The attack on Mosul is turning out to be a total disaster. We gave them months of notice. U.S. is looking so dumb. VOTE TRUMP and WIN AGAIN!, 23 Oct @realDonaldTrump Donald J. Trump

11. TODAY WE MAKE AMERICA GREAT AGAIN!, 8 Nov @realDonaldTrump Donald J. Trump

12. We should tell China that we don't want the drone they stole back.- let them keep it!,18 Dec @realDonaldTrump Donald J. Trump

IX. I. II. Senator Ted Cruz

Anti-elitism 1. After the failed Obama-Clinton Admin, Americans want leadership. I endorse @TedCruz, a

principled constitutional conservative who can win. 29 Mar16 @ScottWalker Scott Walker retweeted by @tedcruz

2. .@tedcruz said “@johnboehner & @HillaryClinton & @realDonaldTrump are all part of the same corrupt system.” pbs.twimg.com/media/ChPOf6BUgAA0Edl…, 30 Apr16 @FoxNews Fox News retweeted by @tedcruz

Absolutism 1. We are not competing to stop Trump. We are competing to win the nomination. Join us:

tedcruz.org/volunteer #GOPTownHall, 30 Mar16 @tedcruz Ted Cruz 2. We’re all fed up with politicians who betray us. Donald is telling us he is lying to us., 27 Apr16

@tedcruz Ted Cruz 3. We are tired of a president who divides us. We need a president who unites us and reminds us of

who we are as Americans., 27 Apr16 @tedcruz Ted Cruz

Anti-intellect 1. If we judge a leader on his record, we know what Trump will do: use public power for private

gain. www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/lead…, 18 Mar16 @CarlyFiorina Carly Fiorina retweeted by @tedcruz

2. Ted Cruz at Provo High: "We are here today because our country is in crisis" Crowd chants "USA, USA" @KSL5TV #utpol pbs.twimg.com/media/Cd8P5XkUUAIicnR…, 19 Mar16 @laddegan Ladd Egan retweeted by @tedcruz

3. Pic of your wife not from us. Donald, if you try to attack Heidi, you're more of a coward than I thought. #classless twitter.com/realdonaldtrump/status/…, 23 Mar16 @tedcruz Ted Cruz

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4. The @realDonaldTrump is a Democrat and should not be our Party’s nominee: cruzcrew.com/25nEBCx pbs.twimg.com/media/CeVFcB1WEAEhDmK…, 24 Mar16 @tedcruz Ted Cruz

5. .@realDonaldTrump has supported Democrat politicians who have made it difficult for average Americans to get ahead. amp.twimg.com/v/edfdd818-ed74-4701-…, 6 Apr16 @tedcruz Ted Cruz

6. Repeal Obamacare. Grow Jobs. Destroy ISIS. Join us and #ChooseCruz: tedcruz.org/volunteer amp.twimg.com/v/9a40b890-54e5-412b-…, 20 Apr16 @tedcruz Ted Cruz

7. Donald Trump won't take on the PC police. He's one of them. #ChooseCruz: www.tedcruz.org/volunteer amp.twimg.com/v/719dd144-4038-4d72-…, 21 Apr16 @tedcruz Ted Cruz

Nationalism 1. /

IX. II. Democratic Party IX. II. I. Presidential candidate Hillary Clinton

Anti-elitism 1. /

Absolutism 1. We need to do everything we can to remove barriers to the health care our veterans need—

whether physical or mental. #NBCNewsForum, 8 Sep16 @HillaryClinton Hillary Clinton 2. We can't let Donald Trump bully his way to the presidency. pbs.twimg.com/media/

Cu958YsUkAAVhH8…, 17 Oct16 @HillaryClinton Hillary Clinton 3. Donald Trump refused to say that he’d respect the results of this election. That’s a direct threat

to our democracy., 24 Oct16 @HillaryClinton Hillary Clinton 4. "We have never before had a more qualified or prepared candidate for president than Hillary

Clinton.” —@FLOTUS, 27 Oct16 @HillaryClinton Hillary Clinton 5. Americans are coming together to reject hate and division. Americans are rejecting Donald

Trump’s demeaning treatment of women., 29 Oct16 @HillaryClinton Hillary Clinton 6. The future of our economy is at stake. LGBT equality is at stake. Equal pay for women is at

stake. Go vote: IWillVote.com, 29 Oct16 @HillaryClinton Hillary Clinton 7. Tomorrow, we have the chance to stand up for the America we believe in. RT this if you're

voting.… twitter.com/i/web/status/7957706262…, 7 Nov16 @HillaryClinton Hillary Clinton

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Anti-intellect 1. "He is taking a hate movement mainstream. He has brought it into his campaign." —Hillary to

@andersoncooper on Trump, 25 Aug16 @HillaryClinton Hillary Clinton 2. There's a reason the most hateful fringe of the right wing is supporting Donald Trump.

amp.twimg.com/v/d0846c31-a8dc-4ded-…, 25 Aug16 @HillaryClinton Hillary Clinton 3. Why do so many Ku Klux Klan members support Trump? "A lot of what he believes, we

believe in." amp.twimg.com/v/d0846c31-a8dc-4ded-…, 25 Aug16 @HillaryClinton Hillary Clinton

4. Trump says he wants to "make America great again," but his real message remains “make America hate again.” www.snappytv.com/tc/2674194, 25 Aug16 @HillaryClinton Hillary Clinton

5. The worst part is, Trump's disturbing policies for immigrant families go way beyond just "building a wall." hrc.io/2ciTf8o, 2 Sep16 @HillaryClinton Hillary Clinton

6. Donald Trump is totally unfit and unqualified to be president of the United States: hrc.io/2cqbJU6, 6 Sep16 @HillaryClinton Hillary Clinton

7. If Donald Trump wins, kids lose. trib.al/DJUatlh, 9 Sep16 @USNewsOpinion U.S. News Opinion retweeted by @HillaryClinton

8. Today's must-read: "Almost every foreign policy decision [Trump] makes will raise serious conflicts of interest." bit.ly/2cUWAPg, 14 Sep16 @HillaryClinton Hillary Clinton

9. What Trump should do: for once in his life, own up to his mistakes. Apologize to the President, and to the American people., 16 Sep16 @HillaryClinton Hillary Clinton

10. The man who could be your next president may be deeply indebted to another country. Do you trust him to run ours? pbs.twimg.com/media/Cs_CPm0UsAAVXj5…, 22 Sep16 @HillaryClinton Hillary Clinton

11. Mike Pence: a divisive, anti-woman, anti-LGBT, anti-worker extremist. No wonder Trump picked him. #VPDebate pbs.twimg.com/media/Ct7L4kAUkAAWthh…, 4 Oct16 @HillaryClinton Hillary Clinton

12. It's pretty clear that Vladimir Putin would rather have a puppet in the White House than a president. #DebateNight, 20 Oct16 @HillaryClinton Hillary Clinton

13. A man you can bait with a tweet is not a man we can trust with nuclear weapons., 31 Oct16 @HillaryClinton Hillary Clinton

Nationalism 1. “No matter how great the challenge, America must lead.” —Hillary to the @AmericanLegion

abcn.ws/Oqq9q1, 31 Aug16 @HillaryClinton Hillary Clinton

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IX. II. II. Politician Bernie Sanders

Anti-elitism 1. Together we're going to overturn this disastrous Citizens United Supreme Court decision which

has allowed millionaires to buy politicians., 20 Mar16 @BernieSanders Bernie Sanders 2. We need new thinking to address the enormous crises facing our country. It is too late for

establishment policies, politics and economics., 30 Mar16 @BernieSanders Bernie Sanders 3. It is too late for establishment politics and establishment economics. This is not just a campaign

slogan — it’s a reality for our country., 5 May16 @BernieSanders Bernie Sanders 4. The extreme right wing has been waging a war to dismantle unions all over this country. That is

a war they cannot be allowed to win., 15 May16 @BernieSanders Bernie Sanders

Absolutism 1. People do not like the idea that our politicians have become dependent on billionaires and super

PACs for money. We can change this system., 16 Mar16 @BernieSanders Bernie Sanders 2. I'm running for president because it is too late for establishment politics and establishment

economics. We need a political revolution., 19 Mar16 @BernieSanders Bernie Sanders 3. For the last 40 years the great middle class of our country — once the envy of the world — has

been disappearing., 25 Mar16 @BernieSanders Bernie Sanders 4. We are the wealthiest country in the history of the world. We can create a nation where health

care is a right for all Americans., 22 Apr16 @BernieSanders Bernie Sanders 5. Workers who are able to collectively bargain for higher wages and benefits earn substantially

more than non-union workers., 8 May16 @BernieSanders Bernie Sanders 6. I am running for president because it is too late for establishment politics and too late for

establishment economics. We need real change., 7 Jun16 @BernieSanders Bernie Sanders 7. We are in this together, brothers and sisters! #NotMeUs amp.twimg.com/v/df3f51d0-1f1e-4a6b-

…, 22 May16 @BernieSanders Bernie Sanders 8. We cannot let their future, and the future of so many more vulnerable people, fall into the

bigoted hands of Donald Trump., 23 Jun16 @BernieSanders Bernie Sanders

Anti-intellect 1. Not only will we beat @realDonaldTrump, we will beat him badly. Because we know love

trumps hate. #SuperMonday pbs.twimg.com/media/CcbKx1AWIAI2u1V…, 1 Mar16 @BernieSanders Bernie Sanders

2. We have more billionaires in this country than any other nation. We also have more child poverty than nearly every other major nation., 3 Mar16 @BernieSanders Bernie Sanders

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3. We will continue to bring people together. We will not allow the Donald Trumps of the world to divide us up. #VoteTogether, 5 Mar16 @BernieSanders Bernie Sanders

4. Love always trumps hate. pbs.twimg.com/media/CdEVKRxW8AAMZln…, 9 Mar16 @BernieSanders Bernie Sanders

5. Let's stop the racism. Let's stop the xenophobia. Let's stop Trump. #DemDebate, 10 Mar16 @BernieSanders Bernie Sanders

6. If you want a campaign that can defeat Trump and defeat him badly, we are that campaign., 27 May16 @BernieSanders Bernie Sanders

7. The TPP is a continuation of our disastrous trade policies that have devastated manufacturing cities all over this country. #StopTPP, 30 Jun16 @BernieSanders Bernie Sanders

Nationalism 1. We will continue to bring people together. We will not allow the Donald Trumps of the world to

divide us up. amp.twimg.com/v/83508ff8-132b-4d7d-…, 12 Mar16 @BernieSanders Bernie Sanders

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GraphsX. Appendixes X. I. President-elect Donald J. Trump

Appendix #2

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Appendix #6

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X. II. Democrats and Republicans

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Appendix #9

Appendix #10

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Research questions XI. I. Populism in the Czech Republic

00. To which political party do you belong?

01. Do you think that only the citizens of the Czech Republic should be able to agree through a referendum, whether the Czech Republic must or mustn’t accept refugees?

36.8% - Yes, I think so. 63.2% - No, I do not think so.

- absolution of majority; immigration

02. Do you think that the European Union is handling the refugee crisis sufficiently well?

5.3% - Yes, European Union manages refugee crisis well. 94.7% - No, European Union does not manage refugee crisis well.

- anti-elitism, Immigration

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03. Has the Czech Republic provided asylum toward refugees?

68.4% - Yes, for a fixed period. 26.3% - Yes, for ‘unfixed’ period. 5.3 - No.

- nationalism, immigration

04. Do you think, that Islam is dangerous for the European Union?

84.2% - Yes, Islam is dangerous for the European Union. 15.8% - No, Islam does not dangerous for the European Union.

- religion, nationalism

05. Do you agree that Islam should be forbidden in the Czech Republic?

21.1% - I agree. 78.9% - I disagree.

- religion, moralism

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06. Do you think that Czech media are independent?

5.3% - Yes, Czech’s media are independent. 94.7% - No, Czech’s media are not independent.

- democracy, anti-elitism

07. ,,Let's take back control of huge sums of money, take back control of immigration, take back control of our democracy."” (toward relationship with European Union, author - Adam Kubina) - Boris Johnson; former London mayor 43

0% - Strongly agree 36.8% - Agree 42.1% - Neither agree nor disagree 10.5% - Disagree 10.5% - Strongly disagree

- terrorism, anti-intellect

08. Should European citizens of particular states have greater political power?

63.2% - Yes, citizens of the European States would have a greater political power. 36.8% - No, citizens of the European States would not have a greater political power.

- absolution of majority, democracy

Boris Johnson; former London mayor ,,Brexit in quotes”, RTE News, http://www.rte.ie/news/special-reports/43

2016/0622/797347-brexit-quotes/ (downloaded 21. 06. 2016)

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09. Do you agree that the Czech Republic should protect its national borders over the whole territory of the Czech Republic against refugees?

52.6% - Yes, I agree. 47.4% - No, I disagree.

- nationalism

10. Do you agree with the decision of Great Britain to leave all its responsibility to its citizens about the question of BREXIT (referendum on Thursday June 23, 2016)?

26.3% - Strongly Agree 42.1% - Agree 15.8% - Neither agree nor disagree 15.8% - Disagree 0% - Strongly disagree

- referendum, absolutisation of majority

11. ,,The EU is dying. We've given ourselves the chance to rejoin the world... June 23rd needs to become a national bank holiday and we will call it Independence Day.” Nigel Farage, former lead of UK Independence Party (UKIP). 44

5.3% - Strongly agree 0% - Agree 42.1% - Neither agree nor disagree 42.1% - Disagree 10.5% - Strongly disagree

- anti-intellect; terrorism

,,It’s Brexit: A visual guide to the UK's dramatic decision”, CNN, http://edition.cnn.com/2016/06/24/europe/brexit-44eu-referendum-visual-guide/ (downloaded 21. 06. 2016)

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American Government and Politics Words: 10 023 Diplomacy

12. Are you for the introduction of a referendum for the Czech Republic to leave the European Union?

0% - Strongly agree 21.1% - Agree 5.3% - Neither agree nor disagree 52.6% - Disagree 21.1% - Strongly disagree

- referendum, absolutisation of majority

13. The new minister of Foreign Affairs in the Great Britain has become elected:

Theresa May 21.1% Nigel Farage 5.3% Boris Johnson 73.7%

- observation

14. Do you see the Russian Federation as a threat for the Czech Republic?

52.6% - Yes, Russian Federation is a threat for the Czech Republic. 42.1% - No, Russian Federation is not a threat for the Czech Republic. 5.3% - Russian Federation has never been a threat for the Czech Republic.

- anti-elitism: purposeful offence Russia (reaction toward joint military exercises of NATO along Russian borders)

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American Government and Politics Words: 10 023 Diplomacy

15. ,, … we have to say it narrowly, that nowadays are some recipients of social welfare evaluated, I have to say, two times more against people, which are working for minimal wage, so this social welfare nowadays is totally bad.” - Ing. Mgr. Marian Kotleba is a Slovak 45

politician and leader of the far-right Kotleba – People's Party Our Slovakia political party.

10.5% - Strongly agree 42.1% - Agree 26.3% - Neither agree nor disagree 21.1% - Disagree 0% - Strongly disagree

- left-wing, right-wing, social welfare

16. Integration of gypsies is a moral obligation of the Czech republic in the area of human rights. - left-wing, right-wing; moralism

57.9% - Yes, I agree. 42.1% - No, I disagree.

Demagog.sk - Factcheck politických diskusií: Přehled výroků (Accessed December 7, 2016, http://www.demagog.sk/45

statistiky/?strana=20=1&oblast=6&ph=2)

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17. Integration of refugees to the European community is an obligation of European Union in the area of the human rights.

10.5% - Yes, I agree. 89.5% - No, I disagree. -moralism

XI. II. Confirmation of Czech populism Occupation

20% - Professor / Scholar from the Diplomatic Academy Prague 75% - Ambassador of the Czech Republic 5% - General / Generalmajor

01. Do you think that populist parties are using European Union for their election?

20% - Strongly agree 50% - Agree 5% - Neither agree nor disagree 25% - Disagree 0% - Strongly disagree

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02. Do you think that populism has widened in the Czech Republic?

70% - Yes, I think, that populism is widened in the Czech Republic. 30% - No, I do not think, that populism is widened in the Czech Republic.

03. Do you think that the European Union is providing opportunities for populist parties and its behaviour?

85% - Yes, I think, that European Union is giving opportunities for populist parties and its behaviour. 85% 15% - No, I do not think, that European Union is giving opportunities for populist parties and its behaviour.

04. Do you think that political parties are propagating opinions which would help their campaigns in the future election of 2017?

85% - Yes, I think so. 15% - No, I do not think so.

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05. Do you agree with the opinion that the European Union borders have to be secured more than the borders of the Czech Republic?

85% - Strongly agree 5% - Agree 10% - Neither agree nor disagree 0% - Disagree 0% - Strongly disagree

06. Do you think that mainly Islam is the target of populist statements?

45% - Yes, I think, that mainly Islam is a target of populist statements. 55% - No, I do not think, that mainly Islam is a target of populist statements.

07. Do you agree that there has to be developed a European Islam to reduce future terrorist acts?

0% - Strongly agree 15% - Agree 10% - Neither agree nor disagree 30% - Disagree 45% - Strongly disagree

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08. Do you agree that citizens of states should have receive greater political power through referenda?

5% - Strongly agree 35% - Agree 5% - Neither agree nor disagree 40% - Disagree 15% - Strongly disagree

09. Do you think that referendums are only tools of political elites for the achievement their goals.

15% - Yes, I think, that referendums, are only tools of political elites for the achievement of their goals. 85% - No, I do not think, that referendums, are only tools of political elites for the achievement of their goals.

10. Do you think that populists are particularly endangering democracy?

50% - Yes, I think, that mainly populists are endangering the democracy. 50% - No, I do not think, that mainly populists are endangering the democracy.

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11. Do you agree that European Union is helping to foster greater democracy in Europe?

45% - Yes, I agree, that European Union is helping toward the better democracy in the Europe. 55% - No, I do not agree, that European Union is helping toward the better democracy in the Europe.

12. The new minister of affairs in the Great Britain has become:

5% - Theresa May 0% - Nigel Farage 95% - Boris Johnson

13. Do you think that mainly terrorism is playing a key role in the growth of the populism in Europe?

40% - Yes, I think, that mainly terrorism is playing a key role for the growth of the populism in the Europe. 60% - No, I do not think, that mainly terrorism is playing a key role for the growth of the populism in the Europe.

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14. Do you consider that the thinking of some political parties in the Czech Republic, that terrorism should not be dealt with through organisation such as NATO, is right?

40% - Yes, it should not be operated against terrorism through organisation as NATO. 60% - No, it should be operated against terrorism through organisation as is NATO.

15. Do you think that for the European Union, the greatest risk of military attack from the East?

25% - Yes, I think, that for the European Union is the greatest risk an military attack from the East. 75% - No, I do not think, that for the European Union is the greatest risk an military attack from the East.

16. Do you agree that NATO should provide joint military exercises along the Russian borders?

15% - Strongly agree 40% - Disagree 30% - Neither agree nor disagree 10% - Disagree 5% - Strongly disagree

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17. Do you think, that social welfare benefits for minorities in the Czech Republic are only populists’ decoy?

15% - Yes, I think, that populist’s decoy are social welfare benefits for minorities in the Czech Republic. 85% - No, I do not think, that populist’s decoy are social welfare benefits for minorities in the Czech Republic.

18. Do you agree that the dissatisfaction of Czech citizens over social welfare benefits is contributing to the popularity of populist parties?

10% - Strongly agree 40% - Agree 30% - Neither agree nor disagree 20% - Disagree 0% - Strongly disagree

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