pork barrel

Pork Barrel In the Philippines

Systems Plus College Foundation

Balibago, Angeles City

Introduction

To

Modern Politics

Jennelle F. Africano

AB Political Science/PSC05A

Mr. Christopher Flake

Instructor

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Nowadays, all over the television radio and internet Philippine

news was all about the controversial “Pork Barrel Scam” In August

2013 nationwide was blown, actually during past regimes Pork

Barrel or Priority Development Assistance Fund became the biggest

source of corruption among the legislators that’s why Filipinos are

not that shocked among this corruption issues arising in our country

because we are very used to massive graft and corruption. Over the

₱10 Billion PDAF scam involving Janet Lim-Napoles, Senators and

Congressmen led to widespread calls for abolition of the PDAF

system. The term "pork barrel" is the budgetary allocation given to

the members of the House of Representatives and the Senate. The

amount was ₱70 Million for each of the Congressmen and ₱200

Million for each of the Senators beginning in the year 2006.

Pork barrel formally defined as the appropriations of public funds

for projects that do not serve the interests of any large portion of

the country’s citizens but are nevertheless vigorous promoted by a

small group of legislators because they will pump outside

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taxpayers’ money and resources into the local districts these

legislators represent; an effective legislation and use of pork barrel

results into the legislator being re-elected. For me, pork barrel funds

are those allocated to politicians such as congressmen and

senators, to be used, based on their decision, to fund programs or

projects in their districts and fund their pockets. Supposed to be

Pork barrel undermines the primary duty of Congress to draft and

pass laws for the common good. It preserves and protects vested

interests of those who are in power. The present-day P10-billion

PDAF scam and the many billion’s more in anomalies of the past are

a testament to this evil perpetuating social injustice.

If we would ask some Filipinos, to what do they know about “Pork

Barrel?” basically some of them will said “I don’t know about Pork

Barrel.” We are citizens of the Philippines and we must be searching

and making ourselves intact with the controversies happening

around us. Why do they just ignore this? Because they know that no

matter what happens to the government, corruption will still occur.

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Money runs the world and that is a fact, basically where do this

Priority Development Assistance Fund coming from? This PDAF

comes from the taxpayers; this huge amount of money comes from

the workers, from us the Filipino citizens. Should we let this not

trustworthy official’s just pocket some parts of our salary that we

must have been enjoying instead of paying tax to them? Yes indeed

we have our responsibility being a citizen of the Philippines; we are

doing and giving our share, the government and the government

official should also do their part as public officials. This seems to be

so unfair. Pork Barrel or PDAF should be used for funding the needs

of the people, improvements of public facilities, public

transportation etc. Funding and helping people who are calamity

victims- although we have separate budget for calamity victims, we

can still use this PDAF for public welfare and public used. Another is

for allocating budget to create agencies to help citizens have a

source of living and make them productive. So that poverty in our

country will decrease. The big question is, where do these huge

amount going to? Pork Barrel is a fund rendered by the national

government for the senators and the congressmen. It was once

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headed as Countrywide Development Fund and later as

Congressional Development Fund. It is presently branded as Priority

Development Assistance Fund (PDAF). It used to be a catch phrase

only few Filipinos care about, until it roared into a public awareness

when an appalling spam of it arose. Some surveys show that this

has been the alternative way of the elected senators and

congressmen to put back their expenses from the election

campaign. Apparently, this served as the milking cow of those who

are in power. The supposed fund for the local innovations and

improvements are trapped by the legislators who were entitled to

administer it. This has caused an immense damage on our nation’s

wealth.

These grounds are sufficient to finally eradicate the pork barrel. It

has an evident effect being a core of corruption. Instead of fostering

the needs of the less fortunate, it provides the pockets of those who

are in power.

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Last August 26, 2013, the Million People March was held which

occurred on National Heroes' Day called for the end of "pork barrel" and

was joined by simultaneous protests nationwide and around the world.

Because of controversial Janet Lim Napoles, including the senators:

Ramon Revilla Jr., Juan Ponce Enrile, Jinggoy Estrada, Bongbong Marcos

and Gringo Honasan. All of them transfer some amount Pork Barrel or

PDAF to NGO’s (Non-Government Organization). To which according to

Commission on Audit transferring any amount of PDAF to NGO’s or Non-

Government Organization is illegal. Basically the mind setting of the

people was this senator pocketed their PDAF for personal use. The

nation has been disgusted by the pork barrel scandal for some time

now. The pork barrel funds of some legislators appear to have been

siphoned off to some fictitious NGO’s with high sounding names and

into the big pocket of one enterprising scam artist. According to an

investigation conducted by the government (and reported widely in the

media) the P10 Billion of PDAF (Priority Development Assistance Fund)

money, the program financed by pork barrel, which had been disbursed

over some years, had been embezzled. President Aquino has indicated

that he will reform the system. Initially, his statement was that he

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would abolish the pork barrel system. It is not clear how the system will

change yet. Should we abolish Pork Barrel? Yes, No or we Just need to

Reform it. In fact, little will be lost and a lot will be gained if the system

is abolished and the funds directed to better targeted programs. Almost

every one of us knows or has heard that the pork barrel system is

joined with corruption. If the Pork Barrel is joined with corruption, then

to stop corruption we must abolished this Pork Barrel thing. Some says

that we should not abolished Pork Barrel because not all PDAF budget

are wasted to fictitious government projects some of the money are

allotted indeed to help and improve public welfare. Maybe there are still

good Samaritans in the Philippine government officials. On the other

side, President Aquino was not in favor for the abolition in favor for the

abolition of the Pork Barrel, instead he stated that we can reform the

system which holds and organize Pork Barrel or Priority Development

Assistance Fund. Which side must be taken? Which side would fit to

solve this controversy? We better talk about this three sides one by

one.

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Why Abolish the Pork Barrel?

The primary reason is, the PDAF or Priority Development

Assistance Fund the so called Pork Barrel is the top most source of

corruption in our country. It breeds patronage politics and the

politics of immoral compromises between the executive and

legislative branches of government. We are all tax payers’ we need

to know and we need to have the Freedom of Information and the

transparency for every transaction being done in the government.

When the benefit is large and the obligation of the constituents is

small, there is the tendency to demand for an increasing pork value.

Pork barrel promotes inefficiency of public spending resulting to a

loss in the welfare of the greater number of people, that is the

marginal national benefit (benefit of carrying the national plan)

against marginal local benefit (political district project). Looking at

pork barrel as a reward for support of the ruling party’s priority

agenda, of the attribute of the legislator may result to corrupt the

officials of its slightest padding of budget into the most horrendous

misuse of public funds. PDAF projects effectively and efficiently

addresses the needs of the “political constituents” as opposed to

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the national agenda. The misuse of the fund will be reduced when

the mechanism of transparency and accountability will be put in

place and correctly implemented. The money-making story could

range from the receipt of "simple" commission to what has been

reported by the national media recently, which is allocating money

for ghost projects or bogus non-government organizations (NGO’s).

Billions of pesos in public funds have been lost to crooks this way. In

the scam exposed as an alleged P10 billion scheme by some

senators and congressmen in with a doubtful firm, whistle-blowers

and probers named names. They are the proverbial big fishes. The

problem is prosecution that, under our system, is slow and can be

manipulated. It is because of our failure to punish the politician-

crooks that they spread in government, notably the Senate and the

House of Representatives. Because of the recently exposed scam,

calls are again made to abolish the pork barrel. Of course, we know

that won't happen. It's like the call for Congress to pass an anti-

political dynasty bill. As they say, nobody will make a hammer then

bash their own heads with it.

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Opposition to the move won’t only come from senators and

congressmen who stand to lose a source of riches and campaign

funds but also from local government officials who get something

from the monetary windfall. Then there are those who honestly feel

pork barrel is their only way of snagging funds for needed projects.

And what will the members of the committee of silence in Congress

do without pork? The idea of abolishing the PDAF is actually a

choice between the devil and the deep sea.

Doing so would deprive members of Congress of a major source

of “income” but that would also mean congressional districts would

become too dependent on Manila-centric Malacañang for money to

fund needed projects. Retaining the pork barrel, meanwhile, would

mean maintaining the status quo together with all its faults.

For many years Filipinos have suffered because the money of the

government that was supposed to be spent for excellent

infrastructures, roads, education, healthcare, national defense and

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a lot more for the benefit of the people, are just gone to waste. For

a lot of these money went to the pockets of the politicians in the

Senate and the Lower house. They have glut themselves from the

tax payer's money. Our legislators have constantly repeated that

they never handle any of the money involved in the projects, and

just choose the projects, which choices are limited to a list of

projects that “qualify” or are acceptable by guidelines set up by the

Department of Budget and Management. A list, by the way, that is

as wide as all outdoors: livelihood, manpower, sports, and

cooperative development, delivery of basic services, environmental

protection, agricultural and fisheries diversity, rural

industrialization, development of local enterprises, social services in

areas that would not be ordinarily undertaken by the private sector,

and construction, maintenance, operations and management of

infrastructure projects. Do these projects exist? The controversial

Janet Lim Napoles, including the senators: Ramon Revilla Jr., Juan

Ponce Enrile, Jinggoy Estrada, Bongbong Marcos and Gringo

Honasan. All of them transfer some amount Pork Barrel or PDAF to

NGO’s (Non-Government Organization) which I have said stated

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above that transferring any amount of Pork Barrel to Ngo’s is illegal.

The money that was transferred to NGO’s which are supposed to be

used for funding public infrastructure etc. was transformed to just a

ghost projects and the money amounting to Billions disappears and

nowhere to found. Janet Lim Napoles was the pin pointed as master

mind of all this corruption and stealing of public funds which she

used to pamper herself with luxurious and extravagant life. As far

as I have watched in the news Janet Lim Napoles has 28 houses,

here in the Philippines and abroad and also have multiple number

real and personal property which the Commission on Audit (COA)

have questioned Napoles concerning about her assets.

Note: Janet Lim-Napoles, alleged brains of the P10-billion pork barrel

scam whose surrender to President Aquino in Malacañang raised

eyebrows, had her mug shots taken in Camp Crame. She is accused

of serious illegal detention of whistle-blower Benhur Luy, her former

employee and relative.

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She became the middle man for proposing government projects

then recommend and submit it to Congress, when Congressmen

and Senators approved this proposed project basically they have to

give the money to fund this projects, and this money will came from

their own Pork Barrel or PDAF. Yes they have taken some large

amount to their Pork Barrels and give it to the person which will

handle the project. Unfortunately those proposed projects up until

now, does not exist. And the money which they supposed to be

used to fund these projects are gone. I believe that Napoles cannot

just do this on her own; she has a wall to lie on I mean she has the

signal by higher authorities to execute this corruption and pocketing

the pork barrel funds. This P10 Billion Pork Barrel Scam was an

organization of all greedy government officials and their goal is just

to make their pockets thick, to make people believe that they are

good and at your service public official, wherein fact all of that is

their contradictory. See government officials betraying the trust of

the public? How can they be a role model to all of us if they,

themselves has no discipline. Some legislators are very quiet during

this controversy and a few are vocal. Those who found themselves

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accused of malpractice are promising more drama and political

discussion. It seems to be one of the few issues in which there

appears to be almost multi-party unanimous support. We have to

know more about who get their releases of pork. Actually, almost all

legislators are getting their allocations released to them. The

exceptions are those who are under a cloud – either they are out of

political favor or under some problems. In short, it may be that the

system is “working” for them. The pork is apparently as popular to

the party list congressmen as it is to the traditional legislator.

The senators involved in this scam are Bong Revilla (who

transfers P 1.015 Billion to NGO’s), Juan Ponce Enrile, (P 641.65

million), Jinggoy Estrada (P 585 million), Bongbong Marcos (P 100

million) at Gringo Honasan (P 15 million). They said, had allegedly

coursed their priority development assistance fund (PDAF) to Social

Development Program for Farmers Foundations Inc. (SDPFFI),

Magsasakang Ani para sa Magsasaka Foundation Inc. (MAMFI), and

People’s Organization for Progress and Development Foundation

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Incorporated through Nabcor. The NGO’s were all linked to Napoles.

Revilla and Honasan as among the five senators who allegedly

allocated portions of their pork barrel funds to ghost projects worth

P10 billion. Senators Juan Ponce Enrile, Ferdinand Marcos Jr.and

Jinggoy Estrada were also linked by the report to the alleged

anomaly. Revilla, Enrile and Estrada were also identified in a recent

Commission on Audit (COA) report as among the lawmakers who

supposedly received excess pork barrel funds from 2007 to 2009.

Enrile said he is "ready to be investigated and prosecuted" in

connection to alleged irregularities in the use of his pork barrel

funds.

The PDAF is money allocated for lawmakers to be used in their

pet development projects. Critics charge that they fund “pork

barrel” projects which have traditionally been a source of

corruption.

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At the center of the controversy is businesswoman Janet Lim-

Napoles, who allegedly connived with legislators to syphon off some

P10 billion from the fund.

She has since gone into hiding after being charged with the

illegal detention of a whistleblower.

The evolution of LGU’s, although a significant milestone in the

history of our governance, initially brought about so much unfunded

national mandates. And so, the national agencies continued to

package, finance and even implement devolved programs and

projects. Not to be outdone, Congress has come into play with its

own brand of assistance. True, the congressional funds or pork

barrel can well serve a relevant purpose in funding the LGU’s

mandates. But more often than not, it has dishonored the integrity

of the overall government structure. Many congressional initiatives

are inconsistent with local development plans and are not a product

of prior consultation with LGU’s and communities.

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PDAF, have effectively increased the role of Congress in devolved

activities, which clearly contradicts the intention of the law, the

Local Government Code. That is shifting the role of central agencies

to policy-making, research and monitoring and technical assistance

for LGU’s. With the growing number of congressional programs and

projects, the transition of LGU’s and national agencies to their new

roles have taken an unfortunate extended period of time, which is

the serious consequence of pork barrel – undermine the capacity of

the LGU’s; disturbed the local leadership; and, to emphasize stall

the process of local development. The fiscal effects of such policy

have also been exerting pressure on the national budget like a

double-edged sword as budgetary requirements have been growing

for both national line agencies and LGUs for the same set of

functions and sectoral objectives and worsen by the rapidly

increasing congressional funds. Furthermore, as the pork barrel

mostly has local applications, it is in many ways; except that it is

nationally funded, which have different policies and rules in play vis-

à-vis the locally funded projects. The national policies and rules are

inherently ineffective in local procurement and/or implementation –

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and this makes the congressional funds most vulnerable to graft

and corruption.

That’s why public anger over the alleged misuse of pork barrel

funds has led to the largest protest under the Aquino

administration, and has prompted President Benigno Aquino III to

move for the abolition of the Priority Development Assistance Fund

(PDAF), the formal name of pork barrel funds received by

lawmakers every year.

The Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism, in 2004,

already came up with very comprehensive analyses on pork,

entitled Pork is a Political, Not a Developmental, Tool and

Legislators Feed on Pork. Despite damning revelations, all of our

politicians, particularly those in Congress who directly benefit,

simply have to turn a blind eye.

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The result – the primary duty of Congress to draft and pass laws

for the common good is undermined. Instead, the interests of those

who are in power are preserved and protected.

A constitutional provision allows the executive to funnel the fund

where it is needed according to his discretion. It is also largely the

prerogative of the president to outlay his national agenda and

financial plans to the house pending its approval. Special Purpose

Funds is never mentioned in the constitution and both congress and

the executive know it. The Priority Assistance Development Fund is

highly controversial in nature and they both also know it. The

president can exercise “his veto power to cancel from the

appropriation bill a pet project of a Representative or Senator”.

Congress will have to wrestle with the president to get the PDAF.

Those who understand the very nature of “the power of the purse”

should understand that this is exactly where the conflict arises.

Let's be clear in saying that the role of lawmakers is what they said

they are. They make the laws that are what they do. They have no

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right touching all or any part of any fund in the government in the

first place. The loopholes are staggering as evidenced by its

practice. The Napoles scandal has reinforced the notion that the

longer a legislator stay in power, the cunning he gets in

malversation.

It is morally right that the PDAF and all of its forms must and

should be abolished and that government spending be put under

the eyes of public scrutiny.

Countrywide development is slow in progress and sometimes

terminated by bureaucracy. Although unarguably true is the

dominant assumption that members of the house are more likely of

the needs and wants of their own respective constituents, it is

however highly regarded as patronage politicking therefore

encourages abuse and dynasties. Some would say that to get rid of

this inherent problem in a democratic form of government.

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Identification and development projects start at the LGUs or, as

someone suggested, a People's Coalition at the local level. If the

locality does not have the capacity or cannot afford the funding of

larger projects, an extension of help comes down from the national

level through their respective representatives. Congress approves it

based on identified priorities and LGU’s receive funding from

implementing agencies. There is nowhere along this channel that

says a Priority Development Fund or a special purpose fund is

needed. Appropriated budget is already integrated in the various

government agencies that are already in place and are ready to be

used.

To understand how the money is being spent by the present

administration is to understand the national budget. For this year

alone, our national budget is a shattering 2 Trillion Pesos. DepEd

has the largest slice of the pie, almost 300 Billion, and yet when

school started in June there were widespread reports of classroom

overcrowding, lack of teachers, and severe deficiency in textbooks.

The Department of Agriculture has more than 70 Billion Pesos and

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yet farmers still rely on the PDAF for market roads and only a few

actually received funding from the government.

We have all sorts of funds. They are tedious and some of it is

never explained by the DBM. There are gross inconsistencies. There

are no reports on how exactly the special purpose funds are being

spent.

So I support the call to eradicate the pork barrel in Congress if

only to expose the political setup that is dependent on it. Pork

barrel not only makes corrupt lawmakers rich; it also sustains their

political lives. Many members of Congress don’t know how to make

laws but they win elections because they have pork to blind their

constituents with. Also, part of that pork is spent to purchase

corrupt voters. If we want to partly weaken the corrupt political

setup, then we should abolish the pork barrel.

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Why Not Abolish Pork Barrel?

On the other side of my mind Pork Barrel should not be

abolished, why? Some of these funds are used in their right designation

indeed prioritizing the needs of the people for common welfare. Not all

legislators are using their Priority Development Assistance Fund just for

private or personal usage, some of these PDAF goes to some agencies

which help and support unfortunate students to continue their studies

and reach their dreams. So if ever that Pork Barrel or Priority

Development Assistance Funds will be abolished, who will support the

students who depend on the assistant fund given to them to pay their

tuition fees and school fees?

PDAF funds can act as an equalizer for instances say, scholarships

lack funding. It is just unfortunate that it is abused sometimes. The

President’s argument regarding the utility of the PDAF for both basic

needs of people and development interventions actually made sense to

me. As I have cited some PDAF allocations, around P10 million from

Pork Barrel Funds most of which were used for scholarships.

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In my view, it is wrong and unfair to say that all PDAF has been

misused. This is especially true in the provinces where district

representatives are often the last resort of constituents for health or

other urgent needs. While recognizing however that the pork barrel

system can sometime be used for the good, the PDAF and its

predecessor mechanism the Countrywide Development Fund,

clearly provide many opportunities for irrational decision-making as well

as corruption. By its very nature, pork barrel mechanisms are

potentially anomalous because, when designed badly, they violate the

constitutional principle of separation of powers. The CDF was according

to the Court, a way of equalizing the unequal. But as one scholar has

pointed out, the conclusion that legislators only make

recommendations was in fact not entirely accurate. We know now that

legislators actually tampered with implementation, among others, by

endorsing favored contractors and/or NGOs. It would be interesting to

know if the Supreme Court today would decide the same way given

what we know about how the pork barrel system has been manipulated

for personal gain.

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Legislators should not stick only to passing laws. They do have

other functions as representatives of the people. This includes a role in

identifying projects in their localities and in enacting the national

budget that funds these projects. Some legislators and representatives

play and accomplished their jobs as voice of the masses, but only few

of them.

I have watched the news last September 11, 2013, the interview to

the former mayor of Manila Lito Atienza, Pork Barrel is necessary but

wasting and spending it too much to unnecessary things is commonly

not good. Filipino’s are planning again for another rally to insist the

abolition of the Pork Barrel. But as I have said this actually cannot be

done totally by abolishing it. Pork Barrel is part of our governmental

system. These funds are just circling around our society if used in their

proper usage. But if we abolish Pork Barrel just for an example pork

barrel was abolish we can now sort the true public officials who are

willing to help the public without visualizing the Pork Barrel which are

given to them annually.

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How About Reforming the Pork Barrel System?

Aquino, who has made fighting against corruption a centerpiece of

his administration, said there was nothing “intrinsically wrong” with the

system but it has been abused by “a few greedy individuals.”

He promised to reform the corruption-plagued pork barrel fund.

Aquino said state funds can no longer be disbursed to NGOs and

government corporations linked in the alleged PDAF scam. State firms

such as the ZNAC Rubber Estate Corporation and the National

Agribusiness Corporation will be abolished, he added.

He said under the new system, legislators could still identify

projects but they would need approval and would be closely scrutinized.

The new project menu will prohibit consumable soft programs such

as fertilizers and medicine and temporary infrastructure projects in the

form of dredging, desalting, gravelling or asphalt overlay.

Aquino also issued guidelines to safeguard public funds, including

the publication of bids and awarding of projects.

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President Aquino admitted there is a need to improve the way

funds are disbursed, saying there should be more restriction, wide

safeguards and better monitoring of the implementation of projects.

"There were already huge improvements in safeguards which have

lessened the chances pork barrel can be misused, but I think there are

more ways we can improve the process so there would be no

opportunities to take advantage of them," he said.

Aquino maintained it should really be the government

departments implementing projects rather than the NGO’s, and lauded

the decrease of listed NGOs under his administration. But he also said it

is hard to make any sweeping judgments since some NGOs are honest

as well.

"I think it's difficult to generalize and say the whole system is

wrong. What's just is to scrutinize how it was used. If it's right, we

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support it, if it's wrong then we stop and ensure it won't happen again."

he said.

He also defended keeping the PDAF, which he said is largely useful

in determining the needs of many communities especially outside Metro

Manila that the national government does not necessarily notice, and to

address problems in districts known only to their respective lawmakers.

President Aquino cited having been able to use his pork barrel

when he was a congressman to fix the MacArthur Highway which

helped those passing through Tarlac.

"If we take it out, that means we rely on the national government

to know the needs of every district and to solve these all the time.

That's hard to do," he said.

What made the Old System of Pork Barrel prone to Abused?

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For me, the lack of transparency in the system which leads to

passive disengaged to Filipino citizens to it.

If ever that the Old System will be abolish I have read some article

which suggest what will be the New System in holding Pork Barrel

Funds.

After abolition there will be a new process to make sure each

district and sector gets a fair and equal share of the budget for the new

proposed system, as the National Budget is being prepared and

legislated legislators must have already proposed specific projects to be

implemented only for their specific districts or sectors. And the

proposed project must follow the menu of the New System of the Pork

Barrel, the proposed budget for specific projects will be received and

deliberated upon, and it must be approved by the House of

Representatives and the Senate. The approved projects will be included

under the budgets of the implementing agencies. E.g. read and bridge

projects which are under DPWH. The implementation of the project and

releasing of the funds can be monitored through the website of the

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DBM (Department of Budget and Management) and the upcoming

national data portals.

This new process contains additional restrictions to safeguard

against corruption. It continues the practice of requiring that projects to

be funded come from a specific menu of qualified projects and

legislators cannot include consumable soft projects such as fertilizers,

seeds, medicine, medical kits, dentures funding sports etc. these

projects of which the result and output that we cannot exclusively

identify, may possible be ghost projects and can turn into source of

income of the corrupt, and the funds must be only limited to the district

or sector of the legislator who sponsored it. Then all items will be

subject to open and competitive bidding and it will be post on the

Philippine Government Electronic Procurement System or PhilGEPS

website. By then the public may monitor the implementation

themselves. Of course for this system to work our cooperation is

needed and required. The information must be there for us to monitor,

we must do our part and also for the public official to their job and part

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to make it functional. We must work together to heighten transparency,

to strengthen public accountability and to ensure that public funds are

utilized justly in a manner it truly benefits the people.

Whether Pork Barrel will be abolish or not reform or not public

officials must not destroy the trust of the people, they must serve us

with whole honesty, with clean conscience and service with dignity. All

these Pork Barrel anomalies must be truly investigated and punished all

government officials who were involved in the scam; they pocket our

money and used them for their own personal pleasure or whatsoever.

Another we must strengthen and be strict and be fair if you commit

mistake just like betraying public trust, face it. Face it without any

“Special Treatment” for in the end just like the people who were inside

the jail bars are just like these alligators of the government they are

also these so “CRIMINALS”.

We have good government system; it’s just that the people who

try to implement laws, rules are the ones who actually and literally

break the laws. Curse them!

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Sources:

http://manilastandardtoday.com/2013/08/31/abolishing-the-pork-

barrel/

http://philippine-democracy.blogspot.com/2011/07/pork-barrel-

and-philippine-politics-and.html

http://www.philstar.com/business/2013/09/04/1168741/pork-barrel-

and-who-got-their-releases-2012

http://opinion.inquirer.net/56945/pork-barrel-costs-and-benefit

http://www.philstar.com/opinion/2013/09/04/1170321/better-use-

pork-barrel

http://manilastandardtoday.com/2013/08/31/abolishing-the-pork-

barrel/

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http://manilastandardtoday.com/2013/08/31/abolishing-the-pork-barrel/


http://www.philstar.com/opinion/2013/09/04/1170321/better-use-pork-barrel

http://www.philstar.com/opinion/2013/09/04/1170321/better-use-pork-barrel

http://opinion.inquirer.net/56945/pork-barrel-costs-and-benefit

http://www.philstar.com/business/2013/09/04/1168741/pork-barrel-and-who-got-their-releases-2012

http://www.philstar.com/business/2013/09/04/1168741/pork-barrel-and-who-got-their-releases-2012

http://philippine-democracy.blogspot.com/2011/07/pork-barrel-and-philippine-politics-and.html

http://philippine-democracy.blogspot.com/2011/07/pork-barrel-and-philippine-politics-and.html




Rules and Regulations Implementing the Local Government

Code of 1991. R.A &160, Philippine Copyright 2007, By

Arellano v. Busto p. 262-276

33

pork barrel

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