portuguese: learn portuguese in 21 days! - a practical guide to make portuguese look easy! even for...
TRANSCRIPT
Portuguese:
LearnPortugueseIn21DAYS!
APracticalGuideToMakePortugueseLookEasy!EVENForBeginners
TableofContentsIntroductionChapter1:ThePortugueseAlphabetChapter2:PronunciationGuide(1/2)Chapter3:PronunciationGuide(2/2)Chapter4:GreetingsandBasicPhrasesChapter5:PortugueseNumbers(Números)CardinalNumbersOrdinalNumbersChapter6:Months,Days,andSeasonsChapter7:TimeandDate(HoraeData)Chapter8:ColorsinPortuguese(Cores)Chapter9:WordOrderChapter10:CapitalizationandPunctuationChapter11:Articles(Artigos)Chapter12:Nouns(Substantivos)MasculineNounsFeminineNounsChapter13:InvariableNounsFormingPluralNounsChapter14:Pronouns(Pronomes)SubjectPronouns(PronomesPessoais)DirectObjectPronounsChapter15:ReflexivePronounsPossessivePronounsandAdjectivesDemonstrativePronounsandDemonstrativeAdjectivesInterrogativePronounsChapter16:Adjectives(Adjetivos)IrregularAdjectivesIrregularComparativeandSuperlativeFormsMostCommonlyUsedPortugueseAdjectivesChapter17:Verbs(Verbos)TheIndicativeMoodTensesImperativeMoodSubjunctiveMoodTheConditionalMood
Chapter18:Adverbs(Advérbios)Chapter19:Prepositions(Preposições)Chapter20:UsefulPhrasesChapter21:VocabularyConclusionBonus:PreviewOf“Spanish:LearnSpanishin21DAYS!–APracticalGuideToMakeSpanishLookEasy!EVENForBeginners”
IntroductionThis book contains 21 highly-informative chapters on the fundamentals ofPortuguese grammar and communication. Each chapter is designed to provideself-learnersacompleteyetcompactlearningmaterialthatwillhelpthemspeakthelanguagewitheaseinaveryshorttime.Itaddressestheneedsoftravellers,students, entrepreneurs, and professionals for a grammar reference and phrasebookinoneresource.Eachchapterfeaturestables,charts,andrelevantexamplestomakelearningthePortugueselanguageaninterestingandenjoyableexperience.The first8chaptersdealwith thebasic thingseveryspeaker shouldknow: thealphabet, pronunciation, numbers, months and days, seasons, telling time anddate, colors, and basic survival phrases for getting around in a Portuguese-speakingcountry.The succeeding chapters dealwith the essential aspects of grammar includingsentenceconstructionandthedifferentpartsofspeech.Thebookwindsupwithachapteronkeytravelphrasesandafinalchapterofvocabularylistingsfordailyconversations.Language learnerswill find this book an invaluable reference for learning theEuropeanandtheBrazilianbranchesofthePortugueselanguage.Let’sbeginthejourney.
Chapter1:ThePortugueseAlphabetPortuguese is a Roman language spoken in Portugal, Brazil, Mozambique,Angola,Guinea-Bissau,EastTimor,SãoToméePrincipe,CapeVerde,Macau,and Equatorial Guinea. It is also spoken by small communities in India andMalaysia.PortuguesedescendedfromtheLatinlanguage(VulgarLatin)whichbecamethepredominant langauge at the time of the Roman invasion of the IberianPeninsula.The languagegraduallyevolved in theAtlanticcoast territories intowhat was known as Galician-Portuguese language. It would later split inGalician and Portuguese languages when Galicia was incorporated into SpainandasPortugaldevelopedindependently.KingDinisIofPortugaldecaredtheuseofPortugueselanguageastheofficiallanguagein1290.In 1911, Portugal adopted a reformed orthography, which introduced majorchangesinthespelling.TherevisedstandardwasusedofficiallyinPortugalandits then territories that included the now independent countries likeMozambique, Angola, East Timor, Cape Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe,Guinea-Bissau,Macau,DadraandNagarHaveli,andGoa,Diu,andDamanofIndia. Brazil would later adopt a slightly modified form of Portugal’sorthography 1n 1943 which was eventually revised in 1970. In 2009, Brazilintroducedaneworthographywith thepurposeofunifyingwrittenPortugueseamong the lusophone countries. Its adoption in other Portuguese-speakingcountrieshasnotbeenset.Portugueseisspokenbyabout230millionpeople.Ofthis,about190millionarefrom Brazil. There are notable differences between European Portuguese andBrazilian Portuguese in terms of pronunciation, spelling, and vocabulary buttheseareovershadowedbymanysimilarities.ThePortuguesealphabetisLatin-basedandconsistsof23letters.Inaddition,itusesthreeletters(k,w,y)excusivelyforforeign-derivedwords.Letter European
LetterBrazilianLetter
Name NameAa á á
Bb bê bêCc cê cêDd dê dêEe é éorêFf efe efeGg gêorguê gêHh agá agáIi i iJj jota jotaKk capa cáLl ele eleMm eme emeNn ene eneOo ó óorôPp pê pêQq quê quêRr erreorrê erreSs esse esseTt tê têUu u uVv vê vê
Ww dâblioorduplovê
dáblioorduplovê
Xx xis xis
Yy ípsilonorigrego ípsilon
Zz zê zê
Chapter2:PronunciationGuide(1/2)Diacriticalmarksaresymbols that indicatehowawordshouldbepronounced.In some cases, they are used to clarify a word’s meaning and usage. ThePortugueselanguageusesanumberofdiacriticalmarks.DiacriticalMarks
˜ Thetildeisusedtoindicateanasalsound
´ Anacuteaccentindicatesstressonasyllableandanopenvowelsound
ˆAcircumflexindicatesstressandclosevowelsoundonthemarked
syllable
` Agrave(grahv)markindicatescontractionoftwowords
¸Acedillaisusedtodenotesoft(ssound)pronunciationfortheletter
"c"
Diaresisorumlautsontheletter"u"denotesa"qw"and“gw”soundwhenplacedafter“q”and“g”
respectively.Acute (´)andcircumflex(ˆ) symbolsareused to indicatestresson themarkedsyllableswhile the grave, cedilla, anddiaeresismodify pronunciation.Tilde isonlyusedtoindicatenasalpronunciationandstressinwordswithãending.Thediaeresis mark is now considered obsolete with the effectivity of theorthographicagreementin2009.Itsuseispresentlylimitedtoborrowedwordsandpersonalnames.VowelSounds
VowelSounds Sounds
like: Example
a unstressed the"a"inbeta santana
a
stressedbeforeanasal
consonant
the"a"inbeta guarda
a
stressedbeforeother
consonants
the"a"incat crato
á stresseda the"a"infather calix
ã nasalsound
the"an"inangry não
e eh,unstressed
the"e"innet loures
é eh,stressed the"e"inlet pinhel
ê ey the"ey"inthey bêbado
êm,em,ém
nasalsound
the"e"inend em
i ee the"ee"inweek dizer
o unstressed
the"oo"inlootbut
shorter
corvo
ó stressedo the"o"inlaw próprio
ô o the"o"insore avô
õ
closeto"on"inFrenchbon
canções
u oo the"oo"inlook usar
Chapter3:PronunciationGuide(2/2)ConsonantSoundsConsonants Sounds
like Examples
b the"b"inboy borba
c hardbeforea,o,u
the"c"incar carro
c softbeforee,i
the"s"insand certo
ç softbeforea,o,u
the"s"insun aço
d the"d"indesk dar
d betweenvowels
the"th"inthis idade
f the"f"infit penafiel
g hardbeforea,o,u
the"g"ingo gato
g soft,beforee,i
the"s"in
leisuregente
gu hardbeforea,o,u
the"g"inget água
gu softbeforeeandi
the"g"inguide guia
qu hardbeforea,o,u
the"qu"inquick quando
qu softbeforeeandi
the"qu"in
quicheque
h
silentatthestartofaword
j the"su"
inpleasure
já
l the"l"inleap alandroal
m the"m"
inmoney
mafra
n the"n"innine alcanena
p the"p"inport porto
q the"k"inkit ourique
r
startofaword/beforeanasalvowel
arolled"r"
similarto
Spanish
rico
r
syllablecoda/afterconsonantornon-
nasalvowel
"dd"inladder
RioMaior
rr trilledsound ferro
sstartofaword,befores
the"s"insunatthestartofaword
si
sbeforeavoicelessconsonant
the"sh"inshe estar
s attheendofaword
the"sh"inshe dois
s betweenvowels
the"z"inzoo asa
t the"t"inten tomar
v the"v"invine viseu
x wordinitial,afterj
the"sh"inshe seixal
x startofaword
beforeavowel,the"s"insame
máximo
x startofasyllable
the"z"inzoo Nazaré
middleofabetweenvowels,
x word the"x"intaxi
taxi
z the"z"inzest luzes
z endofaword
the"sh"inshe luz
LetterCombinationsDigraph Context Englishsounds Example
ch like"sh"inshow machico
sc beforeeori like"sh"inshe descer
lh like"lli"inmillion. batalha
nh like"ny"incanyon cantanhede
gu beforeeori like"g"ingo. felgueiras
beforeaoro/
beforeeori
like"Gw"inGwen. mortágua
qu beforeeori like"k"inskip monchique
beforeaoro/
beforeeori
like"qu"inquite. quatro
rr trilledsound noequivalent parra
ss like"s"insince. osso
Dipthongs
Dipthongs Soundslikeau "ow"incowia "ia"inLydiaio "ew"innewei "ay"inplayoa "oa"inboaoe "we"inwetoi "wee"inweedou "oo"inlookua "wa"inwater
ui "we"inweek
Chapter4:GreetingsandBasicPhrases
Bomdia! bonDEE-ah Goodday!
Olá! O-lá Hello!(informal)
Comoestá? KOH-mohish-TAH?
Howareyou?
Então?tudobem?(coll.-
Port.)
eng-ta-ong?too-doobah-ing?
So,what'sup?
Oi!eaí?(colloquial-Brazil)
oy?eeah-ee So,what'sup?
TudoBem. TOO-doBENG Everythingisfine.
Bem/muitobem
Baing/moo-ee-tohbaing
Well/Verywell.
Bem,obrigado/a
BENG,ob-ree-GAH-doo/dah
Fine,thankyou
Mal/muitomal
Mao/moo-ee-tohmao
Bad/Verybad.
Maisoumenos
Ma-eeceohmeh-nos
Moreorless,so-so
Obrigado.(ifyou'rea
man)ob-ree-GAH-doo Thankyou.
Obrigada.(ifyou'reawoman)
ob-ree-GAH-dah Thankyou.
Denada jeNAH-dah You'rewelcome.
Comoestá? KOH-mohish-TAH?
Howareyou?
Comovai? Coh-mohvye?" How'sitgoing?
Comosechama?
KOH-mohseSHA-ma?
Whatisyourname?
(O)meunomeé______
(oh)mewNOMEey_____
Mynameis______
Muitoprazeremconhecê-
MOOY-topra-ZEHRengkoh- Niceto
lo nye-SEH-lo meetyou.
Sim.SEE
(Portugal)/SEEN(Brazil)
Yes.
Não. NOWNG No.
Desculpe.desh-KULP(Port)/desh-
KUL-pay(Brazil)I'msorry.
Comlicença! co-lee-sensah Excuseme.
Nãofazmal! nah-fash-mahl
Noproblem./Noworries.
Estábem! tahbaingIt's
okay./That'senough.
Porfavor pohrfa-VOHR Please
Atélogo. ah-TEHLOH-goo
Seeyoulater.
Atémais! ah-taymyee-sh Seeyousoon.
Adeus! uh-DEOOSH Goodbye!
Tchau! CHOW Goodbye!(informal)
NãofaloPortuguês.
NOWNGfah-loopor-too-GEZH
Ican'tspeakPortuguese.
FalaInglês? fah-lahing-GLEZH?
Doyouspeak
English?Socorro! soo-KOO-hoo! Help!Bomdia! bonDEE-ah Goodday!
Boatarde!
bo-ah/TARD(Port)
/TAR-day(Brazil)
Goodevening!
Boanoite!bo-ah
NOIT(Port)/NOI-chay(Brazil)
Goodnight!
Nãosei! nawsay Idon'tknow
Nãocompreendo.
NOWNGkom-pre-EN-doo
Idon'tunderstand
it.
Nãopercebi! nawpehr-say-beeIdidn't
understandit.
Nãoentendo!(Brazil)
nawen-tehn-doo Idon'tunderstand
it.
Nãoentendi!(Brazil) nawen-tehn-chee
Ididn'tunderstand
it.
Poderepetir? podray-peh-teer?
Couldyourepeat,please?
Chapter5:PortugueseNumbers(Números)NumberingRulesNumbers from zero to fifteen are specific words that must be memorized:(0)zero.(1)um,(2)dois,(3)três,(4)quatro,(5)cinco,(6)seis,(7)sete,(8)oito, (9) nove, (10) dez, (11) onze, (12) doze, (13) treze, (14) catorze, (15)quinze.Numbers fromsixteen tonineteenareobtainedbycombining tenand theunit:(10and6)dezasseis, (10and7)dezassete, (10and8)dezoito, and (10and9)dezanove.Exceptfor10and20,thenamesofthetensarederivedfromtheunit’sroot:(10)dez, (20) vinte, (30) trinta, (40) quarenta., (50) cinquenta, (60) sessenta, (70)setenta,(80)oitentaand(90)noventa.The same rule applies when naming the hundreds: (100) cem/centos (plural),(200) duzentos, (300) trezentos, (400) quatrocentos, (500) quinhentos, (600)seiscentos,(700)setecentos,(800)oitocentos,and(900)novecentos.An“e”(and)isusedtoconnecttensandunits(trintaedois,32)andhundredandtens(duzentostrintaedois,232).Itisnot,however,usedtolinkthousandsandhundredsexceptwhenthenumberendswith2zeroes(quartomileduzentos–4,200).Thousandsandunitsarealsolinkedby“e”(doismilequarto–2004).In Portuguese you separate the thousands from the hundred and the millionsfromthethousandswithaperiodor“pontos”whileyousetthedecimalnumbersapartwithacommaor“vírgulas”.Hence:English->Portuguese23,253,215.54->23.253.215,54
CardinalNumbers
0 zero (zeh-ro)
1 um(m)uma(f)um(oon)/uma(oo-mah)
2 dois(m)duas(f)
(doh-eesh)/duas(doo-
ash)
3 três(treh-sh)or(tray-eess-Brazil)
4 quarto (kwa-troo)5 cinco (cin-koo)6 seis (say-eesh)
7 sete (set)or(se-chee-Brazil)
8 oito (oy-too)9 nove (noh-vee)
10 dez(umadezena)
(desh)or(day-iss-Brazil)
11 onze (on-zee)
12 doze(umadúzia) (doh-zee)
13 treze (tray-zee)
14 quatorze,catorze (ka-tor-zee)
15 quinze (keen-zee)
16 dezesseis
(deh-zah-say-eesh)/(deh-zeh-seiss-Brazil.)
17 dezessete
(deh-zah-set)/(chee-zeh-seh-chee-Brazil)
18 dezoito(deh-zoy-too)/(chee-zoy-too-Brazil)(deh-zah-nov)/(chee-zeh-
19 dezenove noh-vee-Brazil)
20 vinte(veent)or(veen-tchee)inBrazil
21 vinteeum(m)vinteeuma(f)
(veenteoon/oo-mah)
30 trinta (treen-tah)
31 trintaeum(m)trinteeuma(f)
(treen-taheoon/oo-mah)
32trintaedois(m)trintae
duas
(treen-tahedoh-eesh/doo-
ash)40 quarenta (kwa-ren-tah)
50 cinqüenta (cin-kwen-tah)
60 sessenta (seh-sen-tah)70 setenta (seh-tayn-tah)80 oitenta (oy-tayn-tah)
90 noventa (noo-vayn-tah)
100 cem(umacentena)
(saing]or[seh-ing]inBrazil)
101 centoeum(m)centoeuma(f)
(cen-tooeoonorcen-tooeoo-mah)
200 duzentos(m)duzentas(f)
(doo-zayn-toosh)
300 trezentos(m)trezentas(f)
(treh-zayn-toosh)
400
quatrocentos(m)
quatrocentas(f)
(kwa-tro-cen-toos)
500 quinhentos(m)quinhentas(f)
(keen-nyientoosh)
600 seiscentos(m)seiscentas(f)
(seh-eesh-cen-toosh]
700 setecentos(m)setecentas(f)
(seh-tay-cen-toosh
800 oitocentos(m)oitocentas(f)
(oy-toh-cen-toosh
900 novecentos(m)novecentas(f)
(noh-vay-cen-toosh)
1000 mil(ummilhar)
(meal)or(mee-oo)in
Braz
1100 milecem
(mealesaing)or(mee-ooshe-ing-Brazil)
1200 mileduzentos (mealedoo-zayn-toosh)
1235 milduzentosetrintaecinco
(mealdoo-zayn-tooshetreen-tahecin-koo)
2000 doismil(m)duasmil(f)
(doh-eeshmil/(doo-ashmeal)
1300 miletrezentos (mealetreh-zayn-toosh)
1million ummilhão (ungmee-lyee-aung)
2million doismilhões(doh-eeshmee-lyee-oingsh)
3million trêsmilhões (trayshmee-lyee-oingsh)
1billion umbilhão/umbilhão(Brazil)
(ungbee-lyee-aung)
1billion doisbiliões(doh-eeshbee-lyee-oingsh)
OrdinalNumbersOrdinal numbers follow the rules governing adjectives. When referring tofemininepronoun,forinstance,ordinalnumberstakean–aending.Examples:aprimeirafilha->thefirstdaughteroprimeironamorado->thefirstboyfriendWhennecessary,ordinalnumbersmaytakepluralendings.Examples:osprimeirosanos->thefirstyearsosprimeirospassos->thefirststepsWhenindicating a century, Portuguese speakers would not normally use the ordinalnumbers.Instead,itismorecommontohear“oséculovinteeum”(thecentury21) than “o vigésimo primeiro século ” (the 21st century). In Portuguese,centuriesarewritteninRomannumerals.Hence,the21stcenturyisexpressedas“oséculoXXI”.Theordinalnumbersusuallyprecedethenountheymodify.OrdinalNumbers:
1st primeiro pre-may-roh
2nd segundo seh-goon-doh
3rd terceiro ter-say-roh4th quarto ku-ar-toh5th quinto keen-toh6th sexto says-toh
7th sétimo seh-chee-moh
8th oitavo oy-tah-voh9th nono noh-nu10th décimo dess-ee-moh
11th décimoprimeirodess-ee-moh-pre-may-roh
12th décimoSegundodess-ee-moh-seh-goon-doh
13th décimoterceiro dess-ee-moh-ter-say-
roh
14th décimoquartodess-ee-
moh-ku-ar-toh
15th décimoquintodess-ee-moh-keen-
toh
16th décimosextondess-ee-moh-says-
toh
17th décimosétimodess-ee-moh-she-chee-moh
18th décimooitavodess-ee-
moh-oy-tah-voh
19th décimonono dess-ee-moh-noh-nu
20th vigésimo vee-gess-ee-moh
30th trigésimo tree-gess-ee-moh
40th quadragésimo kuah-dra-gess-ee-moh
50th qüinquagésimoku-een-ku-ah-gess-ee-
moh
60th sexagésimo says-tah-gess-ee-moh
70th septuagésimo sep-too-ah-gess-ee-moh
80th octogésimo ock-tah-gess-ee-moh
90th nonagésimo noh-nah-gess-ee-moh
100th centésimo sen-tess-ee-moh
Chapter6:Months,Days,andSeasonsMonthsoftheYear(Osmesesdoano)
janeiro Januaryfevereiro Februarymarço Marchabril Aprilmaio Mayjunho Junejulho Julyagosto Augustsetembro Septemberoutubro Octobernovembro Novemberdezembro December
DaysoftheWeek(Osdiasdasemana)
domingo Sundaysegunda-feira Mondayterça-feira Tuesdayquarta-feira Wednesdayquinta-feira Thursdaysexta-feira Fridaysábado Saturday
TheseasonsoftheYear(Asestaçõesdoano)
primavera springverão summeroutono autumn/fallinverno winter
Chapter7:TimeandDate(HoraeData)AskingthetimeToaskfortime,youcanuseanyofthefollowingquestionsandtheyallmean“Whattimeisit?”Quehorassão?Porfavor,quehorassão?Quehoraéele?Toaskfortimeinamoreformalmanner:Vocêsabequehorassão?TellingTimeTellingtimeinPortugueseisquitesimpleandalotliketellingtimeinEnglish.Justsaythe"hournumber,theword“e”(and),andtheminutenumber.Hence,tosay7:20:Sãosete(horas)evinte(minutos).->It’sseventwenty.Takenotethatthehorasandminutesareoptional.Toexpressanexacthour:Sãoseishoras./Sãoseishorasemponto.It’ssixo’clock./It’s6:00sharp.Timeisalwaysexpressedinthepluralexceptwhenitisatoneo’clockwhenyouhavetosay“Éumahora.”Fortherest,you’lluse“São”.Bothareformsoftheverb“ser”(tobe).Toexpress“halfanhour”,youwillusetheexpression“emeia”.Hence:Sãosisemeia.->It’s6:30.
Totelltimeafterthehalfhour,itismorecommontosaytheremainingminutesbefore the approaching hour and to use the expression “para as” before thecominghour.Example:Sãovinteparaasseis.->It’stwentytosix.Sãocincoparaassete.->It’sfivetoseven.Toexpresstimewhichisnotspecific,youcanusethefollowingexpressions:Émeio-dia.->It'snoon.Émeia-noite.->It'smidnight.Insteadofusing“am”or“pm”todescribethespecifictime,itismorecommonto use the expressions “da manhã” (in the morning), “da tarde” (in theafternoon),ordanoite”(oftheevening).Tostateanevent thatwilloccuratanexacttime,thepreposition“às”whichmeans“at”isusedbeforethehour.Example:Ojogocomeçaàs7:00damanhã.->Thegamestarsat7:00inthemorning.Tostatethataneventwillbeginandendatacertaintime,youusetheexpression“das(horas)(horas)”or“das(horas)atéas(horas)”.Ojogoserádas7:00atéàs9:00.ThegamewillbefromseventonineOjogoserádas7:00atéàs9:00.Thegamewillbefromseventillseven.Time->Expression->English11:5oa.m.->Sãodezparaasdoze.->It'stentotwelve.2:15a.m.->Sãodoisequinze.->It'squarterpasstwo.7:10a.m.->seteseis.->It'stenpastseven.1:25p.m.->Umventiecincodatarde.->It'sonetwentyfivepm.at8(sharp)->Emoito.->It's8o'clock.9:30p.m.->Sãonoveemeia.->It'snineandahalf.
Itisalsocommonforpeopletousethe24-hourformat,whichisjustamatterofsubtracting12hoursfromthegiventimetogettheusual12-hourformat.Forexample:Sãoquinzeevinteedois.->It’sthreetwenty-twoPM.Sãodezenoveequinze.->It’ssevenfifteenPM.
umareunião ameetingum
compromisso anappointment
umaconsulta aconsultationumencontro adate
orelógio theclock/thewatch
Oônibuspassaàsseteeventiecinco.Thereisabusatseventwenty-five.Minhaaulacomeçaàsoitoemeia.Myclassesbeginat8:30.WritingDatesTowritedates inPortuguese,youhave towrite in thisorder: thedayfirst, themonth,andthentheyear.Towritethedateinthelongformat,youwillusethepreposition“de”(of)betweenthedayandthemonth.Remembertoalwayswritetheyearinfull.Datesareneverseparatedbyacomma.Examples:24abril201525dedezembro2015TimeExpressions:
agora nowdepois laterantes beforemanhã morningtarde afternoon
fimdetarde evening
hoje todayontem yesterdayamanhã tomorrow
estasemana thisweeksemanapassada lastweek
próximasemana nextweek
Chapter8:ColorsinPortuguese(Cores)Like other adjectives, most colors in Portuguese must change their ending toagreewiththenumberandgenderofthenountheydescribe.Adjectivesendingin–omustchangetoan–aendingwhendescribingafemininenoun.Adjectivesending in–aneednot change to–owhendescribing amasculinenoun.Whenformingplural,mostadjectivesaddan–stothesingularform.Examples:
acasabranca thewhitehouseascasasamarelas
theyellowhouses
oenvelopeverde
thegreenenvelope
oscarrosazuis thebluecars.Mostcommoncolors:vermelho(ver-MEH-lyoo) redazul(ah-ZOOL),pl.azuis
(ah-ZOOEYSH) blue
amarelo(ah-mah-REH-loo) yellowlaranja(lah-RANG-jah) orangeverde(VEHR-deh(Port.) greenverdeVEHR-day(Brazil) greenverdeVEHR-jay(Rio)) green
castanho(cah-STAHN-yo) brownpreto(PREH-too) black
branco(BRAHNG-koo) whitecinzento(see-ZHEN-toh) grayvioleta(vee-oh-LAY-tah) purple
Chapter9:WordOrderThebasicwordorderinPortugueseissimilar toEnglish:Subject-Verb-Object.Portuguese,however, ismore flexible thanEnglishand it’snotunusual to seenon-subjectwordsatthebeginningofasentence.Thesubject-verb-objectwordordercanbeusedwhenformingstatements,directquestions,indirectquestions,andnegativestatements.StatementsAstatementisusedwhenexpressinganeventorafact.ItusestheSubject-Verb-Objectpattern.TakealookatabasicstatementinPortuguese:
, Subject Verb Object PrepositionalPhrase
Portuguese Nós comemos bolo nafesta.
English We ate cake attheparty.
Portuguese Ele tem umtrabalho naFrança.
English He has ajob inFrance.
Justbyusingthissimplewordorder,youcaneasilyformyourownsentencesinPortuguese.DirectQuestionsForming a simple direct question is just as easy.All you have to do is use aquestionwordandfollowitwithastatementusingthesubject-verb-objectorder.First,herearecommonquestionwordsinPortuguese:
Quem WhoQual WhatOque WhatOnde Where
Quando WhenPorque WhyDequem WhoseComquem WithwhomSobrequem AboutwhomQuantos Howmany
Àquehoras AtwhattimePorquenão Whynot
Qual WhichoneAonde TowhereAquem TowhomParaonde TowhereDeonde FromwhereQuanto Howmuch
Porquevocênão Whydon’tyou
QuestionWord Subject Verb Object
Portuguese Onde ele compra livros?
English Where doeshe buy books?
Portuguese Oque ela faz naFranca?
English What doesshe do in
France?
Whenspeaking,youmustraiseyourintonationattheendofthequestion.IndirectQuestionsInPortuguese,indirectquestionsfollowthesamewordorderasstatementsbuttheyendwithaquestionmarkamkendwitharisingintonation.PortugueseindirectquestionsdonotstartwithaverbunlikethoseinEnglish.Herearesomeexamplesofindirectquestions:
Subject Verb Object Prep.Phrase
Portuguese Ele tem umtrabaho
naFranca?
English Doeshe have ajob in
France?
Portuguese Nós comemos bolo nafesta?
English Didwe eat cake attheparty?
NegativesentencesAnegativesentenceexpressesdenialordisagreement.Toformnegativesentences,thewordorderremainsthesamebutthistime,anegativewordisplacedbeforetheverb.Negativewords:
não no,don’t
ninguém nobody,(not)anybody
nada nothing,(not)anything
nenhum(a) no,nonenem nor
tampouco neither,eithernem...nem neither...nor
nunca,jamais never,evernemsequer noteven
Herearesomeexamples:Subject Negative Verb Object/Prep.
Phrase
Nós não estamoscomendo bolo.
We arenot eating cake.
Eu não estoulendo umlivro.
I amno reading abook.DescriptivesentencesThereisabigdifferencebetweenEnglishandPortugueseinwordorderwhenitcomestosentenceswithdescriptivewords.InEnglish,adjectivesareplacedbeforethenoun.InPortuguese,theyareplacedafterthenoun.Here are some examples of sentences with two adjectives. Take note of the
placementofthefirstadjective.
Subject+Adjective Verb Adjective
Portuguese Ocarroazul é caro.
English Thebluecar is expensive.
Portuguese Orapazalto é inteligente.
English Thetallboy is intelligent.
Chapter10:CapitalizationandPunctuationPortuguese and English differ in several aspects of capitalization andpunctuation.HerearebasicPortugueserulesoncapitalizationandpunctuation:Thefollowingarecapitalized:PersonalnamesholidaysabbreviationsnamesofplacesThedaysoftheweekarenotcapitalizedonPortuguese.SeasonsoftheyeararecapitalizedinPortuguese.Ingeneral,wordsthatindicatenationalitiesarenotcapitalized.Months of the year and academic subjects are capitalized in EuropeanPortuguesebutnotinBrazilianPortuguese.Datesarenotseparatedbyacomma.Forexample: 30deMaiode2015.PunctuationMarks(Pontuação)
Sign Name(.) ponto(period)(,) Vírgula(comma)(;) Pontoevírgula(semi-colon)(:) doispontos(colon)
(?) Pontodeinterrogação(Questionmark)
(!) Pontodeexclamação(Exclamationmark)
(...) Reticências(Suspensionpoints)("...") Aspas(Invertedcommas)(...) Parênteses(Brackets)(-) Travessão(Dash)
Chapter11:Articles(Artigos)Articles define the specificity or non-specificity of a noun. Unlike theirequivalentinEnglish,Portuguesearticlesagreewiththenumberandgenderofthenountheymodify.Therearetwomaincategoriesofarticles:thedefinitearticlesandtheindefinitearticles. The definite articles are the equivalent of “the” in English while theindefinitearticlesaretheequivalentof“a”,“an”,“any”,“the”or“some”.Thereare four definite articles and indefinite articles which correspond to themasculine and feminine gender as well as to the singularity or plurality of anoun.Articles almost always precede a noun and it is not usual for Portuguesesentencestostartwithanoun.Definitearticles,inparticular,aremorefrequentlyused inPortuguese than inEnglish. It’scommon toseedefinitearticlesbeforenounsreferringtosubjectslike“ahistória”(History)or“abiologia”(Biology)inPortuguese.Definitearticlesare likewiseprevalentlyusedbeforepropernounsforpeopleorplaces.Thus,itiscommontosee“osEstadosUnidos”(theUnitedStates) or “o Francisco” (the Francisco). The use of definite articles before aproper noun is mostly defined by tradition. For instance, they are never usedwithpropernounslikePortugal,Timor,Mocambique,AngolaorCaboVerde.Herearethearticlesandexamplesoftheirusage:Thedefinitearticles(artigosdefinidos)5Gender Meaning Singular PluralMasculine the o osFeminine the a asExamples:
obanho thebathacomida thefoodosgatos thecatsasflores theflowers
Theindefinitearticles(artigosindefinidos)Gender Meaning Singular Plural
Masculine a,an,some um uns
Feminine a,an,some uma umas
Examples:
umlivro abookunscarros somecarsumabebida adrinkumascortinas somecurtains
Chapter12:Nouns(Substantivos)Nounsarewordsthatnamepersons,things,places,ideas,orevents.Nounsmaybemasculine or feminine and singular or plural.Modifiers like adjectives andarticlesmustagreewiththegenderandnumberofthenountheymodify.GenderofNounsThereareonlytwogendersinPortuguese:themasculineandfemininegenders.Inmanycases,itispossibletodetermineanoun’sgenderbyitsending.Hereareguidelinesforidentifyingwhetheranounismasculineorfeminine:
MasculineNouns
1. Nounsendinginanunstressed–oaregenerallymasculine.
0ano theyearotio theuncleocarro thecaroprimo thecousinoamigo themalefriendomarido thehusband
Exception:afoto(thephoto),atribo(thetribel)
2. Therearegroupsofmasculinenounsthatendwith–a:Ingeneral,nounsendinginastressed–aaremasculine
ogala theleadingmanoimã themagnetochá thetea
otalisman thetalismanopá shovel,mate
ocardigan thecardiganosofá thesofa
Exception:alã(thewool),amaçã(theapple)Masculinenounsendinginanunstressed–a:
oguia theguideomapa themapoplaneta theplanetodia theday
Portuguesenounsendingin–mawhichareofGreekoriginaremasculinenouns:
osistema thesystemoprogramma theprogram
otelefonema thetelephonecall
odrama thedramaodiagram thediagramomiasma thedecayoclima theclimate
3. Ingeneral,nounswhichendin–mearemasculine.
onome thenameolegume thevegetableocostume thecustomovolume thevolumeouniforme theuniformocume thetop,summitoexame theexam
olume thefire,thelight
oqueixume thelamentExceptions:avexame(theshameordisgrace),afome(thehunger)
4. Ingeneral,nounsendingin–raremasculine.
oprazer thepleasureocolar thenecklaceomotor themotorolar thehome
oandar thefloor,storeyohumor thehumoroar theairopar thepair,couple
oardor theardour,passion
ofuror thefury,rage
oaspirador thevacuumcleaner
omar theseaobar thebar
Exceptions:acolher(thespoon),amulher(thewoman),ador(thepain)Nounsendingin–laremasculine.
ocaracol thesnailohotel thehotel
ohospital thehospitalocanil thekennelomel thehoney
ocasal thecoupleoperfil theprofileofossil thefossiloreptile thereptileoanel theringolençol thesheetofutebol thefootball
opainel thepanel,picture
ofuzil therifleopapel thepaperotextile thetextile
Nounswhichendin–maremasculine.
otrem thetrainopatim theskateojardim thegardenocapim thegrass
otalharim thetagliatelleornoodles
Somemasculinenounsmayapplytofemininenouns.
ocônjuge thespouseoanimal theanimaloindivíduo theindividualoanjo theangel
FeminineNounsNounsendingin–adeand–idearefeminine.
acidade thecityajuventude theyouthaamizade thefriendshipavirtude thevirtueaigualdade theequality
atranquilidade thetranquillityapiedade thepity
anacionalidade thenationalityaprioridade thepriorityauniversidade theuniversity
Nounswhichendin–gemarefeminine
amargem themarginaengrenagem thecar’sgearaparagem thestop
ahomenagem thetribute,homage
aferragem thehardwearaviagem thejourneyafolhagem thefoliage
amalandragem thecunning,double-dealing
Nounswhichendin-são,–ção,–giãoor–stãowhichcorrespondtheEnglishsuffixes–sion,-tion,-gion,or–stionarefeminine
aintenção theintentionamansão themansionaerudição thelearningaevasão theevasionalição thelessonanação thenation
ailustração theillustration
arazão thereasonacongestão thecongestionaposição thepositionareligião thereligionaimitação theimitationaconfusão theconfusionailusão theillusionadecisão thedecisionaregião theregion
acombustão thecombustionasessão thesession
Exception:ocoração(theheart)Nounswhichendin–ciearefeminine.
aplanície theplainaimundície thefilthasuperfície thesurfaceavelhice theoldageameninice thechildhood
Somefemininenounsmayapplytomasculinegender.
abesta thebeast,animal
avítima thevictimacriança thechild
atestemunha thewitnessapessoa theperson
Nounsendingin–e,z,andãoareeithermasculineorfeminineSinceit’snotpossibletodeterminethegenderbythenoun’sending,itwillbenecessarytofamiliarizeyourselfwiththegenderofnounswith–e,-z,and–ãoending.Herearesomenounswiththeseendings:Nounsendingin–eMasculineNounsendingin–e
oenvelope theenvelopeopeixe thefishochicote thewhip
ocárcere theprisonoleste theeastocheque thechequeorecorte thecutting,clipodesfile theprocessionopé thefoot
oesmalte thenailpolishosangue thebloodoente thebeing
osatellite thesatelliteogabinete theofficeotraje thedress,suitolimite thelimitoresgate theransomomonte thehill,pileoparente therelative
FeminineNounsEndingin–e
agreve thestrikeafrase thesentenceamercê themercyatarde theafternoonalente thelensafrente thefront
amassacre themassacreagafe thegaffeamare thetide
Nounswhichendin–zMasculinenounsendingin-z
oxadrez thechessoxerez thesherryocartaz thebill,posteroarroz therice
Femininenounsendingin–z
apalidez thepalenessaluz thelight
amatriz themould,womb
amaciez thesoftnessNounsendingin–ãoMasculineNounsendingin–ão
otrovão thethunderoavião theaeroplaneotravão thebrake
oescorregão theslip-upovolcão thevolcanoopão thebread
Femininenounsendingin–ão
avastidão theimmensityaescuridão thedarknessamão thehand
aescravidão theslaveryIrregularMasculineandFeminineNounsNationalities,Professions,relatives,animals,titles
poet opoeta poet apoetisa
judge ojuiz judge ajuiza
champion ocampeão champion acampeã
citizen ocidadão citizen acidadã
Jew ojudeu Jew ajudeia
German oalemão German aalemã
European oeuropeu European aeuropeia
Catalan ocatalão Catalan acatalã
hero oherói heroine aheroina
father opai mother amãe
grandfather oavô grandmother aavó
husband omarido wife aesposafather-in-
law osogro mother-in-law asogra
son-in-law ogenro daughter-in-law agenra
brother oirmão sister airmã
stepfather opadrasto stepmother amadrasta
boy orapaz girl arapariga(Pt)
actor oator actress aatriz
ambassador oembaixador ambassador a
embaixatriz
monk omonge nun amonjaking orei queen arainha
prince opríncipe princess aprincesa
duke oduque duchess aduquesa
count oconde countess acondesa
baron obarão baroness abaronesa
gentleman ocavaleiro lady adama
bull/cow oboi bull/cow avaca
cock ogalo hen agalinha
dog ocão bitch acadela/cachorra
Chapter13:InvariableNounsSomenounsdon’tchangeinformwhethertheyrefertomaleorfemale.Theirgenderisdeterminedbythedefiniteorindefinitearticleplacedbeforethem.
o/acriança thechildo/acamarada thecomradeo/acobra thesnake
o/acolega thecolleague,classmate
o/aguia theguide
o/acarioca theRiodeJaneironative
o/aindígena theindigenouspeople
o/acliente thecustomer,client
o/apatriota thepatrioto/ajovem theyoungperson
o/ahomicídio thehomicideo/aburocrata thebureaucrat
o/asuicídio thesuicide,murderedperson
o/ataxista thetaxidrivero/ademocrata thedemocrato/agerente themanager,boss
o/acanadense theCanadiano/acadete thecadet
o/aestadunense theAmericano/aestudante thestudento/atimorense theTimoreseo/aintérprete theinterpretero/aartista theartisto/atenista thetennisplayer
o/amotorista thedriver
o/adoente theillperson,invalid
FormingPluralNounsIngeneral,Portuguesenounsformtheirpluralbychangingtheendingofthenoun’ssingularform.Followingaretheruleswhichgovernthechangeinthenoun’sendingtoformtheplural:NounsendinginavowelNounsendinginavowelformtheirpluralbyadding–stothesingularform.aamiga(friend)->asamigas(thefriends)oovo(theegg)->osovo(theeggs)operu(theturkey)->osperus(theturkeys)aárvore(thetree)->asárvores(thetrees)Nouns ending in diphthongs likewise form their plural by adding s. Theexceptionsarenounsendingin–ão,ojudeu(theJew)->osjudeus(theJews)oboi(theox)->osbois(theoxen)oherói(thehero)->osheróis(theheroes)océu(thesky)->oscues(theskies)alei(thelaw)->asleis(thelaws)Nounsendingin–mNounswhichendin–mformtheirpluralbychanging–mto–nandaddingsohomem(theman)->homens(themen)apaisagem(thelandscape)->aspaisagens(thelandscapes)amargem(themargin)->asmargens(themargins)ojardim(thegarden)->osjardins(thegardens)Nounsendingin–nNounswhichendin–nformtheirpluralbyadding–sogermen(thegerm)->osgermens(thegerms)
Nounsendingin–ror–zNounswith–ror–zendingformtheirpluralbyadding–esamulher(thewoman)->asmulheres(thewomen)orapaz(theboy)->osrapazes(theboys)omotor(themotor)->osmotores(themotors)acolher(thespoon)->ascolheres(thespoons)ocartaz(theposter)->oscartazes(theposters)aatriz(theactress)->asatrizes(theactresses)Nounsendingin–sWhenthestressfallsonthelastsyllable,nounswhichendin–sformtheirpluralbyadding–es.opaís(thecountry)->ospaíses(thecountries)odues(thegod)->osdeuses(thegods)omês(themonth)->osmeses(themonths)Takenotethatthenoundropsthecircumflexwhenitformstheplural.Thisruleworkswithnounsofmanynationalities:oingles(theEnglish)->osingleses(theEnglish)ofrancês(theFrench)->osfranceses(theFrench)oportuguês(thePortuguese)->osportugueses(thePortuguese)ochinês(theChinese)->oschineses(theChinese)Ifthestressfallsonasyllableotherthanthefinalsyllable,nounsendingin–sretainthesingularformandareonlymodifiedbytheaccompanyingarticle.olapis(thepencil)->oslapis(thepencils)oatlas(theatlas)->osatlas(theatlases)oalferes(thelieutenant)->osalferes(thelieutenants)ovirus(thevirus)->osvirus(theviruses)Nounsendingin–lJustlikenounswhichendin–s,thepluralformationofnounsendingin–ldependsonthelocationofthestress.Herearetherulesforthisgroupofnouns:Nounsendingin–alWhenthestressfallsinvariablyonthelastsyllable,nounsendingin–alform
theirpluralbydropping–alandreplacingitwith–ais.ojornal(thenewspaper)->osjornais(thenewspapers)omaterial(thematerial)->osmateriais(thematerials)ogeneral(thegeneral)->osgenerais(thegenerals)Nounsendingin-elIfthestressfallsonthelastsyllable,nounswhichendin–elformtheirpluralbydropping–elandreplacingitwith–eis.Inaddition,thepluralformisindicatedbyanacuteaccentonthelastsyllable.opapel(thepaper)->ospapéis(thepapers)ohotel(thehotel)->oshotéis(thehotels)opastel(thecake)->ospasties(thecakes)Whenthestressisnotonthelastsyllable,nounsendingin–elformtheirpluralbyadding–eis.Theacutemark,however,isnotplacedonthestressedsyllable.otunnel(thetunnel)->ostúneis(thetunnels)otelemóvel(themobilephone)->ostelemóveis(themobilephones)Nounsendingin–ilWhenthestressisonthelastsyllable,nounswhichendin–ildropthe–landadd–stoformtheplural.ofunil(thefunnel)->osfunis(thefunnels)ofuzil(therifle)->osfuzis(therifles)ocanil(thekennel)->oscanis(thekennels)Ifthestressisnotonthelastsyllable,nounswhichendin–ilformtheirpluralbyreplacing–ilwith–eis.ofossil(thefossil)->osfósseis(thefossils)otextile(thetextile)->ostêxteis(thetextiles)oreptile(thereptile)->osrépteis(thereptiles)Exceptions:Omal(theevil)->osmales(theevils)
Oconsul(theconsul)->oscônsules(theconsuls)Nounswhichendin–xIfthestressisonthepenultimatesyllable,thepluralformofnounsendingin–xisthesameastheirsingularform.otórax(thethorax)->osthoraxes(thethoraxes)oclímax(theclimax)->osclimax(theclimaxes)Nounsendingin-ãoInmostcases,thepluralofnounsendingin–ãoisformedbyreplacing–ãowith–ões.ocamião(thelorry)->oscamiões(thelorries)oavião(theairplane)->osaviões(theairplanes)olimão(thelemon)->oslimões(thelemons)
Therulealsoappliestonounswithsãoorçãoendings:acancão(thesong)->ascancões(thesongs)adecisão(thedecision)->asdecisões(thedecisions)aobrigacão(theobligation)->asobrigacões(theobligations)ateleviseão(thetelevision)->astelevises(thetelevisions)anacão(thenation)->asnacões(thenations)aeleicão(theelection)->aseleicões(theelections)Thereare,however,afewnounswith–ãoendingthatdeviatefromtheabovepatternandsimplyadd–stoformtheirplural.Hereisthelist:oirmão(thebrother)->osirmãos(thebrothers)airmã(thesister)->asirmãs(thesisters)cidadão(malethecitizen)->oscidadãos(themalecitizens)acidadã(thefemalecitizen)->ascidadãs(thefemalecitizens)ocristão(themaleChristian)->oscristãos(thefemaleChristian)acristã(themaleChristian)->ascristãs(thefemaleChristians)amão(thehand)->asmãos(thehands)Nounswith–ãoendingwhicharenotstressedonthelastsyllablelikewiseformthepluralwithan–sending.osótão(theattic)->ossótãos(theattics)oórgão(theorgan)->osórãos(theorgans)oórfão(theorphan)->osórfãos(theorphans)Othernounswith–ãoendingformtheirpluralbyadding–ães:oescrivão(thescribe)->osescrivães(thescribes)oalemão(theGerman)->osalemães(theGermans)osacristão(thesacristan)->ossacristães(thesacristans)ocão(thedog)->oscães(thedogs)ocapitão(thecaptain)->oscapitães(captains)
ShowingPossessionInEnglish, thepossessive isusuallyexpressedbyusinganapostropheand“s”(‘s)afterthenoun.Hence,toindicatethatacarbelongstoMichael,you’llsay:Michael’scar.Portuguesenounshavenopossessivecase.Toexpresspossession,youwillhavetousethepreposition“de”whichmeans“of”.Hence,tosay“Michael’scar”inPortuguese,youcanuse thephrase“ocarrodeMichael”.Tobemoreprecise,theidealtranslationis“ocarrodoMichael”or“thecaroftheMichael”.Thisisan example of how the preposition “de” contractswith the definite article “o”(the)toform“do”(ofthe).
MostCommonNounsinPortuguese(the)afternoon (a)tarde (ah)tar-
dehinEU
(the)afternoon (a)tarde(ah)tar-tcheeinBR
(the)congratulations
(os)parabéns
(oosh)pah-rah-
baingsh
most(of) amaioria(de)
ahmay-oo-ree-ah
the(legal)right
odireito oodee-ray-ee-too
thearrival
achegada ahshay-gah-dah
thebadluck,thetough (o)azar ooah-zahr
thebadthing
omal
oomahllthebalcony,counter obalcão oobahl-
kaong
thebath
obanho oobah-nyioo
thebeginning oprincípio oopreen-cee-peeoh
thebill
aconta ah-kong-tahthebus(Brazil) oÔnibus oooh-nee-
boossthebus(in
EU)
oautocarro ooaoo-toh-car-roo
thecard ocartão oocahr-taong
thecarefullness
ocuidado oo-koo-ee-dah-doo
thechange
otroco ootroh-koo
thecold
ofrio oofree-oo
thecorner
aesquina ahsh-keen-ah
thecouple
ocasal ookah-zahlinEU
thecouple
ocasal ookah-zahooinBR
theday
odia
oodeer
thedoor
aporta ahpohr-tah
theend
ofim
oofeeng
theera
aera ahair-rah
theexcuse
adesculpa ahdsh-cool-pah
thefavor
ofavor oofah-vohr
thefirst
oprimeiro oopree-mahee-roh
theflight ovôo oovoh-oo
thefoot opé
oopehthefourth,thebedroom
oquarto ookwar-too
thefront
afrente ah-frayn-ttEU
thefront
afrente [ah-frayn-tchee]BR
theglass
ocopo ookoh-poo
thego
aida ahee-dah
thehelp
aajuda ahah-joo-dahthehouse,home
acasa ahkah-sahthehurry,theruh
apressa ahpray-sahthejourney,trip
aviagem ahvee-ah-jaying
thelast(one) oÚltimo ooool-tee-mooinEU
thelast(one) oÚltimoooool-
tchee-mooinBR
theleftside
oesquerdo ooeesh-kayr-dootheleftside
aesquerda aheesh-kayr-dah
theluck
asorte ahsohr-ttinEU
theluck
asorte ahsohr-tcheeinBR
theman
ohomem oooh-mayeen
themessage
orecado ooray-kah-doo
theminute
ominuto oomee-noo-toothemoney,cash
odinheiro oodee-nyieh-ee-roh
themonth omês oomay-sh
themonths osmeses ooshmay-say-sh
thename
onome oonoh-meh
thenews
asnovidades ashnoo-vee-dah-desh
thenext,thefollowing opróximo oopro-see-
moo
thenight
anoite ahnoh-ee-
thenumber onúmero oonoo-may-roh
thepeople
agente ahjayn-ttEU
thepeople
agente ahjayn-ttBR
thepeople
aspessoas ashpeh-soh-ash
thepermission,thelicense
alicença ahlee-sayn-sah
theplate,thedish
oprato ooprah-too
thePortuguese oportuguês oopoor-
too-gay-sh
theproblem
oproblema ohproh-blay-mahthereturn,thegoing
back
avolta ahvohl-tah
therightside
adireita ahdee-ray-ee-tahtheroad,street
arua ahroo-ah
theside
olado oolah-doo
thestudy
oestudo oosh-too-doo
thesurname
oapelido ooah-peh-lee-doo
thething
acoisa ahkoee-zah
theticket
obilhete oobee-lyieh-thethetime,hour
ahora ahoh-rahthetime,theweather
otempo ootaym-poo
thetimetable ohorário oooh-ráh-ree-oo
thetrafficlight osemáforo oosay-mah-
foo-rohtheturn,the
time
avez
ahvaysh
thewater aÁgua ahah-goo-ah
theweek
asemana ahsay-mah-nah
thewife
amulher ahmoo-lyier
thewoman
amulher ahmoo-lyier
theword
apalavra ahpah-lah-vrahthework,assignment
otrabalho ootrah-bah-lyioo
theyears
osanos ooshah-noosh
Chapter14:Pronouns(Pronomes)Personalpronounstaketheplaceofnounsandfunctionassubjectorobjectinasentenceorclause.
SubjectPronouns(PronomesPessoais)Portuguese subject pronouns are often omitted in sentences because the verbitselfconveystheinformationneededtoidentifythesubject.Forinstance,ifyousay “Falo português”, you know that it means “I speak Portuguese” withouthavingtowritethepronoun“Eu”(I)atthestartofthesentence.Saying“you”inPortugueseInEnglish,thepronoun“you”isusedtorefertothesecondpersonsingularandplural.Thisisalmostsimilartohowthepronounsvocê(you,singular)andvocês(you,plural)areusedinBrazilianPortuguese.Theuseof“you”inEuropeanPortuguese,however,ismorecomplex.In Portugal, the familiar pronoun “tu” (you, singular) is usedwhen talking tofamilyandfriendswhile thesemiformalform,“você”isusedwhenaddressingsuperior,olderpeople,orpeoplewhohavenoclosetieswiththespeaker.EuropeanPortugueselikewisetendtousethenameofthepersonratherthanusethepronoun“you”.Forinstance,insteadoftellingFrancis“Doyouwatchhorrorfilms?” they are more inclined to ask “Does Francis watch horror films?”Likewise,whenaddressingsomeonewhosename isnotknown to thespeaker,Portugueseareinclinedtosay“Istheladyokay?”or“CantheMisterhelpme?”.HerearethePortuguesesubjectpronouns:
SubjectPronouns English
eu Itu you(familiar)
você you(semiformal)
ele heela she
- it
nós wevocês you(plural)eles they(masculine)elas they(feminine)
SincethereareonlytwogendersinPortuguese,thereisnoequivalentpronounfortheEnglish“it”.Thepronoun“eles”,themasculineformofthey,isalsousedtorefertoagroupofmixedgenders.Examples:(Eu)nãofaloPortuguês.
Idon’tspeakPortuguese.
(Nós)somosdosEstadosUnidos.
WearefromtheUnitedStates.
Elaéumgrande
professor.
Sheisagreatteacher.
Vocêéumbomamigo.
Youareagoodfriend.
Elessãogenerososecarinho.
Theyaregenerousand
caring.
DirectObjectPronounsAdirectobjectpronounreceivestheactionoftheverb.IntheEnglishsentence“Imethim”,thepronoun“him”functionsasthedirectobjectofthetransitiveverb“met”.HerearethePortugueseDirectObjectPronouns:DirectObjectPronouns English
me mete you(informal)o him/ita her/itnos us
vos/vocês you(plural)os them(masculine)as them(feminine)
In European Portuguese, direct object pronouns follow the verb and areseparatedbyahypen.Example:Euleioolivro.Euleio-o.Ireadthebook.Ireadit.Directobjectpronounshowever,mustprecedetheverbwhentheverbfollowsthefollowing:anegativestatementExample:Acriançanãoocome.Achilddoesn’teatit.adverbslike“sempre”,“também”,"já",or“ainda”amongothers.Example:Nóssempreocomemos.Wealwayseatit.
questionwordslikequem,quando,onde,etc.Example:Quemlêolivrohoje?->Whoreadsthebooktoday?Quemolêhoje?->Whoreadsittoday?relativepronounssuchas“que”(who,which,that,whom),“onde”(where),“quando”(when),etc.
Example:Eladissequecomeuopão.Shesaidthatsheatethebread.Elladissequeocomeu.Shesaidsheateit.Prepositions:Elagostadecomerpãocomqueijo.->Shelikestoeatbreadwithcheese.Elagostadeocomercomqueijo.->Shelikeseatingitwithcheese.
Chapter15:ReflexivePronounsReflexivepronounsrefertheactionbacktothesubjectandareusedinsentenceswhere the subject andobject are the same.The sentence “I hurtmyself” is anexampleofitsuseinEnglishwherethereflexivepronouns“myself”isalsothesubject. Reflexive pronouns can stand for the subject pronouns. The reflexivepronoun “se” refers back to the subject pronouns “ele”, “ela”, “você”, “eles”,“elas”, “vocês”, “o senhor”, “a senhora”, “os senhores” and “as senhoras”.Theyarealsoexactlyparalleltoobjectpronouns.Reflexivepronounsarecommonlyusedwithreflexiveverbswhicharelistedinthedictionarywitha–seending.Herearethereflexivepronouns:
Subject Reflexive Englisheu me myself
tu(Portugalonly) te yourself(tu)
ele,ela,você sehimself,herself,yourself
nós nos ourselvesvós(archaic) vos yourselveseles,elas,vocês se themselves,
yourselves
PossessivePronounsandAdjectivesPossessive pronouns and adjectives are used to express ownership. Possessivedescribe,replaceoraccompanyanoun.Possessivepronounsandadjectivesareidentical. Possesive adjectives are placed before the noun they modify whilepossessivepronounsreplaceanounandareprecededbyadefinitearticle.Bothmust agree in number and gender with the object possessed and not with thepossessor.Examples:
Meucarroécaro.
Mycarisexpensive.
Minhascasassãogrande.
Myhousesarebig.
Ocarroéomeu. Thecarismine.
Possessor Possessedobject
Masculine Feminine
Singular Plural Singular Plural
eu meu meus minha minhas
tu teu teus tua tuasele,ela,você seu seus sua suas
nós nosso nossos nossa nossas
vós vosso vossos vossa vossaseles,elas,vocês seu seus sua suas
DemonstrativePronounsandDemonstrativeAdjectivesDemonstrative words indicate the distance between the speaker and anothernounorpronoun.TheycorrespondtotheEnglishwords“this”,“these”,“that”,and“those”.Herearethedemonstrativepronouns:
isto this
istos these
isso that
issos those
aquilo that(overthere)
aquilos those(overthere)
Examples:Oqueéisso?->Whatisthat?Estessãomeus.->Thesearemine.DemonstrativeadjectivesDemonstrativeadjectivesareusedtomodifynouns.Youusethemtoexpress“thishouse”or“thosebooks”.Demonstrativeadjectivesmustmatchthegenderandnumberofthenountheymodify.DemonstrativeAdjectivesMasculine Feminine English
este esta this
estes estas these
esse esse that
esses essas those
aquele aquelathat(overthere)
aqueles aquelasthose(overthere
Examples:
Estescarrossãocaros.
Thesecarsareexpensive.
Essascasassãograndesebela.
Thosehousesarebigandbeautiful.
InterrogativePronounsInterrogative pronouns are words you use when asking questions. Theycorrespond to the English words “who”, “what”, “when”, “where”, “which”,“how”,and“why”.HerearetheinterrogativepronounsinPortuguese:
quem? who
quens? who(plural)
que...? what
quando? when
porque...? why
onde? where
como? how
qual? which
quanto? howmuch
When asking about two or more persons, you use the plural form “quens”,insteadof“quem” (who). Forexample, “Quemsãoessaspessoas?” (Whoarethosepeople?”The pronoun “onde” (where) is commonly usedwith the prepositions “a” (to)and“de”(of/from).Itcontractswhenusedwith“a”into“aonde”whichmeans“to/atwhere”.Itisusedtoindicatedirectionorlocation.Forinstance,toexpress“towhereareyougoing?”,you’llsay“Aondevocêvai?”.Thepronoun“que”(what)iscommonlyusedwiththearticle“o”asamatterofpractice. There is no difference in meaning whether you use “o” or not. Forexample,“oquedizem”meansthesamethingsas“oquedizem”(Whataretheysaying?)Toask“why?”asasingle-wordquestion,you’llsay“(o)porquê?”
Chapter16:Adjectives(Adjetivos)An adjective modify or describe a noun or a pronoun. Adjectives can bemasculineorfeminineandsingularorpluraldependingonthegenderornumberofthenountheymodify.Adjectivescommonlyendin–o,-e,oraconsonant.Whenanadjectiveendsin–o,itcanhavefourdifferentforms:caro(expensive)
singular pluralmasculine caro carosfeminine cara caras
Themasculinenounbrinquedo (toy)canbedescribedas“umbrinquedocaro”(an expensive toy”) or “brinquedos caros”(expensive toys). To describe thefemininenouncasa(house),youcansay“umacasacara”(anexpensivehouse)or“casascaras”(expensivehouses).Adjectives ending in –e can have two forms, having similar forms for themasculineandthefeminineandintheplural.forte(strong)
singular pluralmasculine forte fortesfeminine forte fortes
Thenounhomem(man)maythusbedescribedas“umfortehomem”(astrongman) or “os homens fortes” (the strong men). On the other hand, a mulher(woman)canbedescribedas“amulherforte”(thestrongwoman)or“mulheresfortes”(strongwomen).Other Examples: Este é um carro caro. (This is an expensive car.) Ele é umhomemhumilde.(Heisahumbleman.)Foimaisumasemanaprodutiva.(Itwasanotherproductiveweek.)Minhamãeéumamulhercarinhosaeamorosa.(My
motherisacaringandlovingwoman.)Foimaisumasemanaprodutiva.(Itwasanotherproductiveweek.)Minhamãeéumamulhercarinhosaeamorosa.(Mymother isacaringand lovingwoman.) Ingeneral,Portugueseadjectivescomeafterthenoun.Thereare,however,someexceptions.Forinstance,theirregularadjectivesmau(bad)andbom(good)arenearlyalwaysplacedbeforethenoun.Theadjective“grande”can takeonadifferentmeaningwhenplacedbeforeorafteranoun.Whenitcomesbeforethenoun,“grande”means“great”butwhenplaced after it, it means big or large. When placed before a noun, theadjective”bom”(good)ascribesgoodinnerqualitiestothenounbeingdescribedwhileitmeansgood-heartedwhenplacedafterit.Someadjectivesmayalsobeplacedbeforethenounforstyleoremphasis.
IrregularAdjectivesIrregularadjectiveshavedistinctformstoexpressthegenderandnumber.Adjectiveswith–mendinghave similar forms for themasculineand femininegendersinbothsingularandplural.Inaddition,theychangeto–nbeforeadding“s”toformtheplural.jovem(young)
singular pluralmasculine jovem jovensfeminine jovem jovens
Ontheotherhand,theadjective“ruin”(bad)hasfourdistinctforms:
singular pluralmasculine ruim ruinsfeminine ruina ruinas
Likewise,theadjective“bom”(good)hasfourseparateforms:
singular pluralmasculine bom bonsfeminine boa boas
Adjectivesendingin-ãogenerallyhavefourseparateforms.são(healthy/sane)
singular pluralmasculine são sãosfeminine sã sãs
Past Participles as Adjectives Adjectives derived from past participles are
generallyusedinthepassivevoice.Asaverb,pastparticipleshaveonlyoneform.Whenusedasanadjective,pastparticiplestakefourdistinctforms.Endingsofadjectivesformedfrompastparticiplesof–arverbs
singular pluralmasculine -ado -adosfeminine -ada -adas
Endingsofadjectivesformedfrompastparticiplesof–erand–irverbs
singular pluralmasculine -ido -idosfeminine -ida -idas
ComparativesandSuperlativesInEnglish, thecomparative isformedbyeitheradding –er to the ending of an adjective or by placing a modifier before theadjective. The superlative, on the other hand, is formed by adding –est to theadjective or placing a modifier before the adjective. Thus, small becomessmallerinthecomparativeandsmallestinthesuperlative.In Portuguese, the comparative is formed by using the following phrases:tão+adjective+como->as+adjective+asmais+adjective+(do)que->___-erthanExamples:
MarcoétãoaltocomoJeffrey.
MarcoisastallasJeffrey.
RicardoémaisaltodoqueMarco.
RicardoistallerthanMarco.
ReginaétãoaltacomoRicardo.
ReginaisastallasRicardo.
Toexpressthesuperlative,youhavetouseadefinitearticlebefore“mais”andtheadjectivetomeanthatthenounbeingdescribedis“themost___”.Examples:Arturoéomais
alto.Arturoisthe
tallest.Carlotaéomais
alta.Carlotaisthe
tallest.
Estesmeninossãoosmais
altos.
Theseboysarethetallest.
Anotherway toemphasizeanoun’squalitywithout resorting tocomparison isbyusing theword “muito” (very)orby adding the–íssimoending.Takenotethat –íssimo also has four distinct forms: -íssimo, -íssima, -íssimos, and -íssimas.Examples:
Caraémuitogrande.
Caraisverybig.
Caraégrandissima! Caraissobig!
Renaldoémuitoalto.
Renaldoisverytall.
Renaldoéaltissimo!
Renaldoissotall!
IrregularComparativeandSuperlativeFormsThere are several adjectives with irregular forms in the superlative andcomparative.Someoftheadjectiveshavebothregularandirregularforms.Theregularformsareusedtodescribephysicalqualitieswhiletheirregularformsareusedforabstractdescriptions.
adjective comparative superlative
bom(good) melhor(better) omelhor(thebest)
mau(bad) pior(worse) opior(theworst)
muito(much,many) mais(more) omais(themost)
pouco(afew/alittle) menos(less) omenos(theleast)
alto(tall/high) maisalto(taller/higher) omaisaltothetallest,higher
alto(tall/high) superior(higher) osupremo(thehighest)
baixo(short/low) maisbaixo(shorter/lower)
omaisbaixo(theshortest,lowest)
baixo(short/low) inferior(lower) oínfimo(thelowest)
grande(big/great) maisgrande(bigger/greater)
omaisgrande(thebiggest/greatest)
grande(big/great) maior(bigger/older) omaior(thebiggest/oldest)
pequeno(little/small) maispequeno(smaller)omais
pequeno(thesmallest)
pequeno(little/small) menor(smaller/younger) omenor(thesmallest/youngest)
MostCommonlyUsedPortugueseAdjectives
(the)worse (o)pior/(os)piores (oo)pee-ohr
open aberto ah-bayr-too
tall altoahl-
tooEU/ahoo-toBR
small(shortinheight)
baixo bah-ee-shoo
cheap barato bah-rah-toogood bom/boa/bons/boas bongpretty,beautiful bonito boo-nee-too
expensive,dear caro kah-roo
married casado kah-zah-doolong(inlengh) comprido coom-pree-
dooshort(inlengh) curto coor-too
direct directo dee-reh-too(legal)right direito dee-ray-too
right(hand),straight
direito dee-ray-too
lefthand esquerdo eesh-kehr-doo
closed fechado fay-shah-doo
ugly feio fay-eeoocold frio free-oo
big,large grande/grandesgran-dehEU/gran-cheeBR
long longa lon-gahfar(from) longe(de) lon-geefullybooked(e.g. lotado loo-tah-doo
hotel)packedwithpeople
lotado loo-tah-doo
bad mau/má/maus/más maaoohbetter melhor/melhores may-lyiohrnew,young novo noh-voo
small,short pequeno pay-kay-noo
near,close(to) perto(de) pehr-too
hot,warm quentekayn-theEU/kayn-cheeBR
serious,honest sério say-ree-oo
old velho vay-lyioo
Chapter17:Verbs(Verbos)Verbsexpressactionorstateofbeing.Inaddition,Portugueseverbsidentifythedoeroftheactionbytakingappropriateendingstoreflectthegenderandnumberofthesubject.Almostallverbsareregularandtheyconformtotheendingsofthethreemajorverb categories: the –ar verbs, -er verbs, and –ir verbs. The verb groups arenamed after their ending in the infinitive.Because 99.99%of verbs fall underthese groups, you can confidently conjugate verbs by simply memorizing 5endingfor5differentsubjects.VerbMoodsPortugueseverbshave4moods:Indicative ->Theindicativemoodis themostbasicmood. It expressesaction thathappens in thepresent,willhappen in thefuture,andhaveoccurred in thepast. It isalso themoodyouusewhenaskingquestions.Imperative->Theimperativemoodindicatescommandororders.Conditional->TheconditionalmoodexpressesthepossibilityforsomethingtohappenundercertainconditionsSubjunctive->Thesubjunctivemoodexpressesasurrealactionthatmayormaynothappen
VerbTensesTenses specify the time when an action takes place. Portuguese verbs havedifferenttensesundereachmood
TheIndicativeMoodTensesTheindicativemoodhas8tenses:Presenttense->Eucomo.(Ieat)Presentcontinuous->Euestoucomendo.(Iameating.)Perfectpast->Eutenhocomido.(Ihaveeaten.)Imperfectpast->Eucomia.(Iwaseating.)Near future -> Eu vou comer. (I’m going to eat) Perfect past -> Eu tenhocomido. (I have eaten.) Imperfect past -> Eu tinha comido. (I had eaten.) Farfuture->Eucomerei.(Iwilleat.)The perfect past and the imperfect past tense are compound verbs using theconjugatedformsoftheverbTer+mainverb.
ImperativeMoodSincetheimperativemoodexpressescommand,therearenotensesbutverbsarecategorizedintothefollowing:Positivestate->expressespositivecommandExample: Vá à biblioteca. (Go to the library.) Negative state -> expressesnegativecommandExample:->Nãováparaabiblioteca.(Don’tgotothelibrary.)
SubjunctiveMoodThe subjuctive mood expresses wishes, probability, and actions that are notlikelytohappen.Subjunctive verbs are easy to identify because they are always used afterexpressionslkethese:esperoque(Ihopethat)______Deusqueiraquem(Godwishesthat)_____talves(maybe)____Herearetheverbtensesunderthesubjunctivemood:PresenttenseExample:Talvezeuestejatriste.->MaybeI’msad.ImperfectpasttenseExample:Seeuestivessesatisfeito__(IfIweresatisfied)FuturetenseExample:Quandoeuforsatisfeito__(WhenI’msatisfied__)
ConjugatingVerbsToconjugateaverb,youonlyneedtodropthe–ar,-er,or–irendingtogettheverbstemthenaddtheappropriatepersonalendings.Theverbcomer,forexample,isan–erverbbasedonitsendingintheinfinitive.Toconjugatecomer,youwillfirsthavetogetthestemwhichis“com”thenaddtheendingthatcoincideswiththesubject.IfthesubjectisEu(I),thentheendingshouldbe–oandtheconjugatedverbis“como”,whichmeans“Ieat.”ThePresentIndicativeTense (Presente)Thepresent tenseshowsaction thathappensinandaroundthepresenttime.Hereistheconjugationtableforthepresentindicativetense
Subject English -arverbs
-erverbs
-irverbs
eu I -o -o -o
tu(Portugalonly)
you(informal) -as -es -es
ele,ela,você
he,she,you
(formal)-a -e -e
nós we -amos -emos -imosvós
(archaic)you
(informal) -ais -eis -is
eles,elas,vocês
he,she,you
(formal,pl)-am -em -em
Theconjugationtablefortheverbsajudar(tohelp),escrever(towrite)andpartir(toleave)inthepresentindicativetensewillbe:
Subject (ajudar) (escrever) (partir)eu ajudo escrevo parto
tu(Portugalonly) ajudas escreves partes
ele,ela,você ajuda escreve parte
nós ajudamos escrevemos partimos
vós(archaic)
ajudais escreveis partris
eles,elas,vocês ajudam escrevem partem
Examples:(Eu)escrevoocanção.->Iwritethesongs.Euajudoaminhamãecozinhar.->Ihelpmymothercook.ThePreteritorPastIndicative(Pretéritoperfeito)Thepasttenseshowsanactionthathappenedinthepast.Hereistheconjugationtableforthepasttense:
Subject English -arverbs
-erverbs
-irverbs
eu I -ei -i -i
tu(Portugal) you(informal) -ste -este -iste
ele,ela,você
he,she,you
(formal)-ou -eu -iu
nós we -ámos -emos -imosvós
(archaic)you
(informal) -astes -estes -istes
eles,elas,vocês
he,she,you
(formal,pl)-aram -eram -iram
Theconjugationtablefortheverbsajudar(tohelp),escrever(towrite)andpartir(toleave)inthesimplepasttensewillbe:
Subject ajudar escrever partireu ajudei escreveri parti
tu(Portugal) ajudste escreveste partisteele,ela,você ajudou escreveu partiu
nós ajudámos escrevemos partimosvós
(archaic) ajudastes escrevestes partistes
eles,elas,vocês
ajudaram escreveram partiram
Acriançaganhouoconcurso.->Thechildwonthecontest.Euabriaportaparaele.->Iopenedthedoorforhim.Euenvieimeurelatórioontem.->Isubmittedmyreportyesterday.
TheImperfectIndicativeTense(Pretéritoimperfeito)Theimperfecttenseisusedforexpressinganeventthatwasoccuringatacertainmomentintime.TheEnglish sentence “I was reading a book” describes something that washappening at a particular time. The imperfect tense is often used to set thesentence for the use of the perfect tense: “I was reading a book when thedoorbellrang.”Hereistheconjgugationtablefortheimperfectindicativemood:
Subject English -arverbs
-erverbs
-irverbs
eu I -ava -ia -ia
tu(Portugal) you(informal) -avas -ias -ias
ele,ela,você
he,she,you
(formal)-ava -ia -ia
nós we -ávamos -íamos -íamos
vós(archaic)
you(informal) -áveis -íeis -íeis
eles,elas,vocês
he,she,you
(formal,pl)-avam -iam -iam
Here is theconjugation table for theverbsajudar (tohelp), escrever (towrite)andpartir(toleave)intheimperfectindicativetense:
Subject (ajudar) (escrever) (abrir)eu ajudava escrevia abria
tu(Portugal) ajudavas escrevias abriasele,ela,você ajudava escrevia abria
nós ajudávamos escrevíamos abríamosvós
(archaic) ajudáveis escrevíeis abríeis
eles,elas,vocês ajudavam escreviam abriam
Examples:(Eu)escreviaquandovocêchegou.->Iwaswritingwhenyouarrived.Tufalavas.->Youwerespeaking.
The Future Indicative Tense (Futuro) The future tense expresses an actionthatwillhappeninthefuture.HereistheverbtablefortheFuturetense:
Subject English -arverbs
-erverbs
-irverbs
eu I -arei -erei -irei
tu(Portugalonly)
you(informal) -arás -erás -irás
ele,ela,você
he,she,you
(formal)-ará -erá -irá
nós we -aremos
-eremos
-iremos
vós(archaic)
you(informal) -areis -ereis -ireis
eles,elas,vocês
he,she,you
(formal,pl)-arão -erão -irão
Here is how to conjugate the verbs ajudar, escrever, and partir in the futuretense:
Subject (ajudar) (escrever) (abrir)eu ajudarei escreverei escrevirei
tu(Portugalonly) ajudarás escreverás escrevirás
ele,ela,você ajudará escreverá escrevirá
nós ajudaremos escreveremos escreviremosvós
(archaic) ajudareis escrevereis escrevireis
eles,elas,vocês ajudarão escreverão escrevirão
Euajudareiminhamãe.->I’llhelpmymother.Eucomereibolodebananaamanhã.->Iwilleatbananacaketomorrow.
TheConditionalMoodTheconditionaltenseexpressesactionsthatwouldhappen.Itisusedmainlyinhypothetical statements. The English phrase “Iwouldwrite your speech but Ican’t”isanexampleofaconditionalstatementandtheverb“Iwould”isintheconditionalmood.Hereistheconjugationtablefortheconditionalmood/tense:
Subject English -arverbs
-erverbs
-irverbs
eu I -aria -eria -iriatu(Portugal
only)you
(informal) -arias -erias -irias
ele,ela,você
he,she,you
(formal)-aria -eria -iria
nós we -aríamos
-eríamos
-iríamos
vós(archaic)
you(informal) -aríeis -eríeis -iríeis
eles,elas,vocês
he,she,you
(formal,pl)-ariam -eriam -iriam
Here is how you will conjugate the verbs ajudar, escrever, and partir in theconditional:
Subject ajudar escrever partireu ajudaria escreveria partiria
tu(Portugalonly) ajudarias escreverias partirias
ele,ela,você ajudaria escreveria partiria
nós ajudaríamos escreveríamos partiríamosvós
(archaic) ajudaríeis escreveríeis partiríeis
eles,elas,vocês ajudariam escreveriam partiriam
Euloajudariamasestouocupado.->IwouldhelphimbutI’mbusy.
The Imperative Mood and Tense The imperative mood is used whenexpressingcommands.ThereisnoverbformforthesubjectsI,he,she,ortheyintheimperativebecausecommandsaredirectedtothesecondperson.EuropeanPortugueseuses theverbs forms for “tu” to express commands exceptwhenanegative command is expressed as in the case of “nãopartas” (don't leave) or“nãovendas”(don'tsell).Hereistheconjugationtableforverbsintheimperativemood:
Subject
English -arverbs -erverbs
-irverbs
tu(Portugal) you(informal) -a -e -
e
você you(formal) -e -a -
anós
we -emos -amos
-amos
vós(archaic)
you(informal,
pl)-ai -ei -i
vocês you(formal,pl) -em -am -
amHere’s how you will conjugate the verbs ajudar, escrever, and partir in theimperative:
Subject
ajudar
escrever
partirtu(Portugal)
ajuda
escreve
partevocê
ajude
escreva
partanós
ajudemos
escrevamos
partamosvós(archaic)
ajudai
escrevei
partivocês
ajudem
escrevam
partamExamples:
Medeixaempaz!
Leavemealone!
Deixaoquartoagora!
Leavetheroomnow!
Váparacama,agora! Gotobednow!
The Present Progressive The present progressive tense is equivalent to theEnglishconstruction“tobe+_ing”or“Iamstudying”.Toexpressthepresentprogressivewhichisacompoundverb,youwillusetheverbestar(tobe)withaverbinthepresentparticiple.Takenote that thepresentparticiple is invariableand theendings for the threegroupsofverbsareasfollows:
-arverbs(ajudar)
-erverbs(escrever)
-irverbs(partir)
-ando(ajudando)
-endo(escrevendo)
-indo(partindo)
Hereisthepresentindicativetenseoftheverbestar:Subject English estar
eu I estou
tu(Port.) you(informal) estás
ele,ela,você
he,she,you
(formal)está
nós we estamosvós
(archaic)you
(informal) estais
eles,elas,vocês
he,she,you
(formal,pl)estão
Tosay:Iamwriting. (Eu)estou
escrevendo.
Heishelping. Eleestáajudando.
Youarewriting.
Tuestásescrevendo.
Wearehelping.
Nosestamosajudando.
The Past Participle The past participle is used in forming compound verbconstructions and corresponds to English verbs ending in –ed. Verbs in pastparticipleformcanalsobeusedasadjectivesjustliketheirEnglishcounterpart.Justlikeregularadjectives,theymustvarytoagreewiththegenderandnumberofthenountheydescribe.Here is theconjugationtablefor theverbsajudar(tohelp),escrever(towrite),andpartir(toleave)inthepastparticiple.-arverbs(ajudar)
-erverbs(escrever)
-irverbs(partir)
-ado(ajudado)
-ido(escrevido)
-ido(partido)
Thepastparticipleisusedwiththeverbter(tohave)toformacompoundverb.Someverbsareirregularinthepastparticipleincludingthefollowingverbs:
vir tocome vindo come
cobrir tocover coberto covered
morrer todie morto died
fazer todo feito done
abrir toopen aberto opened
pôr toput posto placed
dizer tosay dito said
ver tosee visto seen
escrever towrite escrito written
Somepastparticiplesareirregularwhenusedasadjectivesbutareregularwhenusedasverb:
5Infinitive Adjective PastParticiple
5Infinitive
aceitar(toaccept) aceito accepted aceitado accepted
nascer(tobeborn) nato born nascido born
limpar(toclean) limpo clean limpado cleaned
fritar(tofry) frito fried fritado fried
juntar(tojoin) junto together juntado joined
acender(tolight) aceso lit acendido lit
pagar(topay) pago paid pagado paid
gastar(tospend) gasto spent gastado spent
ganhar(towin) ganho won ganhado won
Examplesofpastparticiplesusedasadjective:
otempoperdido thewastedtime
ofrangofrito thefriedchicken
ojogoganho thewongameacontapaga thepaidbill
CompoundVerbs A compound verb is a combination of two ormore verbsinvolvingtheverb“ter”+thepastparticipleform.Thiscompoundcanbeusedinmanymoodsandtenses.Itismostcommonlyusedinthepresentindicativetomean “I have+ past participle”, in the imperfect tense to indicate “I had+pastparticiple”,inthefutureindicativetoexpress“Iwillhave+pastparticiple”,andintheconditionaltoindicate“Iwouldhave+pastparticiple”.The verb “ter” is an irregular verb and has the following conjugations in thedifferenttenses:
IndicativeMood
Subject
Present
Preterit
Imperfect
Future
Conditional
Imperative
eu
tenho
tive
tinha
terei
teria
Tu(Portugal)
tens
tiveste
tinhas terás
terias
tem
ele,ela,você
tem
teve
tinha terá
teria
tenha
nós
temos
tivemos tínhamos
teremos teríamos
tenhamos
vós(archaic)
tendes
tivestes tínheis
tereis teríeis
tende
eles,elas,vocês têm
tiveram
tinham terão
teriam
tenham
SubjunctiveMood
Subject
Present
Imperfect
Future
eu
tenha
tivesse
tivertu(Portugal)
tenhas
tivesses
tiveresele,ela,você
tenha
tivesse
tivernós
tenhamos tivéssemos
tivermosvós(archaic)
tenhais tivésseis
tiverdeseles,elas,vocês
tenham
tivessem
tiverem
ParticipleForms
PresentParticiple
PastParticiple
tendo
tidoTouse“ter”withtheverbestudar(tostudy)inthedifferenttenses,youwillhavethefollowingcompoundconstructions:
PresentIndicative
Ihavestudied Eutenhoestudado.
ImperfectTense
Ihadstudied.
Eutinhaestudado.
FutureIndicative
Iwillhavestudied.
Eutereiestudiado.
ConditionalIwouldhave
studied.
Euteriaestudiado.
ReflexiveVerbsReflexiveverbsindicatethatthedoer(subject)oftheactionisalso the receiver of the action (object). Reflexive verbs are accompanied byreflexive pronouns and are listed in the dictionary with the –se ending, thereflexivepronounforthethirdperson.Theyareconjugatedinthesamewaythatregularverbsareconjugatedexceptthattheyendwithahypenandthereflexivepronoun–se.Thepronounmayalsobeplacedbeforetheverb.Examples:Comovocêsechama?->Howareyoucalled?/Whatisyourname?Eulavo-me.->Iwashmyself.Herearecommonreflexiveverbs:
ReflexiveVerb
LiteralTranslation
Englishcortar-se
tocutoneself
tocut
deitar-se togotosleep,toretire
toliedownenxugar-se
todryoneself
todryofflavar-se
towashonself
towashuplembrar-se
toremindoneself
torememberlevantar-se
togetoneselfup
togetupmachucar-se
tohurtoneself
tobruise
pentear-se tobrush,comboneself
tocombsentar-se
tositoneselfdown
tositdownsentir-se
tofeeloneself
tofeelservir-se
tohelponeself
tohelponeself
vestir-se toputonclothes,todressoneself
todressvestir-se
todressoneself
todress
TheVerbsSer,Estar,andFicarTheverbsser,estar,andficaralltranslatetotheEnglishverb“tobe”buthavedistinctuses.Ser(tobe)The verb ser is used to indicate long term or permanent characteristics orconditions.Itisusedtoassociatepeoplewiththeiroccupationwhenusedwithanoun.Itisalsotheverbusedfortellingthetimeofday,arecurringevent.
Eleéumapessoa
inteligente.
Heisanintelligentperson.
Elaéumamulhergenerosa.
Sheisagenerouswoman.
Nóssomosempregados.
Weareemployees.
Elessãoestudantes.
Theyarestudents.
Sãotrêshoras. It’sthreeo’clock.
Émeio-dia. It’snoon.VerbTableforSer
Subject
Present
PerfectPast
ImperfectPast
Futuro
eu
sou
fui
era
seriatu(Port.) és
foste
eras serásele,ela,você é
foi
era seránós
somos
fomos éramos
seremosvós(archaic)
sois
fostes éreis
sereiseles,elas,vocês são
foram
eram serão
Estar(tobe)Theverbestarisusedtoindicatetemporarycharacteristics,conditions,orstateofbeing.Itindicatesatemporaryqualityifusedwithanadjective.Itisusedwhentalkingabouttheweather.
Estánublado. Itiscloudy.Estáchovendo. Itisrainy.Estamosfelizes. Wearehappy.Eleestádoente. Heissick.
VerbTableforestar
Subject
Present
PerfectPast
ImperfectPast
Futuro
eu
estou
estive
estava
estareitu(Port.) estás
estiveste
estavas estarásele,ela,você está
esteve
estava estaránós
estamos
estivemos estávamos
estaremosvós(archaic)
estais
estivestes estáveis
estareiseles,elas,vocês estão
estiveram
estavam estarão
Ficar(tobe, tobe located, tostay)Theverbficarmeans tobe locatedbut itexpressestheverb“tobe”andcanbeusedasanalternativetoserandestarwhentalkingaboutlocations.Omuseuficaaqui.->Themuseumishere.Elaficanarua.->Sheisinthestreet.Verbtableforficar
Subject
Present
PerfectPast
ImperfectPast
Futuro
eu
fico
fiquei
ficava
ficareitu(Port.)
ficas
ficaste
ficavas ficarásele,ela,você
fica
ficou
ficava ficaránós
ficamos ficámos/ficamos ficávamos
ficaremosvós(archaic)
ficais
ficastes ficáveis
ficareiseles,elas,vocês
ficam
ficaram
ficavam ficarãoThePassiveVoiceThepassivevoiceisasentenceconstructionwheretheobjectin the active voice becomes the subject. There are two ways of forming thepassivevoiceinPortuguese.Themostcommonpassiveconstructionistheuseofthereflexivepronoun“se”withtheverbwhichtranslatestoageneralsubject:Osgatosselimpam.->Thecatscleanthemselves.Another way to form the passive is by using the verb “ser” with the pastparticiple.Whenconstructingpassive sentenceswith“ser”, thepastparticiplesfunctionasadjectiveswhichmustvaryinformtomatchthenoun’sgenderandnumber.Ascasassãoconstruídas.->Thehousesarebuilt.Ascortinassãocosturados.->Thecurtainsaresewn.
MostCommonlyUsedVerbscan,tobeableto
poder poh-dehr
toanswer
responder raysh-pohn-dehr
toarrive
chegar shay-garhtoask(forsomething)
pedir peh-deerEU/pee-cheerBR
toask(questions)
perguntar pehr-goon-tahrtobe(permanent)
ser
sayhrtobe(temporary)
estar eesh-tahrtobelocated,tostay,become
ficar fee-kahr
tobring
trazer trah-zehrtochange,exchange
trocar tro-kahrtoclimb,goup
subir soo-beehr
toclose
fechar fay-shahr
tocome
vir
veerrtocomeback,doagain
voltar(a+otherverb)
vohl-tahrah
todo,tomake
fazer fah-zayhr
tofeel
sentir sayn-teehrEU/sayn-cheehrBR
tofly
voar voo-ahr
toforgive desculpar-se daysh-cool-parrsay
togo
ir
eerhtogodown,descend
descer desh-sayrh
tohave(to) ter(de) tay-rh(deh)EU
tohave(to) ter(de) tay-rh(chee)BR
tohelp
ajudar ah-joo-darhtoimprove,tobetter
melhorar may-lyio-rahrtokeep,staywith
ficarcom fee-kahrcontoknow(skills)
saber sah-behr
tolearn
aprender ah-prayn-dayrh
toleavebehind,tolet deixar(de) day-sharh
toleave,goout
sair sah-eehr
tolike
gostarde goosh-tahr
tolive
morar moh-rahrtolook(at)
olhar oh-lyiahr
toneed
precisar pray-cee-zahr
toopen
abrir ah-breer
toprefer
preferir pray-fay-reehr
toput pôr
pohr
toread
ler
layrhtosay,tell
dizer dee-zayhrEUtosay,tell
dizer tchee-zayhrBRtosay,totell(Brazil)
falar fah-lahrtosee,watch
ver
vayrrtoseem,tolooklike
parecer pah-ray-cehr
tosign
assinar ah-see-narh
tositdown sentar(-se) sayn-tahr
tosleep
dormir door-meer
tospeak
falar fah-lahr
tostudy
estudar ees-too-dahrtotake,get,catch
apanhar ah-pah-nyiarhtothink,guess,find.
achar ah-shahrtotravel,commute
viajar vee-ah-jar
tounderstand perceber[EU]
payr-seh-behr
touse
usar oo-sahrtowalk,tobedoing
something
andar an-darh
towork
trabalhar trah-bah-lyiahrtowrite,spell
escrever aysh-cray-vehr
Chapter18:Adverbs(Advérbios)Portuguese adverbs are invariablewords thatmodify a verb, an adjective, andanotheradverb.Theycanbeplacedbeforeoraftertheverbtheymodify.Manyadverbs end in–mentewhich is the equivalent of–ly inEnglish.Theseadverbsareformedbyadding–mentetothefeminineformoftheadjective.Forinstance, the feminine formof the adjective lento (slow) is lenta.To form theadverb,justadd–mentetolenta:lenta+mente=lentamente(slowly).Portugueseusesdifferent formsandcontextofadverbs to indicate time,place,quantity, intensity, mode, affirmation, doubt, denial, and exclusivity. Besidesone-word adverbs, there are the so-called adverbial phrases or adverbiallocutions.HerearethemostcommonPortugueseadverbs:AdverbsofTime
Portuguese Englishhoje today
amanhã tomorrowontem yesterdaycedo earlyjánão notanymoreagora now nowadaysjá now already
tarde lateentão then so
sempre always constantly allthetime
logo immediately
immediatelyafter
shortly shortlylater
nunca ever
neverprimeiro firstly
firstofallainda still yet
antes beforedantes formerly
thosetimesbefore
enfim anywayantigamente formerly
thosetimesbefore
Takenotethattheadverb“sempre”alwayscomesaftertheverb.Examples:
Elasemprevemnahora
certa.
Shealwayscomesontime.
Nósjogoutênisontem.
Weplayedtennis
yesterday.Elanuncavaimentirpara
mim.
Shewillneverlietome.
AdverbsofPlace
Portuguese
English
aqui
herecá
herelá
overtherealí
overthereaí
there
then(BrazilianPortuguese)
perto(de)
near
nextto
aroundthecornerdentro(de)
insidelonge(de)
farfromfora(de)
outsideatrás(de)
behind
attherearadiante(de)
ahead
acima
abovedetrás(de)
behind
debaixo
under
underneath
abaixo
belowExamples:Suasecretáriacaminhouatrásdela.->Hersecretarywalkedbehindher.Ogatoestájogandodebaixodamesa.->Thecatisplayingunderthetable.Elaestáaqui.->She’shere.
Adverbsindicatingmannerormode:
Portuguese
English
bem
well
melhor
better
mal
badly
pior
worse
devagar
slowly
depressa
quickly
assim so,therefore
thisway
como as,like
thewaylike
sobretudo
aboveall
efetivamente
actually
facilmente
easily
principalmente
mainly
rapidamente
quicklyExamples:Omeninosesentebem.->Theboyfeelswell.Avelhacaminhoulentamente.->Theoldwomanwalkedslowly.Elesaiurapidamente.->Heleftquickly.
Adverbsindicatingintensityorquantity
Portuguese
English
mais
more
plus
pouco
little
muito very,much too,toomuch
menos
less
minusquanto(de)
asmuchtão(de)
somuch
tanto
asmuch
toomuchquase(de)
almostdemsiado(de)
toomuch
bastante
enough alot,toomuch
Ocriminosofoiquasepegopelopolicial.(The criminalwas almost caught by the police officer.)Minha filha estámaisanimadodoquenunca.(Mydaughterismoreexcitedthanever.)
Adverbsindicatingaffirmation
Portuguese
English
sim
yes
decerto
certainly
certamente certainly,forsure
realmente
reallyEleérealmentegeneroso.(Heisreallygenerous.)Elecertamenteestádeixando.(Heiscertainlyleaving.)Adverbsindicatingdenial:
Portuguese
English
nunca never,ever
jamais
neverevernão no,don't
nem neither,norEu nunca vou deixar a minha mãe. (I will never leave my mother.) Não seesqueça de fazer sua lição de casa. (Don’t forget to do your homework.)Adverbsindicatingdoubt
Portuguese
English
provavelmente
probably
talvez may,maybe,perhaps
secalhar may,maybe,perhaps
Provavelmente,voudormircommais freqüência. (Iwillprobablysleepmore.)Adverbsindicatingexclusivity
Portuguese
English
apenas only,justsó only,just
unicamente only,just
somente only,justsenão
otherwiseElesóqueromelhorparaseusfilhos.(Heonlywantsthebestforhischildren.)Eleestáapenaspensandoemsuafamília.(Heisjustthinkingabouthisfamily.)
AdverbialPhrases
Portuguese
Englishàsdireitas right,wellàsescuras
inthedarkàsvezes
sometimes
embreve soon,shortly
aoacaso
randomlyemvão
invain
debaixo
under
poracaso
bychanceàtoa
crazilyasós
alone
delado
beside
comefeito
effectively
emresumo
inconclusion
denovo again,onemoretime
acadapasso
often
devezemquando
nowandthen
fromtimetotime
onceinabluemoonàvontade
comfortably
poralto
roughly
actualmente
nowadays
comcerteza surely,certainlydefacto(EP)
actuallydefato(BR)
actually
comodeveser
properlyElelutouemvão.(Hefoughtbackinvain.)Eledescobriuaverdadeporacaso.(He found out the truth by chance.) Ele seguirá em breve. (He will followshortly.)Meupaiiriavisitardevezemquando.(Myfatherwouldvisitonceinawhile.)
Chapter19:Prepositions(Preposições)Prepositionsconnectwordswithinasentenceorphrase.Theyaretheequivalentof on, in, to, about, at, with, of, or around. Portuguese prepositions alwaysprecedethenoun.Herearethemostcommonprepositions:Prepositionsoflocation
à at
em in,on,at
perto(de) near
aolongo(de) along
atrás(de) behind
aolado(de) next(to)
emredor(de) around
acima(de)/porcima(de) above
entre (in)between
debaixo(de) below,under
àfrente(de) infrontof
dentro(de) in,inside
emfrente(de) infront(of)
fora(de) outside(of)
emcima(de) ontop(of)
nomeio(de)inthe
middle(of),inthecenter(of)
Vamos estudar na biblioteca esta tarde. (We will study at the library thisafternoon).
Meufilhoficaentreaprofessoraeodiretor.(Mysonstandsbetweenhisteacherandtheschooldirector.)Eledirigiuaoredordoparquet. (Hedrovearoundthepark.)Eleficouatrásdeseuamigo.(Hestoodbehindhisfriend.)Elepulousobreopenhasco.(Hejumpedoverthecliff.)Ocãoestájogandodebaixodamesa.(Thedogisplayingunderthetable.)Elapraticaseudiscursonafrentedoespelho.(Shepracticesherspeechinfrontofthemirror.)
Prepositionsofdirection
to
de
from
através(de)
through
sobre
over
para for,to
EleviajoudaEuropapara aÁsia. -> (He travelled fromEurope toAsia.)EleveiodeNovaIorque.->(HecamefromNewYork.)PrepositionsofTime
antes(de)
before
dentro(de)
in
depois(de)
after
desde
since
durante during,for
entre
between
até
until
em+months in+months
em+year in+year
em+day onthe+day+month/on+month+day
Vou chamá-lo antes de 7 horas da noite. (I will call you before 7 o’clocktonight.)Eunãoovejodesdesexta-feira.(Ihaven’tseenhimsinceFriday.)Vouencontrá-loentre7e11amanhãdemanhã.(Iwillmeetyoubetween7and11tomorrowmorning.)Nasciem1992.(Iwasbornin1992).Meuaniversárioéem1deJunho.(MybirthdayisonJune1.)Euestareiemcasaemummês.(Iwillbehomeinonemonth.)Euestudoduranteosintervalosdomeio-dia. (I study during noon breaks.) A exposição vai durar até 31 deDezembro.(TheexhibitwilllastuntilDecember31st.)
OtherPrepositions
de from(origin,possession)
para for,inorderto
por for,becauseof
contra
against
com
with
sem
without
porcausa(de)
becauseof
sobre
about
menos but,except
conforme,segundo according(to)
arespeito(de) concerning,regarding
apesar(de) inspiteof,despite
junto(com) together(with)
emvez(de) instead(of)
EsseéocarrodeReynaldo.(ThatisReynaldo’scar.)AtabelaantigaédaItália.(TheantiquetableisfromItaly.)Eusobrevivisemdinheiroduranteummês.(Isurvivedwithoutmoneyforonemonth.)Elefalasobresuacidadenatalamaiorpartedotempo.(Hetalksabouthishometownmostofthetime.)Elesequeixousobrearefeiçãosemgraça.(Hecomplainedabouttheblandmeal.)
Prepositional Contractions Some prepositions contract when used beforedefinitearticles.Em->in,on,atContractionwithDefiniteArticles
Masculine
Feminine
English
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
Definitearticles
os
as Em+
no
nos
na
nas on/in/at+theContractionwithIndefiniteArticles
Masculine
Feminine
English
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
Indefinitearticles
um
uns
uma
umas Em+
num
nuns
numa
numas on/in/at+a/someExamples:Euestounumapraia.->I’minabeach.Estounorestaurant,->I’mattherestaurant.Porfor/through/by
Masculine
Feminine
English
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
DefiniteArticles
os
as Por+
pelo
pelos
pela
pelas for/through/by+theExamples:Enviei seu presente de aniversário pelo correio. (I sent your birthday gift bypost.)Euandeipeloscampos.(Iwalkedacrossthefields.)De->of/fromContractionwithdefinitearticles:
Masculine
Feminine
English
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
DefiniteArticles
os
as de+
do
dos
da
das of/from+theExamples:(Eu)soudaFrança.->IamfromFrance.(Eu)gostodocarronovo.->Ilikethenewcar.A->at,toThepreposition“a”onlycontractswithdefinitearticles.
Masculine
Feminine
English
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
DefiniteArticles
os
as a+
ao
aos à às at/to+the
Euraramenteiraoteatro.->Irarelygotothetheater.
Chapter20:UsefulPhrasesIntroductions:
Comosechama?
Whatisyouname?
Omeunomeé(stateyourname).
Mynameis___.
Chamo-me(stateyourname).Inf
Mynameis___.
Esteéomeumarido.
Thisismyhusband.
Estaéaminhamulher. Thisismywife.
Estaéaminhafilha.
Thisismydaughter.
Esteéomeufilho. Thisismyson.
Esteé(name). Thisis____.
Deondeé? Whereareyoufrom?
Queidadetem? Howoldareyou?
Tenho(yourage)anos.
I’m___yearsold.
Asking forDirections Como chego ao (à) (destination)? ->How do I get to(destination)?Placestosee:
aeroporto theairportaestaçãodeautocarro thebusstation
estaçãodecomboio thetrainstation
centro downtown
hotel hotelmuseu museumparquet park
oconsulado consulatelojade
departamentodepartment
storebar/bares bar/barsrestaurante/restaurantes
restaurant/restaurants
praia beachbiblioteca libraryteatro theater
cathedral cathedraligreja churhpalácio palace
galeriadearte artgallery
Usefulterms:Ondeé___? Whereis___?Élonge? Isitfar?
Vireàesquerda(veer-eehaheh-sskehr-dah)
turnleftVireàdireita(veer-eehahdee-
ray–tah)
turnrightEsquerda(esh-KER-da)
leftDireita(dee-ray-tah)
right
sempreemfrente
straightaheademdirecçãoà___
towardstheDepoisdo(a)____(deh-poyss
doh/dah)
pasttheAntesdo(a)___
(ahn-tissdoh/da)
beforethe_____
Fiqueatentoà___
watchforthe__
rua(who-ah)
street
Oeste
west
Este
east
Norte
north
Sul
south
descida
downhill
subida
uphill
cruzamento
intersection
TheWeather:Quediabonito! Whatalovely
day!Quetempohorrível!
Whatabadweather!
Vaichover? Isitgoingtorain?
Estásol. It’ssunny.Estáquente. It’shot.
Estáencoberto. It’scloudy.Estáfrio. It’scold.
Estáumgelo. It’sfreezing.Estáachover. It’sraining.Estáventoso. It’swindy.
EatingOut:Temumamesa
livre?Istherean
availabletable?Gostariadeumamesapara___.
I’dlikeatablefor___.
Aementa,porfavor.
Themenu,please.
Gostariade____. I’dlike___.
Desejo____. Iwant___.Maispão,por
favor.Morebread,please.
Eusouvegetariano.
I’mavegetarian.
prato-feito fixed-pricemeal
pelaementa
alacarte
breakfast desjejum,cafédamanhã
lunch almoço
janta
dinner
ceia
supper
merendadatarde
afternoonsnackNãocomocarne. Idon’teatmeat.
Oquerecomenda?
Whatdoyourecommend?
Aproveitearefeição!
Enjoyyourmeal!
Euacabar. I’mfinished.Estava
delicioso.Thatwasdelicious.
Estádelicioso! It’sdelicious!Aconta,por
favor. Thebill,please.
FoodstoOrder:
frango
chicken
bacon
bacon
bife
steakcamarões,gambás
shrimp
peixe
fish
sardinha
sardine
bacalhau
cod
atum
tuna
lula
squid
polvo
octopuscaracóis
snails
anchovas
anchovies
cabra
goat
carildecarne
meatcurry
carildegalinha
chickencurry
carne
meat
cordeiro
lambhambúrguer
beefburger
porco
pork
presunto
ham
salsicha
sausage
vitela
veal
arroz
rice
batatas
fritaschips
caril
curry
gelado ice-cream
manteiga
butter
omelete
omelette
ovo
eggpão
bread
queijo
cheese
salada
salad
sopa
soupaçúcar
sugar
sal
salt
pimenta
pepper
Drinks:umagarrafado/de____
abottleof_____
umcopodo/de___ aglassof___
umacerveja
abeer
umvinhotinto
aredwine
umvinhobranco
awhitewine
wiski
whiskeyumgintónico
aginandtonic
comgelo
withiceáguapotável
drinkingwater
leite
milkcafé
coffeechá("bebida")
teadrinksumodeananás
pineapplejuice
sumodemanga
mangojuicesumodelaranja(Port.)
orangejuicesucodelaranja(Br.)
orangejuiceágua
wateráguatônica
tonicwater
geloemblocos
icecubes
geloesmagado
smashedice
GettingAround:BusortrainQuantocustaobilhetepara(destination).Howmuchisaticketto___?Umbilhetepara(destination),porfavor.Oneticketto___,please.Paraondevaiesteautocarro/comboio?Wheredoesthisbus/traingo?Ondeapanhoumautocarro/comboiopara(destination)?Whereisthebus/trainto____?Esseautocarro/comboiopáraem(place)?Doesthisbus/trainstopin__?Quandoéquesaioautocarro/comboioparaplace?Whendoesthebus/trainfor___leave?Taxi:
Leve-meparao/a(place),sefazfavor.
Pleasetakemeto____.
Porfavoruseotaxímetro.
Pleaseusethemeter.
Porfavorabrande.
Pleaseslowdown.
Pareaqui. Stophere.Shopping:Quantacustaé
isto?Howmuchis
this?Issoémuitocaro.(Port.)
That'stooexpensive.
Issoécarodemais(BR)
That'stooexpensive.
Nãopossopagarisso. Ican'taffordit.
Nãoqueroisso. Idon'twantit.Nãoestou I'mnot
interessado. interested.Podedar-meumsaco?
Canyougivemeabag?
Aceitaria____? Wouldyoutake?
caro
expensive
barato
cheapPrecisode_____ Ineed_____
ThingstoBuy:cremedental(BR).
toothpastePastadedentes(Port)
toothpasteumaescovadental(BR)
toothbrushumaescovadedentes(Port)
toothbrushhigieneíntimafeminina
tampoons
sabonete
soapxampú(BR)
shampoochampô(Port)
shampooremédiocontraador
painrelieveranalgésico(Port)
painreliever
medicamentoestomacal
stomachmedicine
umalaminaparabarbear
arazorumguarda-chuva
unumbrella
protectorsolar
sunblocklotions
umpostal
apostcard
selosdecorreios
postagestampscélulaseléctricas
batteries
papelparaescrever
writingpaper
umacaneta
apen
FindingaPlacetoStayHáquartosdisponíveis?Doyouhaveanyavailableroom?Quantocustapara(numberofpersons)pessoa/pessoaspornoite?Howmuchisaroomfor____person/peoplepernight?Euvouficarpor(number)noite(s).Iwillstayfor___nights.Oquartopossui
___Doestheroomhave___
casa-de-banho
bathroom
chuveiro
shower
condicionado
airconditioning
telefone
telephonetelevisão
atelevision
lencois
bedsheets
cacifos
lockers
cofre
safe
Possoveroquarto?
CanIseetheroom?
Temumquarto
____?Doyouhavea____room?
maissilencioso
quiter
maior
bigger
maislimpo
cleaner
Ok,euaceito. Ok,I’lltakeit.Gostodoquarto. Iliketheroom.
Querofazerocheck-out.
Iwanttocheckout.
Money:Aceitadólaresamericanos/canadianos/australianos?DoyouacceptAmerican/Canadian/AustralianDollars?Aceitalibrasbritânicas?DoyouacceptBritishpounds?AceitaEuros?DoyouacceptEuros?Aceitacartõesdecrédito?Doyoutakecreditcards?Qualéataxadecâmbio?Whatistheexchangerate?Ondeéomultibanco?WhereistheATM?Emergency:
Ondeéohospital?
Whereisthehospital?
Estouperdido. I’mlost.Necessitodeummedico. Ineedadoctor.
Precisodeummedico.(inf.) Ineedadoctor.
Houveumacidente.
Therehasbeenanaccident.
Precisodeajuda. Ineedhelp.
Ajuda! Help!Perdiomeudinheiro.
Ihavelostmymoney.
Perdiomeupassaporte.
Ilostmypassport.
Perdiaminhacarteira.
Ihavelostmyhandbag.
Perdiomeuporta-moedas.
Ihavelostmywallet.
Chameumaambulância!
Callanambulance!
Chameapolícia! Callthepolice!
Chapter21:VocabularyOsmembrosdafamília(TheFamilyMembers)
pais(pie-ish) parentspai(pie) father,dad
mãe(mah-ing mother,mommarido(mah-ree-
doo) husband
mulher(moo-lyehr) wife
Irmãos(eer-maoongsh) siblings
filha(fee-lyeeah) daughterfilho(fee-lyeeoh) sonirmã(eer-mah) sister
irmão(eer-maung) brotheravós(ah-vÓsh grandparentsavó(ah-vÓH) grandmotheravô(ah-voh) grandfather
netos(neh-toosh) grandchildrenneta(neh-tah) granddaughterneto(neh-too) grandsontia(tee-ah) aunttio(tee-oo) uncle
primo(pree-moo) malecousinprima(pree-mah) femalecousinsobrinha(soo-bree-nyah) niece
sobrinho(soo-bree-nyoh) nephew
sogra(soh-grah) mother-in-lawsogro(soh-groo) father-in-law
nora(noh-rah) daughter-in-law
genro(jaing-rooh) son-in-lawcunhada(coo-nyah-dah) sister-in-law
cunhado(coo-nyah-doo) brother-in-law
namorado(Na-
moo-rah-doo) boyfriend
namorada(Na-moo-rah-dah) girlfriend
companheiro(com-pah-nyaee-roo) malepartner
companheira(com-pah-nyaee-rah)
femalepartner
noiva(noee-vah) fiancée(female)
noivo(noee-voo) fiancé(male)
AsProfissões(TheProfessions)
ocontabilista
accountant
oator
actor
oarquiteto
architect
oartista
artist
otalhante
butcher
ochefedecozinha
chef
odentista
dentist
odetetive
detectiveomédico
doctor
ocondutor
driver
oeletricista
electrician
oengenheiro
engineer
oagricultor
farmer
obombeiro
fireman
opescador
fisherman
ocabeleireiro
hairdresserocaçador
hunter
ojuiz
judge
oadvogado
lawyeromecânico
mechanic
omodelo
modelomúsico
musician
oenfermeiro
nurse
opintor
painterofarmacêutico
pharmacistofotógrafo
photographer
opiloto
pilot
ocanalizador
plumberopolícia
policemanopolítico
politician
omarinheiro
sailor
ocientista
scientist
ocantor
singer
osoldado
soldier
otreinador
trainero
veterináriovet
(veterinarian)
oempregado
waiter
Partesdocorpo(PartsoftheBody)obraço
arm
ascostas
back
ocorpo
body
orabo
bottom
abochecha
cheek
opeito
chest
aorelha
ear
ocotovelo
elbow
oolho
eye
asobrancelha
eyebrow
aface
face
odedo
finger
aunha
fingernailopé
foot
ocabelo
hairamão
handacabeça
headocoração
heart
aanca
hip
omaxilar
jaw
ojoelho
knee
aperna
legolábio
lipopulmão
lung
aboca
mouthopescoço
neck
onariz
nose
oombro
shoulder
apele
skinoestômago
stomach
acoxa
thigh
agarganta
throat
opolegar
thumb
odedo
toealíngua
tongue
odente
tooth
OsAnimais(TheAnimals)
aformiga
ant
ourso
bear
aabelha
beeopássaro
bird
aborboleta
butterfly
ocamelo
camel
ogato
cat
agalinha
chicken
avaca
cow
ocaranguejo
crab
oveado
deerocão
dog
opato
duck
opeixe
fisharã
frog
acabra
goat
oganso
goose
ocavalo
horse
olagarto
lizard
omacaco
monkey
orato
mouse
opolvo
octopus
oporco
pig
ocoelho
rabbit
aovelha
sheep
acobra
snake
aaranha
spider
ocisne
swan
operu
turkey
abaleia
whale
ORoupeiro(TheWardrobe)
ocinto
belt
abota
boot
osoutien
bra
apulseira
braceletoboné
cap
ocasaco
coat
ovestido
dress
osbrincos
earringosóculos
glasses
aluva
glove
amala
handbagolenço
handkerchief
ocabide
hangerochapéu
hat
ocasaco
jacketascalçasdeganga
jeans
ocolar
necklaceascalças
pants
oanel
ringolenço
scarf
acamisa
shirt
osapato
shoeoscalções
shorts
asaia
skirtosténis
sneakerapeúga
sock
ameia
stocking
ofatodebanho
swimsuit
agravata
tie
aroupainterior
underwear
ocolete
vest
acarteira
walletorelógio
watch
AsFrutaseLegumes(TheFruitsandVegetables)amaçã
apple
abanana
bananaofeijão
beanosbrócolos
broccoli
acouve
cabbage
opimento
capsicum
acenoura
carrotacouve-flor
cauliflower
acereja
cherry
ococo
coconut
opepino
cucumber
aberingela
eggplant
auva
grapeolimão
lemon
aalface
lettuceomelão
melon
ofrutoseco
nut
acebola
onion
alaranja
orange
aervilha
peaopêssego
peachapêra
pear
aameixa
plum
abatata
potato
aameixaseca
pruneaabóbora
pumpkin
osespinafres
spinach
asultana
sultana
otomate
tomato
amelancia
watermelon
OsTempo(TheWeather)
anuvem
cloud
enublado
cloudy
frio
cold
ociclone
cyclone
bom
fine
acheia
flood
onevoeiro
fog
ageada
frost
ogranizo
hail
quente
hotorelâmpago
lightning
achuva
rainoarco-íris
rainbow
chuvoso
rainy
aneve
snow
atempestade
storm
temporal
stormy
atemperatura
temperatureotrovão
thunder
otornado
tornado
ovento
wind
ConclusionI hope thisbookwasable tohelpyou to learn thePortuguese language in thefastestandeasiestway.It’s timeforyoutotakeupadvancedcoursesinPortuguese,practicewhatyouhavelearnedbyconversingwithnativePortuguesespeakers,andperhapsgoingonatriptoPortuguese-speakingcountries.Iwishyouthebestofluck!Toyoursuccess,HenryRay
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WordOrderandSentenceStructure
ToconstructsentencesinSpanish,youneedat leastasubjectandaverb.LikeEnglishsentences,itisquitecommontoconstructsentencesinSpanishusingthewordordersubject+verb+otherpartsofasentence.
Forexample:
English:->Mariaworksinalaboratory.
Spanish:->Mariatrabajaenunlaboratorio.
Word order in Spanish, however, is more flexible than English. The order inwhich thewordsappearmayshift toemphasizeonegrammaticalelementovertheother.Differentpartsofasentencecanbearrangedinseveralwaysandstillbe able to express the same idea. The above example can be re-arranged asfollows:TrabajaMariaenunlaboratorio.
EnunlaboratoriotrabajaMaria.
TrabajaenunlaboratorioMaria.
In addition, when the subject of the sentence is clearly identifiable either bycontextorthroughtheverb’sconjugation,thesubjectpronounmaybeomitted.
Forexample:
Vemospelículaslosfinesdesemana.
Wewatchmoviesonweekends.
Arturonada.Juegatenistambién.
Arturoswims.Heplaystennis,too.
InformingSpanishsentences,anEnglishspeakercommonlyhastodealwiththefactthatadjectivesgenerallycomeafterthenoun.Forinstance,toexpress“longlashes”inSpanish,you’llsay“pestañaslargas”,orliterally,lasheslong.Thatisjust,however,asimpletwistwhenyouhavetoconsiderthatanadjectivehastochangeitsformtoagreewiththenoun.
Declarativesentencescommonlyfollowtheordersubject+predicate+object.
Example:
Marthadalimosnaalospobres.
Marthagivesalmstothepoor.
However,whenanobject is replacedbyanobjectpronoun (me,te, se,os), theobjectpronounisplacedbeforetheverb.
Example:
Marthalesdalimosna.
Marthagivesthemalms.
When a sentence contains both direct and indirect object, the direct objectgenerallytakesprecedenceovertheindirectobject.
Example:
Ricardohaenseñadolatécnicaasusalumnus.
RicardohastaughtthetechniquetohisstudentsHowever,ifthedirectobjectisaccompanied by a supplement, the indirect object is placed before the directobject.
Example:
RicardohaenseñadoasusalumnuslatécnicaqueaprendiódeParís.
RicardohastaughthisstudentsthetechniquehelearnedfromParis.
Adverbsareusuallyplacedneartheverb,butlikeEnglish,theSpanishlanguageisflexibleintermsofitsplacement.
Forexample:
Mariofrecuentementejuegabaloncesto.
Mariofrequentlyplaysbasketball.
FrecuentementeMariojuegabaloncesto.
Frequently,Marioplaysbasketball.
Mariojuegabaloncestofrecuentemente.
Marioplaysbaskeballfrequently.
Adverbsthatmodifyadjectivesareplacedbeforetheadjective.
Forexample:
Laseñoraesmuyhermosa.
Theladyisverybeautiful.
FormingQuestionsThereareaseveralwaystoformaquestioninSpanish.
Oneisbyswitchingthesubjectandtheverb.
Example:
Declarativesentence->Juliannada.->Julianswims.
Question->¿NadaJulian?->DoesJulianswim?
Another is by addingquestionmarks inwrittenwords andby raising the tonewhilespeaking.
Forexample:
¿Julianswims?->Julianswims?
Anotherwayistoaddtagsattheendofasentence,whichissimilartotheuseoftheword“right?”inEnglish.
Example:
Juliannada,¿no?
Juancocina,¿esverdad?
FormingNegativeSentencesToformnegativesentencesinSpanish,theword“no”isplacedbeforetheverb.
Examples:
Ellosjueganalajedrez.->Ellosnojueganalajedrez.
Theyplaychess.->Theydon’tplaychess.
Yoquieroescribir.->Yonoquieroescribir.
Iwanttowrite.->Idon’twanttowrite.
Punctuations Spanish punctuation marks are used in almost the samemannerashowyouusethemintheEnglishlanguage.
Periods
Aperiod,whichiscalledpuntoorpuntofinalinSpanish,isaddedattheendofasentence.
Mateoesunbuenchico.->Mateoisagoodboy.
Teesperaré.->Iwillwaitforyou.
Comma
AcommahassimilarusageinSpanishandEnglish.Youcanuseit toseparateclauses,parentheticalphrasesandlists.
Elpresidente,uncaballero,ayudóalaseñora.
Thepresident,agentleman,helpedthelady.
Ellanecesitapapel,lápizyborrador.
Sheneedspaper,pencil,anderaser.
In many European countries, commas and periods are used inversely whenwritingnumbers.
Cercade1.000personasparticipan.
About1,000peopleparticipated.
Ellarecibióunacalificaciónfinalde92,5.
Shereceivedafinalgradeof92.5.
QuestionMarksInSpanish,questionsstartwithaninvertedquestionmarkandends with a regular question mark. Question marks are called signo deinterrogación:¿Quieneselcampeón?->Whoisthechampion?
¿Adóndevas?->Whereareyougoing?
ExclamationPoints
ExclamationpointsmakeiteasierforareadertoreadexclamationsentencesinSpanishbymarking the startof a sentencewith an invertedexclamationpointand the endwith an upright or regular exclamation point: ¡Felicidades por tunuevotrabajo!->Congratulationsonyournewjob!
¡Yavaledetonterías!->Stopthisnonsense!
The initialexclamationpointorquestionmarkmaybeplaced in themiddleorotherpartsofasentenceifthestartingwordsarenotpartoftheexclamationorquestion.
Carina,¿estádisponiblemañana?
Carina,areyouavailabletomorrow?
Meincorporéalarifay¡ganéelprimerpremio!
IjoinedtheraffleandIwonfirstprize!
Youmay likewisemixandmatchpunctuations ifasentencehasbothquestionandexclamation.
Sarah,¿quétepasó!->Sarah,whathappenedtoyou?!
QuotationMarksThereareseveralwaystoquotesomeone’swordsinSpanishand the symbols vary depending on the region you’re in. In some Spanish-speaking places, youmay see the familiar double quotationmarks (comillas):“Quierosaberlaverdad”,dijoFelipe.
“Iwanttoknowthetruth,”saidFelipe.
The use of angular quotes (comillas angulares), however, ismore common inSpanishwriting:«Quierosaberlaverdad»,dijoFelipe.
A dash (raya)may likewise be used to indicate that a person is speaking:—Quierosaberlaverdad—dijoFelipe.
Tomarkaquotationwithinanotherquotation,youbeginthefirstquotationwithangular quotes before switching to double quotes: «Quiero ver"Anatomía deGrey"»,dijoFelipe.
“Iwanttowatch‘Grey’sAnatomy’,”saidFelipe.
Either theangularquotesordoublequotesmaybeused toquoteamovieorabook:Yoquierover"AnatomíadeGrey".
Yoquier0ver«AnatomíadeGrey».
Iwanttosee“Grey’sAnatomy”.
WhileperiodsandcommasareusuallyplacedinsidequotationmarksinEnglish,theyareplacedoutsideofquotationsinSpanish.
Otherpunctuationmarks, though lesscommonlyused inSpanish,havesimilarusesastheydoinEnglish:colon(dospuntos),hypen(guión),semicolon(puntoycoma),ellipsis(puntossuspensivos),andparenthesis(paréntesis).
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