posc 2200 – theoretical approaches

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POSC 2200 – POSC 2200 – Theoretical Theoretical Approaches Approaches Russell Alan Williams Russell Alan Williams Department of Political Department of Political Science Science

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POSC 2200 – Theoretical Approaches. Russell Alan Williams Department of Political Science. Unit Two: Theoretical Approaches. “ Liberalism: Idealism – Institutionalism ” Required Reading: Globalization of World Politics , Chapters 5, 6 and 7. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: POSC 2200 – Theoretical Approaches

POSC 2200 – Theoretical POSC 2200 – Theoretical ApproachesApproaches

Russell Alan WilliamsRussell Alan Williams

Department of Political ScienceDepartment of Political Science

Page 2: POSC 2200 – Theoretical Approaches

Unit Two: Unit Two: Theoretical ApproachesTheoretical Approaches

““Liberalism: Idealism – InstitutionalismLiberalism: Idealism – Institutionalism””

Required Reading:Required Reading: Globalization of World PoliticsGlobalization of World Politics, Chapters 5, 6 and 7., Chapters 5, 6 and 7. Liberalism: Michael Doyle, Liberalism: Michael Doyle, ““Liberalism and World PoliticsLiberalism and World Politics””, ,

American Political Science ReviewAmerican Political Science Review, 80 (4), pp. 1151-69., 80 (4), pp. 1151-69. (Excerpt (Excerpt available from the instructor).available from the instructor).

Outline:Outline: Introduction to LiberalismIntroduction to Liberalism Key AssumptionsKey Assumptions ConclusionsConclusions For Next TimeFor Next Time

Page 3: POSC 2200 – Theoretical Approaches

1) Introduction to Liberalism:1) Introduction to Liberalism:

Most popular modern approach?Most popular modern approach? ““International Political EconomyInternational Political Economy”” vs. Security???? vs. Security????

Supported by:Supported by: Leading states, IOLeading states, IO’’s and MNCs and MNC’’ss Most scholarsMost scholars

Key Thinkers:Key Thinkers: Kant & Locke – Enlightenment thoughtKant & Locke – Enlightenment thought WilsonWilson KeohaneKeohane

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Liberalism is messy . . . less continuity than in realist Liberalism is messy . . . less continuity than in realist traditiontradition

Modern Liberalism arose out of dissatisfaction withModern Liberalism arose out of dissatisfaction with ““idealismidealism””, but continuing hostility to , but continuing hostility to ““realismrealism”” . . . . . .==Approach often defined in opposition to Approach often defined in opposition to ““realismrealism”” - -

starting point is where realists have starting point is where realists have ““gone wronggone wrong””::

1) 1) ““AnarchyAnarchy”” is not descriptively accurateis not descriptively accurate Institutions/Institutions/““normsnorms””/laws /laws exist exist in IR - More cooperation than in IR - More cooperation than

expectedexpected

2) 2) States are not actors in the way realists understandStates are not actors in the way realists understand Domestic politics - internal bargaining impact what states Domestic politics - internal bargaining impact what states ““dodo””

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3)3) Military power is not as Military power is not as ““fungiblefungible”” as assumed: as assumed: Realist notion of Realist notion of ““powerpower”” flawed flawed

a) Emphasis on militarya) Emphasis on military ““capabilitiescapabilities”” overdoneoverdone

b) Power is not material = ability to influence and achieve b) Power is not material = ability to influence and achieve objectives is what mattersobjectives is what matters

4)4) Most liberals suspicious of realism Most liberals suspicious of realism ’’s militarism and s militarism and lack of normative goalslack of normative goals

Liberals believe war is abnormal and should be avoided at all costs Liberals believe war is abnormal and should be avoided at all costs

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2) Key Assumptions2) Key AssumptionsA) Humans are basically good . . .A) Humans are basically good . . .

Societal progress comes from cooperation = Need for Societal progress comes from cooperation = Need for institutions and conditions that reduce conflictinstitutions and conditions that reduce conflict

Common theme = Conflict comes from bad institutions Common theme = Conflict comes from bad institutions and lack of rulesand lack of rules

““Harmony of InterestsHarmony of Interests””: : E.g. Liberal support for free trade – individual choice, E.g. Liberal support for free trade – individual choice,

and the free market reduce potential for conflict.and the free market reduce potential for conflict. Support Support ““individualismindividualism””

Liberals see a world of Liberals see a world of ““Absolute GainsAbsolute Gains”” – cooperation – cooperation can make everyone better offcan make everyone better off

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2) Key Assumptions2) Key AssumptionsB) B) ““IdentityIdentity”” of a state matters! of a state matters!

Internal political structures, societal values etc. Internal political structures, societal values etc. impact both how a state behaves impact both how a state behaves andand how how others see it.others see it.

E.g. the E.g. the ““Democratic PeaceDemocratic Peace””??

Page 8: POSC 2200 – Theoretical Approaches

2) Key Assumptions2) Key AssumptionsB) B) ““IdentityIdentity”” of a state matters! of a state matters!

Internal political structures, societal values etc. Internal political structures, societal values etc. impact both how a state behaves and how impact both how a state behaves and how others see it.others see it.

E.g. the E.g. the ““Democratic PeaceDemocratic Peace””?? No two democracies have gone to war with one No two democracies have gone to war with one

anotheranother Democracies are more likely to fight wars with non-Democracies are more likely to fight wars with non-

democracies(?)democracies(?) ““Hotly debatedHotly debated””, but factually true . . . A real problem for , but factually true . . . A real problem for

““neorealismneorealism”” since it should not matter.since it should not matter.

Page 9: POSC 2200 – Theoretical Approaches

Michael Doyle & the Michael Doyle & the ““Democratic PeaceDemocratic Peace””

How do we explain the odd mix of aggression How do we explain the odd mix of aggression and non aggression by democratic states?and non aggression by democratic states?

““Republican LiberalismRepublican Liberalism””: : Democratic institutions Democratic institutions and values mean democracies act differently than and values mean democracies act differently than other statesother states

Voters donVoters don’’t vote for imperialist adventure, t vote for imperialist adventure, but they will fight for democracy . . . .but they will fight for democracy . . . .

““Commercial LiberalismCommercial Liberalism””: Democratic states : Democratic states support interdependence and globalization – this support interdependence and globalization – this ties them together and makes it costly for them ties them together and makes it costly for them to not cooperate with one anotherto not cooperate with one another

Bottom line – domestic institutions matter . . . .Bottom line – domestic institutions matter . . . .

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2) Key Assumptions2) Key AssumptionsC) International institutions/organizations C) International institutions/organizations can provide order, peace and prosperitycan provide order, peace and prosperity

Two liberal approaches:Two liberal approaches:

1) Traditional 1) Traditional ““IdealismIdealism””:: Based on Enlightenment ideas about harmony of interests Based on Enlightenment ideas about harmony of interests

and horrors of WWI, early liberals sought to establish and horrors of WWI, early liberals sought to establish ““rulesrules”” for international politics, to reduce the role of for international politics, to reduce the role of ““powerpower”” and the and the ““security dilemmasecurity dilemma””

Cooperation would come from shared beliefs about Cooperation would come from shared beliefs about how states SHOULD act . . .how states SHOULD act . . .

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““IdealismIdealism”” is most is most closely associated with closely associated with Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson

““Fourteen PointsFourteen Points””:: Support for Support for ““Self Self

DeterminationDetermination””/end to /end to empires.empires.

End secret diplomacyEnd secret diplomacy Establishment of the Establishment of the

League of NationsLeague of Nations = = ““Collective SecurityCollective Security””

instead of the instead of the ““balance of balance of powerpower””

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What happened to What happened to ““WilsonianWilsonian”” Idealism? Idealism?

““Collective SecurityCollective Security”” of the League of of the League of Nations failed within 20 years . . . . Nations failed within 20 years . . . .

Many powers were either unhappy with the Many powers were either unhappy with the status quo, or never took principles seriously.status quo, or never took principles seriously.

The U.S. refused to play leadership role, and The U.S. refused to play leadership role, and pursued its own interests.pursued its own interests.

> > > > > > Lost support after start of WWII – Lost support after start of WWII – states would not simply do what was states would not simply do what was politically politically ““rightright”” – though many think – though many think ““idealismidealism”” is back(!) is back(!)

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C) International institutions, organizations, C) International institutions, organizations, regimes can provide order, peace and regimes can provide order, peace and prosperityprosperity

Two liberal approaches:Two liberal approaches:

2) 2) ““Neoliberal InstitutionalismNeoliberal Institutionalism””: Contemporary : Contemporary approach to liberalismapproach to liberalism

““NeoliberalismNeoliberalism”” = Normative economic policy support for = Normative economic policy support for capitalism and free marketscapitalism and free markets

““InstitutionalismInstitutionalism”” = Analytical belief institutions can help = Analytical belief institutions can help overcome overcome ““relative gainsrelative gains””

Robert Keohane (1980Robert Keohane (1980’’s)s) – attempted to merge realism with – attempted to merge realism with evidence of cooperationevidence of cooperation

2) Key Assumptions2) Key Assumptions

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Pakistan

Cooperate

(No nukes) Defect

(Get Nukes)

Cooperate (No Nukes)

C,C

C,D

India Defect

(Get Nukes)

D,C

D,D

•India preference = DC>CC>DD>CD•Pakistan preference = CD>CC>DD>DC

•Realism: If both states are rational, fear of cheating and “relative gains” leads to equilibrium at (D,D)

Key Point: Rational self interest makes cooperation difficult= But, both states worse off then they could be . . .

Page 15: POSC 2200 – Theoretical Approaches

Pakistan

Cooperate

(No nukes) Defect

(Get Nukes)

Cooperate (No Nukes)

C,C

C,D

India Defect

(Get Nukes)

D,C

D,D

Neoliberal Institutionalists argue that (C,C) is often equilibrium - Why?

1) “Iteration” - repeated interaction increase likelihood of cooperation (you can’t afford a bad reputation)

2) Institutions – reduce fear of cheating (E.g. Surveillance & dispute resolution)

Page 16: POSC 2200 – Theoretical Approaches

““Neoliberal InstitutionalismNeoliberal Institutionalism”” – key insights: – key insights:

Same assumptions of realism leads to different conclusionSame assumptions of realism leads to different conclusion Cooperation less difficult than expectedCooperation less difficult than expected

States can seek States can seek ““absolute gainsabsolute gains”” instead of instead of ““relative gainsrelative gains”” States can accept situations where others may gain more then States can accept situations where others may gain more then

them, as long as they gain as well!!!them, as long as they gain as well!!! Most cited example is free trade . . . .Most cited example is free trade . . . .

Institutions and international organizations matter!Institutions and international organizations matter! Trade Trade ““RegimeRegime”” - World Trade Organization (WTO) - World Trade Organization (WTO)

encourages states to support globalizationencourages states to support globalizationUN and UN and ““collective securitycollective security””??

States increasingly support ideal because it is in States increasingly support ideal because it is in their interest, not because they they “should”their interest, not because they they “should”

E.g. Iraq invasion of Kuwait (1990)E.g. Iraq invasion of Kuwait (1990)

Page 17: POSC 2200 – Theoretical Approaches

3) Conclusions - Liberalism:3) Conclusions - Liberalism:

Liberalism sees a world of more than just states . . . .Liberalism sees a world of more than just states . . . .

A) States – A) States – ““Neoliberal institutionalismNeoliberal institutionalism”” almost as almost as ““statiststatist”” as realism as realism

Other liberals pay significant attention to substate Other liberals pay significant attention to substate actors – E.g. actors – E.g. ““Republican LiberalsRepublican Liberals””

C) International Organizations – major distinction C) International Organizations – major distinction between realism and liberalismbetween realism and liberalism

D) Non-Governmental OrganizationsD) Non-Governmental Organizations

E) Multinational CorporationsE) Multinational Corporations

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3) Conclusions - Liberalism:3) Conclusions - Liberalism: View of individual: Humans are highly cooperative – need View of individual: Humans are highly cooperative – need

correct institutional environment to advance societycorrect institutional environment to advance society= Democracy and free markets= Democracy and free markets

View of state: Not unitary, and not necessarily rationalView of state: Not unitary, and not necessarily rational However, major differences within liberalism . . . .However, major differences within liberalism . . . .

Neo-liberalism vs. Democratic Peace LiberalsNeo-liberalism vs. Democratic Peace Liberals

View of international system: Governed by anarchy, View of international system: Governed by anarchy, but:but: ““GlobalisationGlobalisation”” changes things! changes things! Self interest = potential for international laws, rules, Self interest = potential for international laws, rules,

values and normsvalues and norms E.g. It is possible to reduce importance of E.g. It is possible to reduce importance of

anarchyanarchy

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5) Conclusions:5) Conclusions:

Strengths:Strengths:

Increasing relevance to current worldIncreasing relevance to current world FukuyamaFukuyama’’s s ““End of HistoryEnd of History””

Liberal democracy increasingly the norm = Liberal democracy increasingly the norm = basis of sovereignty(?)basis of sovereignty(?)

Interstate war morally unacceptable, Interstate war morally unacceptable, increasingly uncommonincreasingly uncommon

Focus on economic cooperation = globalisationFocus on economic cooperation = globalisation

Focus on domestic politics = seems more Focus on domestic politics = seems more ““realisticrealistic””

Page 20: POSC 2200 – Theoretical Approaches

Weaknesses:Weaknesses: Confusion!Confusion!

Many variables, units of analysis . . .Many variables, units of analysis . . . Major differences within theory . . .Major differences within theory . . .

The shadow of the past . . .The shadow of the past . . . Liberalism has been dominant before, only to Liberalism has been dominant before, only to

fail miserablyfail miserably Perhaps the world will change again?Perhaps the world will change again?

Are interdependence and globalisation a Are interdependence and globalisation a permanent trend?permanent trend?

Is interstate war a thing of the past?Is interstate war a thing of the past?

Page 21: POSC 2200 – Theoretical Approaches

6) For Next Time . . .6) For Next Time . . .

Unit Two: Unit Two: Theoretical ApproachesTheoretical Approaches

September 24 & 26: September 24 & 26: ““Alternative ApproachesAlternative Approaches””

Required Reading:Required Reading:

Globalization of World PoliticsGlobalization of World Politics, Chapters 8, 9, 10 and 16., Chapters 8, 9, 10 and 16.

Vladimir Lenin, Vladimir Lenin, Imperialism, the Highest Stage of CapitalismImperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism, Chapter , Chapter VII, VII, ““Imperialism as a Special stage of CapitalismImperialism as a Special stage of Capitalism”” (Available from the (Available from the instructor)instructor)

Alexander Wendt, Alexander Wendt, ““Anarchy is what states make of it: The social Anarchy is what states make of it: The social construction of power politics,construction of power politics,”” International OrganizationInternational Organization, Vol. 46(2), , Vol. 46(2), (Spring 1992), Pp. 391-425. (Spring 1992), Pp. 391-425. (Excerpt available from the instructor.)(Excerpt available from the instructor.)