posiflow technology of doosan babcock for supercritical boilers
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POSIFLOW TECHNOLOGY OF DOOSAN BABCOCK FOR SUPERCRITICAL BOILERS:
Seven years have passed since the world’s first low mass flux vertical tube once-through furnace
was put into operation by Doosan Babcock at the Yaomeng Thermal Power Plant Unit 1 in China.
That boiler replaced a boiler of another design that had become unreliable. The operating
experience with the Posiflow design has been so positive that the owner has since ordered and
commissioned a replacement for Unit 2’s boiler. Here’s what makes this furnace design unique.
Europe has seen an increase in demand for new coal-fired power stations over the past few years —
no doubt spurred by an aging coal fleet in Western Europe and increased power demand in Eastern
Europe. Many of the new coal-fired plants use supercritical boiler technology with a spiral wound
furnace design. Future coal-fired power stations are considering even higher steam conditions to
increase plant efficiency in order to reduce CO2 emissions per megawatt-hour produced.
Spiral Tube Furnace Design
Spiral wound furnaces have tubes that are wound at an angle of 10º to 25º around the furnace
perimeter from the lower furnace inlet headers to above the burner zone. This arrangement means
that each tube in the furnace passes through the various heat zones so that the heat absorption for
adjacent tubes is reasonably uniform (Figure 1).
1. Improved furnace design. The typical spiral wound boiler uses tubes set on an angle of 10º to
25º from horizontal in the lower furnace section and vertical tubes in the upper furnace. Source:
Doosan Babcock
A high mass flux (mass flow across a unit area expressed in units of kg/m2s) is required to maintain
effective heat transfer across boiler load range as well as to avoid stratification of water and steam at
minimum furnace flow. The potential of stratification or inadequate heat transfer at low loads limits
the minimum once-through load (Benson load) of spiral furnaces. Also, high mass flux causes a high
pressure drop in the tubes, which means feedwater pump power draw is correspondingly high.
Figure 2 illustrates a flow response calculated for various heat absorptions for a boiler wall circuit
with a high mass flux, spiral wound furnace. The left graph shows that the dynamic loss (or friction
loss) component is much greater in magnitude than the static loss (or hydrostatic loss). The graph to
the right shows that the result of an increase in heat absorption is a reduction in tube flow. Taken
together, the images in Figure 2 illustrate that furnace wall tube metal temperatures are adversely
affected as tube flow is reduced when there is an above-average heat supply.
2. Negative flow response characteristic for a high mass flux system. The data were taken
from a high mass flux design boiler operating at 100% MCR with a water mass flux of 1,800 kg/m2s.
In this design, water flow must decrease with higher heat input to maintain system pressure loss.
Source: Doosan Babcock
For spiral wound furnaces, response time is restricted by the way the furnace is supported. Because
spiral wound tubes can not support their own weight, vertical support straps are required on the
outside of the furnace. Thermal stresses between the tubes and the support straps limit the start-up
speed of the boiler as the strap temperature lags behind the tube temperature.
Performance Improvement Is Possible
The ideal furnace design would have vertical tubes and be capable of variable pressure operation
over the load range while exhibiting natural circulation flow characteristics with flow increasing as
heat absorption increases, thus preventing high temperature differentials between adjacent tubes.
As just described, the high mass fluxes required by the vertical tubes used in the old universal
pressure boilers do not have this helpful characteristic. Typically, T12 tube material is used for
subcritical spiral tubes and T24 for ultrasupercritical ones.
Figure 3 illustrates the flow response calculated for a low mass flux system, also called a Posiflow
boiler. The graph on the left of Figure 3 shows that the dynamic loss component is now small
compared to the static loss. The graph on the right shows a positive flow characteristic where tubes
with above-average heat absorption have an increased flow and tubes with below-average heat
absorption have a decreased flow. An advantage of the low mass flux system is a reduction in
pressure loss through the furnace so that the feed pump power is reduced and cycle efficiency is
correspondingly increased.
3. Positive flow response characteristic for a low mass flux system. For a low mass flow
boiler design at 100% MCR, the water mass flux is only 700 kg/m2s. The positive tube flow
response, the water flow increases with higher heat input to maintain system pressure loss. This
characteristic of a once-through boiler furnace design is highly desirable. Source: Doosan Babcock
In the high heat flux areas of the boiler a condition called departure from nucleate boiling (DNB) is
possible. DNB occurs when a steam film separates the water from the tube wall, as shown in Figure
4. The result is an undesirable spike in tube metal temperatures because steam has a lower thermal
conductivity than water. The optimized ribbed tubes of a Posiflow boiler either limit the potential for
DNB occurring or reduce the peak metal temperature if it does occur.
4. Departure from nucleate boiling. Departure from nucleate boiling occurs when a heat flux is
applied to a boiler tube (q) and a steam film forms between the water and the tube. The result is
increased tube metal temperatures due to lower steam conductivity and much-reduced furnace tube
life. Source: Doosan Babcock
Another form of boiling crisis is tube dryout. For a ribbed tube, dryout of the tube wall occurs at a
higher steam quality. The example in Figure 5 shows that for a ribbed tube, dryout does not occur
until the steam quality reaches approximately 0.9, whereas the smooth tube dries out at a steam
quality of 0.6. This occurs because the swirl generated by the spiral ribs forces the water to the tube
wall, which maintains the water film up to the higher steam quality.
5. Dryout boiling crisis. Comparing the dryout characteristics of ribbed and smooth boiler tubes
finds the ribbed tubes postpone dry out so it occurs at higher steam qualities. Source: Doosan
Babcock
Given these fundamental furnace design features, the Doosan Babcock furnace design for a typical
800-MW Posiflow boiler is lighter by 386,000 kg, has about 4,000 fewer welds, and will require close
to 50,000 fewer construction hours to erect than a typical 800-MW universal pressure boiler (Figure
6). The vertical wall panels are also much easier to fabricate, thereby reducing manufacturing cost.
Another advantage: The Benson load can be lower for a Posiflow boiler, which leads to smaller start-
up systems that could eliminate the need for a recirculation pump.
6. Optimized tube selection. The Posiflow furnace design uses internally ribbed tubes in the
lower portion of the furnace, where departure from nucleate boiling can form, and more conventional
smooth bore tubes in the upper furnace. Source: Doosan Babcock
Posiflow at Yaomeng 1
Yaomeng Power Plant is situated in the central southern area of Henan Province, China. The plant
consists of four 300-MW units. Units 1 and 2 entered service in the mid 1970s and were the first
domestically designed, coal-fired boilers of this size to operate in China. Units 3 and 4 followed
during the mid-1980s.
The original boilers were universal pressure type, once-through units designed for baseload
operation. They were designed to generate 935 metric tons/hour main steam at 570C. Beginning in
1992, output was reduced to between 230 MW and 270 MW. The upper limit was reduced due to
overheating of superheater surfaces and turbine constraints. The lower load limit was imposed
because temperature differences between adjacent tubes at low loads caused pressure part failures
and regular outages.
These operating restrictions and the expectation of new emissions regulations led the owners,
Yaomeng Power Generation Ltd. (YPGL), into discussions with Doosan Babcock about a potential
boiler retrofit.
The unit’s concrete structure and the tight plant site limited the available retrofit options. YPGL
elected to retrofit Unit 1 with the world’s first commercial low mass flux vertical tube Benson boiler.
Yaomeng 1 was successfully recommissioned in May 2002. YPGL has since ordered a second
Posiflow boiler for retrofit of Unit 2 that began commercial service in October 2009 (Figure 7).
7. After the boiler upgrades. This is the Yaomeng Power Plant after the second boiler
replacement was completed in October 2009. Courtesy: Doosan Babcock
The success of the Yaomeng 1 retrofit can clearly be seen through the improvement in unit
availability and the unit’s ability to rapidly change load. Before the retrofit in 2000, unit availability
was 88.7%. Average availability since 2002 has been 95%, with the majority of the downtime
attributable to planned outages. Boiler ramp rates improved from 1%/minute to 3%/minute.
Even though Yaomeng Unit 1 was the first Posiflow unit in China, there have been no ribbed tube
failures caused by overheating or high temperature differentials of adjacent tubes in seven years of
operation. Furnace temperature data are recorded using 106 thermocouples that are strategically
located on the furnace walls. The metal temperatures recorded are within design and will provide full
tube life. Also, the temperature difference between adjacent tubes has been reduced from 70C to
between 20C and 30C. As a result, no boiler wall tubes have failed, and the unit can now reduce
load to 40% without oil-firing assistance — something never achieved with the original boiler.
Boiler Tube Deposits and Chemical Cleaning
In a once-through subcritical boiler like that used on Yaomeng Unit 1, there is no steam drum. As
water passes through the furnace, it evaporates entirely into steam. At Yaomeng this transition
occurs in the low heat flux region, where the tube metal temperature increase is minimized. The
water purity has to be high to avoid corrosion, deposition, and carryover of dissolved solids.
Yaomeng Unit 1 uses a hydrazine, all-volatile water treatment system. An all-volatile water treatment
is not normally used for once-through boilers, but because of the presence of copper alloys in the
Yaomeng condensate system, other options were not available. For new-build once-through projects
without copper in the condensate system, Doosan Babcock would use oxygenated treatment during
normal operations and an all-volatile treatment during start-up and shutdown — a "combined
treatment." Combined treatment reduces the speed of deposit buildup and increases the time
between acid cleaning.
As the ribbed tubes have an optimized profile, YPGL questioned how the positive flow response
would be affected by potential deposit buildup. It can be inferred that positive flow response is still
active if it can be shown that metal temperatures have not risen above material limits and tube
failures caused by adjacent tube temperature differences do not occur even if there is a high deposit
weight density.
YPGL made the decision to acid clean the unit during the 2008 outage. Tube samples containing
internal deposits were removed from the high heat flux areas of the furnace to determine deposit
thickness in July 2008. The tubes were then arranged by firing side and nonfiring side. The firing
side of the tube clearly shows deposit buildup on the ribs of the furnace wall tubes before acid
cleaning (Figure 8). The buildup on the nonfiring side on the right shows a more uniform distribution
of deposit.
8. Before acid cleaning. These photos show the firing side and nonfiring side of furnace wall
tubes before the July 2008 acid cleaning. The firing side of the tube (left) clearly has deposit buildup
on the ribs of the tube. Buildup on the nonfiring side (right) has more uniform distribution. Source:
Doosan Babcock
This internal tube deposit was analyzed during every outage to determine the deposit weight density.
Table 1 quantifies the increase over time of the firing side deposit buildup in Unit 1. The increase in
deposit weight density is also apparent on the nonfiring side, but the increase is less uniform over
time.
Table 1. Operating within limits. Ribbed boiler wall tube deposit weight density results for
outages from 2003 to 2008 for Yaomeng Unit 1. Doosan Babcock operating limits are 400 g/m2.
Source: Doosan Babcock
Figure 9 shows the results of the acid cleaning. No oxidation deposit is visible on any part of the
ribbed tubing.
9. After acid cleaning. These photos show the firing side and nonfiring side of furnace wall tubes
after the July 2008 acid cleaning. No oxidation deposits are visible on the ribbed tubing. Source:
Doosan Babcock
Doosan Babcock currently recommends acid cleaning a subcritical boiler at a deposit weight density
of 400 g/m2. The Yaomeng Unit 1 results after six years of service show that the ribbed tube metal
temperatures were within design limits despite a deposit weight density above recommendations.
Also, no furnace tubes failed, so it can be inferred that a positive flow response was still active.
More Posiflow Projects Pending
China’s large resource of anthracite coal ensures this coal’s place in China’s fuel mix for power
generation for many years to come. The next development step for Doosan Babcock was to prove
that the Posiflow furnace design was equally applicable when firing this coal. Previously, downshot
boilers were limited to burning anthracite at subcritical cycles because the octagonal lower furnace
and burner arches would have been difficult to construct with a spiral furnace arrangement. With
Posiflow, supercritical downshot boilers are now possible.
Two new units using the Posiflow design began construction in China during 2009. These two 600-
MWe units are designed to operate at supercritical steam conditions of 255 bar and 571C (Table 2).
Table 2. Posiflow once-through boiler designs under design, construction, and operation
worldwide. Source: Doosan Babcock
Doosan Heavy Industries (DHI), in conjunction with Doosan Babcock, also is now constructing a
once-through supercritical 700-MWe unit for GHECO-ONE, part of the Suez Group. The Gheco
Power Plant was ordered by Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand through international
bidding that attracted keen interest globally. Gheco will be Thailand’s first supercritical power plant of
this capacity and is being constructed at Map ta Phut, 150 kilometers southeast of Bangkok. DHI
worked closely with Doosan Babcock to apply the Posiflow low mass flux vertical tube technology to
this project. DHI is scheduled to complete the construction and test operation of the power plant in
2011.
—Philip J. Bell ([email protected]) is a process engineer, Chao Hui Chen is principal
engineer, and Ian Torkington is general manager, front end engineering for Doosan Babcock Energy
Ltd.