positive acts of government that seek to make constitutional guarantees a reality for all people…....
TRANSCRIPT
The Civil Rights Movement
Positive acts of government that seek to make
constitutional guarantees a reality for all people….
No discrimination on basis of race, sex, religious belief, etc.
Civil Rights ActsVoting Amendments
Civil RightsCivil Rights
social reality
In 1870, 15th Amendment: Black men and former slaves were
given the right to vote.
After Reconstruction 1876, Southern states kept Blacks from
voting and segregated, or separating people by the color of
their skin in public facilities.
Segregation
social reality
Jim Crow laws, laws at the local and state level which segregated
whites from blacks and kept African Americans as 2nd class
citizens and from voting.•poll taxes
• literacy tests •grandfather clause
Segregation
Poll Taxes: Before you could vote, you had to pay taxes to vote. Most poor Blacks could not pay the tax so they didn’t vote.
Literacy Test: You had to prove you could read and write before you could vote…. Once again, most poor Blacks were not
literate.
Grandfather clause: If your grandfather voted in the 1864 election than you could
vote…..Most Blacks did not vote in 1864, so you couldn’t vote….
Jim Crow Laws
Plessy vs. Ferguson, 1896
Supreme Court legalized segregation
throughout the nation.
• “Separate but Equal” as long as public facilities
were equal• Problem: Black
facilities never equal to White
facilities
Social Reality
US would be
segregated until the 1960’s.
Plessy vs. Ferguson, 1896Social Reality
4,742 lynching'sOccurred between
1882-1968.90% of the victims
were Southern73% of the victims
were black27% of the victims
were white
According to theTuskegee Institute
South’s Backlash1
0 to 2020 to 6060 to 100100 to 200200 or more
Lynchings of Whites/Blacks
civil rights
Civil Rights African American WWII
veterans returned to Jim Crow and
discrimination.During both World Wars, Europeans treated Black
soldiers as equals.1948, President Truman signed into law the
Civil Rights Act of 1948
Integrated the military
Integrated the federal government.
African American WWII veterans returned to
Jim Crow and discrimination.
During both World Wars, Europeans treated Black
soldiers as equals.1948, President Truman signed into law the
Civil Rights Act of 1948
Integrated the military
Integrated the federal government.
Jackie Robinson broke the “colored barrier”
and played major league baseball with the
Brooklyn Dodgers…1947 to 1956
1950’s is the beginning of the modern Civil Rights Movement
Jackie Robinson broke the “colored barrier”
and played major league baseball with the
Brooklyn Dodgers…1947 to 1956
1950’s is the beginning of the modern Civil Rights Movement
Civil Rights
NAACP began to attack "Separate but Equal"
by suing segregated colleges and universities; blacks gained entrance into many Southern
universities. Elementary and secondary schools
remained segregated.
Civil Rights During the 1950s
Earl WarrenAppointed byEisenhower as
Chief Justice of Supreme Court
in 1953
Civil Rights During the 1950s
Earl Warren Although viewed as a conservative, Warren
would become the most significant Chief
Justice of the 20th century and lead the most liberal court of
that period.
Civil Rights During the 1950s
In 1951, Oliver Brown wanted his 8-
year-old daughter to
attend a Topeka, Kansas
school, which only white
children were permitted to
attend.
In 1951, Oliver Brown wanted his 8-
year-old daughter to
attend a Topeka, Kansas
school, which only white
children were permitted to
attend.
Brown vs the Board of Education Topeka, Kansas
8-year-old
Brown sued the Topeka Board of
Education, and his case reached the Supreme Court.
Thurgood Marshall of the NAACP argued
Brown’s case.
Brown sued the Topeka Board of
Education, and his case reached the Supreme Court.
Thurgood Marshall of the NAACP argued
Brown’s case.Brown vs. board
Brown vs the Board of Education Topeka, Kansas
May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court overturned Plessy v. Ferguson and
the “Separate but Equal" doctrine.
May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court overturned Plessy v. Ferguson and
the “Separate but Equal" doctrine.
Brown vs the Board of Education Topeka, Kansas
Segregation of children in public
schools on the basis of race was unconstitutional and
discrimination
Segregation of children in public
schools on the basis of race was unconstitutional and
discrimination
Brown vs the Board of Education Topeka, Kansas
States ordered to integrate their schools “with all deliberate
speed.”
States ordered to integrate their schools “with all deliberate
speed.”
Brown vs the Board of Education Topeka, Kansas
Many Americans, both white and black, rejoiced at the Brown
ruling.
Others accepted the decision although they did not agree with
it, hoping that desegregation could take place peacefully.
Many Americans, both white and black, rejoiced at the Brown
ruling.
Others accepted the decision although they did not agree with
it, hoping that desegregation could take place peacefully.
Brown vs. board
Brown vs the Board of Education Topeka, Kansas
Many southern whites, especially in the Deep South, vehemently
opposed the ruling. Congressional representatives of states in the Deep South joined together to protest the decision, claiming
that it violated States’ Rights
Many southern whites, especially in the Deep South, vehemently
opposed the ruling. Congressional representatives of states in the Deep South joined together to protest the decision, claiming
that it violated States’ RightsBrown vs. board
Brown vs the Board of Education Topeka, Kansas
President Eisenhower
felt government should not try to
force integration.
Called appointment of Warren “the biggest damn fool mistake I
ever made."
Civil Rights
little rock
Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas would be the first high school in the South to integrate.
Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas would be the first high school in the South to integrate.
The Little Rock Nine
OppositionIn the fall of
1957, Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus felt that
enforcing integration, or the bringing together of
different races, would create
chaos
OppositionIn the fall of
1957, Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus felt that
enforcing integration, or the bringing together of
different races, would create
chaos
Resistance in Little Rock
little rock
Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas was the first high school in the South to
integrate.
Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas was the first high school in the South to
integrate.
The Little Rock Nine
Opposition Faubus therefore posted Arkansas National Guard
troops at Central High School in Little Rock,
instructing them to turn away the nine African
American students who were supposed to attend that
school.
Opposition Faubus therefore posted Arkansas National Guard
troops at Central High School in Little Rock,
instructing them to turn away the nine African
American students who were supposed to attend that
school.
Resistance in Little Rock
Opposition
Mobs of angry protesters joined
the National Guard in
intimidating the African American
students.
Opposition
Mobs of angry protesters joined
the National Guard in
intimidating the African American
students.
Resistance in Little Rock
Faubus’s actions defied the Brown
decision. President
Eisenhower viewed these actions as a
challenge to the Constitution and to his authority as President.
Resistance in Little Rock Government Response
President Eisenhower placed the National
Guard under federal command and sent soldiers to Arkansas to protect the
nine students.
President Eisenhower placed the National
Guard under federal command and sent soldiers to Arkansas to protect the
nine students.
Resistance in Little Rock Government Response
little rockThe Little Rock Nine
Civil Rights Act of 1960
Civil Rights Act of 1960
• Created the United States Civil Rights Commission
• Investigated and reported voter discrimination
• Gave the Attorney General the power to require federal courts to issue orders to prevent any interference with a person’s right to vote
• Created federal voting referees who helped correct conditions to prevent voter discrimination
Civil Rights Act of 1957
Civil Rights Act of 1957
Eisenhower signs the following Civil Rights Acts into law
1950s Civil Rights Legislation
Rosa Parks was born on February 4, 1913. She grew up in Pine Level,
Alabama, right outside of Montgomery.
Rosa Parks
In the South, Jim Crow laws segregated African Americans and whites in almost every aspect of
life.
This included a seating policy on buses. White’s sat in the front, Blacks
sat in the back.
Buses also drove White students to school. Black students were
forced to walk everyday.
Rosa Parks
December 1955, Rosa Parks was
ordered by a Montgomery bus driver to give up her
seat to white passengers.
She refuses.
The Civil Rights Movement
She was arrested and fined $10 for sitting in
the white section.Montgomery Blacks
organize and refuse to ride buses until the law
changes.
The Civil Rights Movement
Thus began the Civil Rights Era as a national movement to bring about equality
for African Americans.
The Civil Rights Movement
The Civil Rights Movement
The Montgomery Bus Boycott
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
The Civil Rights Movement
Rosa Parks case led to the Montgomery Bus Boycott against segregation on public buses.
Led by Martin Luther King, Jr.Montgomery City Government ended
segregation.
Rosa Parks case led to the Montgomery Bus Boycott against segregation on public buses.
Led by Martin Luther King, Jr.Montgomery City Government ended
segregation.
In 1955 he became involved in the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
The Boycott was the start to his incredible career as the most famous leader of the Civil Rights movement.
He went on to deliver numerous powerful speeches promoting peace and desegregation.
In 1955 he became involved in the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
The Boycott was the start to his incredible career as the most famous leader of the Civil Rights movement.
He went on to deliver numerous powerful speeches promoting peace and desegregation.
Martin Luther King Jr.
• Born in Atlanta, Georgia.• Graduated Morehouse
College with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Sociology.
• Later, at Boston University, King received a Ph.D. in systematic theology.
• In 1953, at the age of 26, King became pastor at the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery Alabama.
• His start as a Civil Rights leader came during the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
• Born in Atlanta, Georgia.• Graduated Morehouse
College with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Sociology.
• Later, at Boston University, King received a Ph.D. in systematic theology.
• In 1953, at the age of 26, King became pastor at the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery Alabama.
• His start as a Civil Rights leader came during the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
Martin Luther King Jr.
As the most important leader of the Civil Rights Movement, Dr. King was instrumental in
bringing about:
The end of the Jim Crow EraIntegration of Southern
public facilities An increase of Black voting
rightsForcing the south to accept true democracy for all its
citizensRestoring the rights of
African Americans which were deprived since
Reconstruction
Martin Luther King Jr.
During The March On Washington he delivered one of the most famous speeches of 20th century
titled,
“I Have A Dream”
Martin Luther King Jr.
“I Have A Dream”Martin Luther King Jr.
Before he was assassinated in 1968, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize
• Martin Luther King, Jr., was influenced by the beliefs and work of Mohandas Gandhi
and Henry David Thoreau, both of whom advocated
nonviolence.• Gandhi had helped
India gain its independence in
1947. • Thoreau had advocated civil
disobedience in the mid-1800s.
Influences
Martin Luther King Jr.
A group that used the authorityand power of Black churches toorganize non-violent protest to support the Civil Rights Movement.
SCLC shifted the focus of the civil rights movement to the South and brought African American leaders such as King to its forefront.
Civil Disobedience 1957, Dr. King helps to found the Southern
Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
The civil disobedience led to media coverage of the daily inequities suffered by Southern Blacks.
Civil Disobedience
The televised segregation violence led to mass public sympathy.
Civil Disobedience
The Civil Rights Movement became the most important political topic during
the early 60’s.
After the Montgomery bus boycott, King began training volunteers for
what they might expect in the months ahead.
Those who rode the newly integrated buses
were encouraged to follow the principles of
nonviolence.
King thereafter became the preeminent figure in almost every major civil rights event throughout
the early 1960s.
Dr. King’s Actions
Civil Disobedience
A new civil rights group run by young
activists, the Student Nonviolent
Coordinating Committee (SNCC), began in 1960 at a meeting in Raleigh,
North Carolina.
A New Voice for Students
SNCC soon became an independent civil rights organization. Its members sought immediate change, as opposed to the gradual change
advocated by most older organizations.
A New Voice for Students
One of SNCC’s most influential leaders was Robert
Moses, a Harvard graduate student and mathematics teacher. Moses led with a quiet, humble style which
earned him the admiration of his followers.
A New Voice for Students
civil rights
Members of the Civil Rights Movement used a variety of
methods to get results. These included practicing non-violence and passive resistance (sit-ins, boycotts, freedom rides, etc.) as encouraged
by Dr. King.
The Civil Rights Movement