positive behavior intervention strategies for classroom practice dena shepard & laura sheets...
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Positive Behavior Positive Behavior Intervention Intervention Strategies for Strategies for Classroom Classroom PracticePractice
Dena Shepard & Laura SheetsDena Shepard & Laura Sheets
Miami Valley Regional CenterMiami Valley Regional Center
SST Region 10SST Region 10
Session OutcomesSession Outcomes
Classroom practices to set the stage Classroom practices to set the stage for positive behavior interventionsfor positive behavior interventions
Creating the environment for Creating the environment for classroom positive behavior supportsclassroom positive behavior supports
Matching the PBS intervention with Matching the PBS intervention with the learner needsthe learner needs
Functional behavior assessment and Functional behavior assessment and behavioral intervention plans to behavioral intervention plans to target specific behaviorstarget specific behaviors
Data collection as a critical piece of Data collection as a critical piece of behavior interventionbehavior intervention
Academic Systems Behavioral Systems
1-5% 1-5%
5-10% 5-10%
80-90% 80-90%
Intensive, Individual Interventions•Individual Students•Assessment-based•High Intensity
Intensive, Individual Interventions•Individual Students•Assessment-based•Intense, durable procedures
Targeted Group Interventions•Some students (at-risk)•High efficiency•Rapid response
Targeted Group Interventions•Some students (at-risk)•High efficiency•Rapid response
Universal Interventions•All students•Preventive, proactive
Universal Interventions•All settings, all students•Preventive, proactive
Designing Schoolwide Systems for Student Success
Miami Valley Regional Center SST 10, 2010
•Decrease in problem behavior = increase in academic time
•Preventative approach to addressing problem behavior
•Should result in greater academic success
Florida PBS Project 2005
Positive Behavior Supports in the Classroom
Miami Valley Regional Center SST 10, 2010
Understanding Your Classroom
Have a clear vision about the following:
• What do you want your classroom to be like?• What should it look like?• What should it feel like to a class member or
visitor?• What do you want your students to
accomplish?• What do you want to accomplish?
Florida PBS Project 2004
Miami Valley Regional Center SST 10, 2010
Assessing Your Classroom
The importance of Assessing your classroom:
• Identify systems needing support• Identify problem areas to target• Identify what information you want to capture
specific to your students
Florida PBS Project 2004
Summary of Positive Behavior Support in Classroom Settings
Total MarkedIn Place
Total MarkedSomewhat In
Place
TotalsMarkedInitiated
Total MarkedNot In Place
I. EcologicalFactors ______ of 17 =
__________%______ of 17 =__________%
______ of 17 =__________%
______ of 17 =__________%
II.ClassroomBehaviorSystems
______ of 17 =__________%
______ of 17 =__________%
______ of 17 =__________%
______ of 17 =__________%
III.Curriculum
andInstruction
______ of 11 =__________%
______ of 11 =__________%
______ of 11 =__________%
______ of 11 =__________%
Florida PBS Project 2004
Classroom Planning Guide
1. List the major strengths of yoursystem for classroom environments.(Refer to your results abovepreviously rated “In Place”)
2. List the major areas in need ofimproving Positive BehaviorSupport for the classroomenvironment.(Refer to your results previouslyrated “Not In Place” or “SomewhatIn Place”)
3. Identify some next steps for makingspecific changes to areas ofconcern including implementationevidence
Adapted from Florida PBS Project 2004
Miami Valley Regional Center SST 10, 2010
Connecting Classwide and Schoolwide Expectations
• Classroom rules should be consistent with Schoolwide system
• Individualized by classroom• Based on assessment of your classroom• Rules clarify classroom expectations
Effective Classwide Strategies are:
Proactive…Not Reactive
Goal: Create a positive climate where all students
can learnMiami Valley Regional Center,
SST 10, 2010
Miami Valley Regional Center SST 10, 2010
Classwide PBS
Classrooms & PBS
Behavior Systems
Ecological Factors
Curriculum & Instruction
Florida PBS Project 2004
Miami Valley Regional Center SST 10, 2010
Ecological Factors
•Physical Setting•Schedule•Climate•Communication
Miami Valley Regional Center SST 10, 2010
Physical Setting
• Organize classroom in a neat and efficient order
• Class rules/routines/schedule clearly posted
• Clear lines of vision to and from students/teacher
• Materials easily accessible
• Seating based on individual/instructional needs
• Action zones noted and planned for
Ecological Factors
“Come now, Miss Twist, your class isn’t that large!”
VISIBILITY
ACCESSIBILITY DISTRACTIBILITY
Visibility
Accessibility
Distractibility
Ecological Factors
Key-Based Guidelines for Arranging the Classroom
V Be sure all students are easily seen by the teacher at all time
V Be sure all students can easily see all instructional presentations and displays
A Keep high traffic areas free of congestion
A Keep frequently used teaching materials and student supplies readily accessible
D Seat students away from distracters (doors, open windows, high traffic areas, computer stations, etc.)
Ecological Factors
Miami Valley Regional Center SST 10, 2010
Ch
alkbo
ard
/Wh
itebo
ard
Girls
Bo
ysB
oo
ksS
ink
W.F
.
Easel
CenterLib
rary
AreaRug
ClosetCubbiesCloset
SmallGroups
Bookshelves
PencilSharpener
WindowWindowWindowWindow
Teacher’sDesk
Elementary Room Arrangements with Problems
VISIBILITYVISIBILITYACCESSIBILITYACCESSIBILITYDISTRACTIBILITYDISTRACTIBILITY
Miami Valley Regional Center SST 10, 2010
Secondary Room Arrangements with Problems
Chalkboard
/Whiteboa
rd
StudentMaterials
WasteBasket
Boo
ksS
torage
Cabinet
BookRack
Teacher’sDesk
PencilSharpener
Chalkboard/Whiteboard BulletinBoard
Bulletin
Boa
rd
Overhe
adP
rojector
Bulletin
Boa
rd
WindowWindowWindowWindow
VISIBILITYVISIBILITYACCESSIBILITYACCESSIBILITYDISTRACTIBILITYDISTRACTIBILITY
Miami Valley Regional Center SST 10, 2010
Schedule
• Post and update daily schedule and review regularly
• Premack your schedule (Grandma principle)
• Avoid the VOID (Anita Archer)
• Establish daily routines and rituals
• Divide lessons into segments to include individual, small, and large group activities
• Provide students with choices on assignments
Ecological Factors
Miami Valley Regional Center SST 10, 2010
Climate
Are there opportunities in your classroom for…
Mutual Respect………………..Not Bossiness
Collaboration………………….....Not Isolation
Commitment to work…...…Not fear of failure
Dignity of all….…Not praise/rewards for few
Merrill Harmin, Inspiring Active Learning
Ecological Factors
Communication
With Students…
• Avoid personal power struggles
• Offer choices that are realistic and developmentally appropriate
• Remain calm, confident, and in control
• Most people only listen with 25% efficiency because they are doing other things
• Utilize appropriate humor
With Families…
• Is there a process for regular communication with families?
Joyce Divinyi
Ecological Factors
93% of all communication is nonverbal
Personal Space
Body Language
Supportive Stance
Paraverbal Communication
Adapted from Crisis Prevention Institute, Inc.
55%
38%
Miami Valley Regional Center SST 10, 2010
Get close enough to show you care
Average 1 1/2 -3 ft.
Culture can affect the distance
Don’t forget this also includes personal items!
Personal Space
Miami Valley Regional Center SST 10, 2010
Facial expressions, gestures, posture, and movements.
Try not to put your hands in your pockets.
Pointing is irritating to everyone
Can serve to escalate or de-escalate a given situation.
Body Language
Miami Valley Regional Center SST 10, 2010
Honors personal space
No direct confrontation
Opportunity for escape route without student losing face
Safety for all involved
Displays respect
Supportive Stance
Adapted from Crisis Prevention Institute, Inc.
Miami Valley Regional Center SST 10, 2010
• I didn’t say you were stupid• I didn’t say you were stupid.• I didn’t say you were stupid.
Paraverbal Communication
How we say what we say
Link between verbals and non verbals
Tone, Volume, Rate
Adapted from Crisis Prevention Institute, Inc.
Miami Valley Regional Center SST 10, 2010
Behavior Systems
•Expectations, Rules, Procedures•Consequence System
•Universal, Targeted, Intensive•Reinforcement•Corrective
•Social Skills Instruction
Miami Valley Regional Center SST 10, 2010
What are… Expectations,
Rules
and
Procedures?
Behavior Systems
Miami Valley Regional Center SST 10, 2010
Expectations
Focus on target aspirations to be accomplished by
the end of the year-- or of a life.
Adapted from COMP, 2004
Behavior Systems
Miami Valley Regional Center SST 10, 2010
Rules
•Govern relationships with others
•Govern relationships with time, space & materials
•Do not change
•Are few in number
Adapted from COMP, 2004
Behavior Systems
Miami Valley Regional Center SST 10, 2010
RulesGeneral Guidelines
• Clear, simple, and understandable
• Limited in number (no more than five)
• Worded positively
• Have a legitimate purpose (always applicable)
• Within students’ abilities to perform
• Manageable
• Stated behaviorally
Behavior Systems
Miami Valley Regional Center SST 10, 2010
IneffectiveInstruction:
Sets the Occasion for Student
Failure
Miami Valley Regional Center SST 10, 2010
Guidelines for Writing Rules
• With a partner/small group, choose a rule.• Critique the rule to match the guidelines from
2.08E handout.• Determine which guideline(s) the rules ignores.• Rewrite the rule to get at what you believe was
the teacher’s intent.• If you finish the activity before time is up, choose
another rule to critique.
Behavior Systems
Miami Valley Regional Center SST 10, 2010
Teaching Classroom Rules
Publicize• Post the rules • Send 2 copies home (one to be returned with
parent signature and one for families to keep)
Explain and Exemplify• Discuss specific expectations relevant to each rule • Give specific examples
Reinforce Consistently• Be consistent and fair
Behavior Systems
Adapted from COMP, 2004
Miami Valley Regional Center SST 10, 2010
Procedures
ORA
ARTCENTER
BOYS GIRLS
OR
NAMEDATE
•Govern ways to get things done
•Change according to need
•Are many in number
Adapted from COMP, 2004
Behavior Systems
SIGN IN A DENTIST’S OFFICE...
You don’t have to floss all your teeth,Only the ones you want to keep.
Teachers don’t have to practice all the procedures,Only the ones they want students to follow.
TRUTH IN A CLASSROOM...
COMP, 6th edition
Miami Valley Regional Center SST 10, 2010
CHAMPs
• Conversation…Can students engage in conversations with each other during this transition?
• Help…How do students get questions answered? How do students get your attention?
• Activity…Explain transition; include time criteria
• Movement…If transition itself DOES NOT involve getting out of seats, can students get out of their seat for any reason during the transition?
• Participation…What behaviors show that students are participating in the transition fully and responsibly?
Behavior Systems
CHAMPS 2009
Miami Valley Regional Center SST 10, 2010
Transition
• In pairs/small groups each group will have 3 transition statement cards.
• Read within your group and generate ideas to solve the problem.
• A reporter from the group will share ideas that the group generates with the large group.
Behavior Systems
Miami Valley Regional Center SST 10, 2010
Goals, Rules & Procedures
• There is an envelope at your table with 21 statements.
• Your challenge in the next 5 minutes is to analyze, come to consensus and organize the statements into 3 categories…
Goals
Rules
Procedures
Behavior Systems
Miami Valley Regional Center SST 10, 2010
Developing a Consequence System
• Keep it simple
• Reinforce frequently in the beginning
• Consequence is contingent on desired behavior
• Refrain from threatening the loss of reinforcers and/or taking earned items away as a strategy or motivating desired behaviors
• Students are ALWAYS eligible for reinforcers
• Keep ratios of reinforcement to correction high (4:1)
Adapted from Florida PBS Project 2004
Behavior Systems
Miami Valley Regional Center SST 10, 2010
UniversalWhole Class System
• The entire class is considered one group and work together toward a goal
• An individual’s behavior affects the consequence for the entire class
Examples:• The 6th grade class with the fewest tardies at the
end of the nine weeks gets a pizza party• When the class earns 100 Bronco Bucks the class
will get 15 minutes of extra recess
Adapted from Florida PBS Project 2004
Behavior Systems
Miami Valley Regional Center SST 10, 2010
• The consequence is given to all members of a group• Individual performance can effect the entire group
Examples:• Ms. Robinson’s class is divided into teams. Team
members earn points for their team by completing assignments, cooperating with team members. The team that earns the most points at the end of the day goes to the Treasure Box.
Adapted from Florida PBS Project 2004
Targeted Small Group System
Behavior Systems
Miami Valley Regional Center SST 10, 2010
Intensive Individual System
•Each student’s behavior determines independently whether he/she receives a consequence
Example:
Mrs. Robinson gives Tommy a token for appropriate classroom behavior. If he earns 10 tokens, he may participate in Fun Friday activities
Adapted from Florida PBS Project 2004
Behavior Systems
Miami Valley Regional Center SST 10, 2010
ConsequencesReinforcement
•Verbal praise
•Certificates
•Displaying student work
•Stickers
•Tangible Rewards
•Grades
•Special Activities
•Game
•Free-reading time
•Field trip
•Behavior Contracts
•Humor
•Power of Choice
• Food
•Coupons for Restaurants
Behavior Systems
Miami Valley Regional Center SST 10, 2010
ConsequencesReinforcement
Effective praise...• Is specific
•Has variety
• Is genuine/credible
•Attributes success to both effort and ability
•Orients self-competition by relating accomplishment to student’s own prior accomplishments
•Provides information on value of accomplishment
•Does not interrupt flow of student workBrophy, 1981
Behavior Systems
Reviews of over 800 studies involving children with the most challenging behaviors
(Gottfredson, 1997;Lipsey, 1991; 1992;Tolan & Guerra, 1994; Elliott, Hamburg, Williams, 1998)
The largest intervention effect-sizes
teaching social behaviors in contextteach specific skills using effective explicit instruction
consistent contingencies ( pos+ & neg- )consistent and effective use of reinforcement/punishment
academic successeffective explicit instruction (reading!!)
©Scott, 2006
Miami Valley Regional Center SST 10, 2010
ConsequencesCorrective
•Redirection
•Planned ignoring
•Restitution
•Confiscation
•Re-teaching
•Time-out
•Behavior Contracts
•Crisis Planning
•Proximity & Movement
•Modeling
•Eye Contact
•Cueing (verbal & nonverbal)
•Loss of privileges
Behavior Systems
Selecting Appropriate Corrective Consequences
• In pairs/small groups, pick a card.
• Discuss the scenario, identify an appropriate response and determine why it is appropriate.
• Next, discuss one or more counterproductive consequences.
Behavior Systems
Miami Valley Regional Center SST 10, 2010
Social Skills Instruction
•Skillstreaming
•Classroom Management for 3, 4, and 5 Year Olds
•Conflict Management
•STP (Stop, Think, Plan)
•Cooperative Discipline
•Quality Schools
•Problem Solving
The best time to deal with behavior is before there are problems --Allen N. Mendler
Behavior Systems
Miami Valley Regional Center SST 10, 2010
• Choose a partner• Choose a material from the table• Review and critique the material• Be prepared to share with the large
group what you liked and did not like about the material
Miami Valley Regional Center SST 10, 2010
Curriculum and Instruction
Universal Design
•Diversity Among Learners•Instructional Design•Variety in Teaching•Assessment
Miami Valley Regional Center SST 10, 2010
Diversity Among Learners Learning Styles
Anne Beninghof, SenseAble Strategies
What the Research says...
Optimal Time of Day:
47% AM Learners
40% PM Learners
13% Evening Learners
Modality Learning Style:
18% Auditory
32% Visual
28% Tactile
22% Kinesthetic
50%82%
Curriculum and Instruction
Miami Valley Regional Center SST 10, 2010
Instructional Design Differentiating Instruction
Is a teacher’s response to learner’s needs
Guided by general principles of differentiation
such as
Respectful tasks
Flexible grouping
Ongoing assessment and adjustment
Carol Tomlinson
Curriculum and Instruction
Miami Valley Regional Center SST 10, 2010
Instructional Design Differentiating Instruction
Teachers can differentiate
Content Process Product
According to students’
Readiness Interest Learning Profile
Carol Tomlinson
Curriculum and Instruction
Miami Valley Regional Center SST 10, 2010
Variety in Teaching
Through a range of instructional and management strategies such as...
•Multiple Intelligences
•jigsaw
•SLANT
•taped materials
•varied texts
•partner reading
•learning contracts
•graphic organizers
•VATK
•Triple vocal rehearse
•I do, we do, you do
•verbal prompts
•small group instruction
•cooperative learning
•team teaching
•choral responses
Curriculum and Instruction
rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr
Miami Valley Regional Center SST 10, 2010
Variety in Teaching Design of Lesson
•Opening•Attention•Review•Preview
•Body•I do it•We do it•You do it
•Close•Review•Preview
Anita Archer, Ph.D. [email protected]
Curriculum and Instruction
Miami Valley Regional Center SST 10, 2010
Assessment
Differences in Assessment “of” Learning and “for” Learning/Purpose of Assessment
Curriculum and Instruction
Miami Valley Regional Center SST 10, 2010
Targeted and Intensive Supports
in the Classroom
Collaborative Strategic Planning Process
Problem Definition
Problem Analysis
Plan Evaluation
Goal SettingPlan Development
& Implementation
Miami Valley Regional Center SST 10, 2010
Baseline Data Collection Guidelines
• Define the behavior that you wish to observe. Be specific.
• Decide which type of behavioral recording is best suited to monitor the behavior.
• Determine if observation data should focus on select individuals or the entire classroom.
• Decide who will observe the behavior.• Decide how long your observations will last.• Observe and record classroom behavior.• Collect observation data until patterns emerge.
Step 1:Identify & Analyze the Problem
Miami Valley Regional Center SST 10, 2010
Direct Observation• The teacher or other identified individual observes the
classroom and records data• Specific observation method depends on the kind of
behavior demonstrated and the type of information that would be most beneficial
• Used to help determine the extent of which the behavior is a problem
• Used to obtain an accurate idea of whether the student’s behavior is improving over time
Step 1:Identify & Analyze the Problem
Miami Valley Regional Center SST 10, 2010
Antecedents & ConsequencesHighlight conditions when the target behavior MOST LIKELY to
occur--What triggers the target behavior?--What sets the occasion for the target behavior?
Highlight conditions when the target behavior is LEAST LIKELY to occur
--What does the environment look like?--What seems to be working for students during this time?
Highlight responses to target behavior that occur repeatedly--What does the teacher do after the inappropriate behavior?--What do peers do once the target behavior is exhibited?
Step 1:Identify & Analyze the Problem
Miami Valley Regional Center SST 10, 2010
Direct Observation Data
• Frequency/Event Recording• Duration Recording• Scatter Plot• Anecdotal/ABC
Step 1:Identify & Analyze the Problem
Miami Valley Regional Center SST 10, 2010
Problem Identification Statement
• Specifically defines the problem at hand
Approximately 50% of the students in Teacher #2’s classroom engage in disruptive behavior (getting out of seat, walking out of area, and holding off-topic conversations during instruction) for several minutes at a time during large-group reading instruction.
Step 1:Identify & Analyze the Problem
Miami Valley Regional Center SST 10, 2010
Analyze the problem...Generating a hypothesis statement
Three components in hypothesis statement
• context of behavior(s)• description of problem behavior(s)• function(s) of the behavior(s)
____________________(Context of Behavior)_______________(Problem Behavior) _____________(Function of Behavior)
O’Neil, R. et al
Step 1:Identify & Analyze the Problem
Miami Valley Regional Center SST 10, 2010
Hypothesis Statement
Example:
When the teacher doesn’t review recently learned material, and changes topics before checking for comprehension, close to half of the students in the classroom engage in disruptive behavior to avoid the new task (based on Instructional Organization, Curriculum & Instruction sections).
Step 1:Identify & Analyze the Problem
Miami Valley Regional Center SST 10, 2010
Goal Statement• Describes what the classroom teacher and
team would like to have happen instead of the problem behavior
At least 80% of the students in Teacher #2’s classroom will engage in on-task behavior (listening quietly to instruction, taking relevant notes, keeping their eyes on the teacher) for at least 15 consecutive minutes during large-group reading instruction.
Step 2:Develop the Plan
Miami Valley Regional Center SST 10, 2010
Develop the Plan
• Antecedent/Setting Events• Replacement Behavior• Reinforcing Consequences• Reduction Oriented Consequences• Quality of Life• Support for Staff
Step 2:Develop the Plan
Miami Valley Regional Center SST 10, 2010
Implement the Plan
• Coordinate with everyone involved and decide on a start date
• Be sure those implementing the plan have been trained on it prior to starting
• Record data during implementation & use it to monitor effectiveness of the plan
• Provide regular feedback to teacher
Step 3:Implement the Plan
Miami Valley Regional Center SST 10, 2010
Evaluate Impact of Plan
• Did we do what we said we were going to do?
• Are we making adequate progress toward the desired goal(s)
• Is the student using the alternative skills?
• Has there been a reduction in behavior?
• Are team members satisfied?
Knoster, Tim, Tri-State Consortium on PBS
Step 4:Evaluate the Plan
Miami Valley Regional Center SST 10, 2010
“I’ve come to the frightening conclusion that I am the decisive element in the classroom. It’s my personal approach that creates the climate. It’s my daily mood that makes the weather. As a teacher, I possess a tremendous power to make a child’s life miserable or joyous. I can be a tool of torture or an instrument of inspiration. I can humiliate or humor, hurt or heal. In all situations, it is my response that decides whether a crisis will be escalated or de-escalated and a child humanized or de-humanized.”
Haim Ginott
For additional information…
Dena [email protected]
Laura Sheets [email protected]
Miami Valley Regional Center, SST Region 10
4801 Springfield StreetDayton, OH 45431
(937) 236-9965