post larval capture collection (pcc) and rearing of ... · worldfish center (hair et al 2002)....

PostLarvalCaptureCollection(PCC)andrearingofornamentalshrimp

andlobsterspeciesinKavieng,PapuaNewGuinea

AntoineTeitelbaum1,ThaneMilitz2,ColetteWabnitz3,CasperDako4,JeffKinch4

OCTOBER2015

1AQUARIUM FISH NC - 2JCU – 3SPC- 4NIMRF/NFA

PCCofshrimpsandlobstersinKavieng 2

© Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) 2015

All rights for commercial/for profit reproduction or translation, in any form, reserved. SPC authorises the partial reproduction or translation of this material for scientific, educational or research purposes, provided that SPC and the source document are properly acknowledged. Permission to reproduce the document and/or translate in whole, in any form, whether for

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Original text: English


TABLE OF CONTENT INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................6BriefoverviewofaquariumtradeinPapuaNewGuinea.............................................6Potentialforaquariumtradelobstersand/orshrimpaquacultureinKavieng..6Potentialforcommunityinvolvement..................................................................................8

MATERIALSANDMETHODS..........................................................................................................8Collectorsusedforthestudy.....................................................................................................8Wood...............................................................................................................................................8Shadecloth.....................................................................................................................................9Onionbags.....................................................................................................................................9

LobstersandshrimpsinKavieng.........................................................................................10Siteselection..................................................................................................................................11Deployment....................................................................................................................................12Monitoring......................................................................................................................................14Lobstergrowthtrials.................................................................................................................14

RESULTS...............................................................................................................................................14Sites...................................................................................................................................................14Descriptionandlocation......................................................................................................14Environmentaldata...............................................................................................................16

Lobstergrowthtrials.................................................................................................................16Collectors........................................................................................................................................17Lobsters,shrimpsandothercrustaceans.......................................................................17Aby‐productofthestudy:presenceoffish....................................................................19

CONCLUSIONS...................................................................................................................................21Lobsters.......................................................................................................................................21Shrimps........................................................................................................................................21Fish................................................................................................................................................21Impactoftheequipmentused............................................................................................21Lobstergrowthtrials.............................................................................................................22

RECOMMENDATIONS....................................................................................................................22ANNEX...................................................................................................................................................24Bandedcoralshrimp(Stenopushispidus).........................................................................24Paintedlobster(Panulirusversicolor)................................................................................25Stripedblenny(Meiacanthusgrammistes).......................................................................25

REFERENCELIST.............................................................................................................................27


FIGURES AND TABLES Figure1:Preparingwoodcollectors........................................................................................9Figure2:CasperDakoaddingweightstowoodcollector.................................................9Figure3:Shadeclothormaiden‐dresscollectors.................................................................9Figure4:Peksyfillingonionbagcollectorswithcoconutfronds...............................10Figure5:Panuliruslobsters(C.Hair)......................................................................................11Figure6:Stenopusshrimp........................................................................................11Figure7:Lysmatashrimp.............................................................................................................11Figure8:oneofthesiteswherelonglinesweredeployed,Kavina/river...............12Figure9:Diagramofalongline’spositioninthewatercolumn..................................13Figure10:Deploymentteamreadytoputout2longlines............................................13Figure11:Stretchingthelonglinesdownwindandplacingcollectingdevices....13Figure12:Lobsterscollectedandusedforgrowthtrial.................................................14Figure13:MapofKaviengandareaswherethelonglinesweredeployed............16Figure14:growthofthelobstersduringthe5weekstudyperiod...........................17Figure15:Efficiencyofeachlongline......................................................................................18Figure16:Pictureofashrimpsettledinsideashadeclothcollector.........................19Figure17:Numberofblenniesrecordedduringthefirsttwomonths....................20Figure18:Meiacanthusgrammistesonthelonglines.....................................................20Table1:longlinenames,locationsandkeyinformation................................................15Table2:EnvironmentaldatatakeninApril2015.............................................................16Table3:Growthratesofthelobstersduringtrial.............................................................17Table4:Recruitmentofcrustaceans.......................................................................................18Table5:Numberofshrimpsharvestedateachlongline................................................18Table6:Numberofshrimpsharvestedforeachtypeofcollector.............................19


ABBREVIATIONS NIMRF NagoIslandMarineresearchFacilityPNG PapuaNewGuineaFFEM FondFrançaispourL’EnvironementMondialSPC SecretariatofthePacificCommunityNFA NationalFisheriesAuthorityJCU JamesCookUniversityACIAR AustralianCenterforInternationalAgriculturalresearchNFC NorthernFisheriesCenterNM NauticalMiles


INTRODUCTION

Brief overview of aquarium trade in Papua New Guinea

Whiletherearecurrentlynoexports for theaquariumtradeoutofPapuaNewGuinea (PNG), it has been documented that the country has developmentpotentialinthisindustry(EcoEZ,2007;Teitelbaumetal,2013).Highfreightandoperatingcostshavethusfarbeenhighlightedasthetwomainlimitingfactors.The country offers abundant and a wide range of resources that are in high‐demand,partlyasaresultofaveryvariedrangeofhabitats;andmanpowerisavailableandwagesrelativelycost‐effectivecomparedtoothercountriesintheregion.In recent years, a numberof projectshave attempted todevelop a sustainableand viable aquarium trade in and out of PNG: the SEASMART programme(ownedbyPNG’sNationalFisheriesAuthority(NFA))andEcoAquarium(privatesector). Unfortunately, both companies seized operations for a number ofreasons includinghigh freightandoperatingcosts,whichdidnotallow for thecommercialviabilityofoperationsoverthelongterm.Inparallel,theNagoIslandMaricultureResearchFacility(NIMRF)fromtheNFAtogether with institutional partners (James Cook University (JCU) / theAustralian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) / TheSecretariatof thePacificCommunity (SPC))has taken the lead indocumentingthepotentialtodeveloptheaquariumtradefrombothculturedandwild‐caughtsourcesintheKaviengarea.Afewexamplesofactivitiesinclude:

‐ commercialresourcesurveyforfishexport(Teitelbaumetal.2013);‐ small scale coral culture trial for small polyp stony (SPS) coralsmostly

(2012‐ongoing)(Teitelbaumetal2012;Militzperscom);and‐ development foraquariumfishspecieshatchery(2014‐ongoing)(Militz

;www.facebook.com/marineaquariumtraderesearch?fref=ts)

Potential for aquarium trade lobsters and/or shrimp aquaculture in Kavieng

The NIMRF in Kavieng has a vocation, amongst other duties, to propose anddevelop sustainable aquaculture projects that benefit Papua New Guinea’scoastal population through increased employment opportunities and cashincome generating activities. Aquaculture research and conservation are a keypartofNIMRFduties.NIMRFrecentlyidentifiedthecultureoflobsters,shrimpsandotheraquariumproductsasamediumlevelpriority(TeitelbaumandKinch2011).While traded in lower quantities than corals, clams or fish, crustaceans are indemand for the aquarium trade. While shrimps and lobsters command arelatively small market share, demand is steady. Shrimps such as speciesbelonging to the genera Lysmata and Stenopus for example together with aspeciesof sea anemoneaccounted for15%of all invertebrates traded in2003(Wabnitzetal2003).


Thosespeciesweretargetedforacultureandgrow‐outproject intheSolomonIslands by Hair etal (2004). Indeed, early 2002, capture and culture trials ofshrimps and lobster larvae were conducted in the Solomon Islands by theWorldFishCenter(Hairetal2002).Lobstersandshrimpswerecollected,grownoutandexportedthroughalocalshipper(AquariumArts).Whiletheprojectmetwithsuccessinitially,itfailedeventuallyowinginparttohighfreightcosts,lackof overall cost‐effectiveness, and destruction of key recruitment habitatfollowing the2007 tsunami. Inotherpartsof theworld, lobsteraquaculture isbasedoncollectingthepueruliwithtrapssuchasinVietnam,Indonesia(Ducroqand Sephar 2014) and some recent trials in thePacific includeNewCaledoniawithsomeinterestingresults(Ducroqetal2013).Basedpartlyon theexperiencegleaned fromtrials in theSolomon Islandsandthepotentialforshrimpandlobstersintheaquariumtradeasdescribedabove,aprojectcoordinatedby theSecretariatof thePacificCommunityand fundedbythe Fonds Français pour l’Environnement Mondial (FFEM) sought to conductsimilartrialsinKavieng.Theproject’smainaimwasgeneratebasicandrelevantinformationon the recruitment, collection and culturepotential of juveniles ofshrimp and lobster species of interest for the marine aquarium trade aroundKavieng.Itwashopedthatdatageneratedfromthisstudyshallinformthefutureassessmentofthefeasibilityandviabilityofdevelopingasmall‐scaleaquaculturebusinessintheareaforthesecommodities.Thesetrialsweremeanttobuildonearlier trials implemented at Kavieng, implemented under the ACIAR fundedproject FIS/2010/017 as well as to integrate lessons learned in the SolomonIslands and other localities in the region, particularly with regards toimprovementsincapturemethods.Specificobjectivesincluded:

‐ Choiceofmaterialsfortheareathatwouldoptimiserecruitment;‐ Site location that proves favourable for recruitment as well as

maintenanceandaccess;‐ Capturerates;and‐ Parametersthatareimportanttoconsiderwhenculturinglarvaesuchas

waterquality,feedsandrearingmethods.InKaviengthemainexploitedspecies(for food) isP.penicilatus.WhilepresentPanilurusversicolor is less abundant, as per local observations. There are alsooccasionalreportsofP.ornatus(Hairpers.comm.).Mostoftheselobstersareofcommercial interest in the food trade due to their high value as arestaurant/food item, but as juvenileP.versicolor is an aquarium item that canreacharetailpriceof15‐20USD(www.liveaquaria.com).Coral shrimps are also prized commodities on the aquarium trade market.Species such as Stenopus spp., Lysmata spp.,Periclimenes spp. are particularlysoughtafter.Theycanreachretailpricesof10‐15USD(www.liveaquaria.com).Adescriptionofshrimpsandlobstersintheaquariumtradeisincludedinannex1(www.liveaquaria.com).


Potential for community involvement

Numerous communities in PNG depend on marine resources for theirlivelihoods, but do not maximize potential economic opportunities that suchresourcesoffer.Forexample,thereisverylimitedtraditionofmaricultureinthecoastalcommunitiesofPNG.TheNIMRFoffersopportunitiesforcommunitiestocapitalizeonthedevelopmentofsuchactivities.Itisalsointendedasatrainingcentre for students from the National Fisheries Centre (NFC), various PNGuniversitiesandcommunities.

In the case of the capture and culture of lobsters, the technique for capturinglarvaeisverysimpleandcanbedeployedatvillagelevel.Further,andbecausecustomary marine tenure systems still exist in PNG, communities that haveaccess togoodcollectingwaterswillbe inagoodposition todeploy theirowndevicesandreapthefruitfromtheireffortswithoutfearingthatcollectorsmaybevandalisedorstolen.

Grow‐out can easily be undertaken at village level, given the small amount offeedingrequired:animalstradedforaquariumpurposesareusuallysmallinsizeand numbers required to establish trade relatively low (50‐100 of pieces at atime as opposed to several tons for commercial food aquaculture). Moreover,techniques required to hold the crustaceans in small floating cages are easilyachievable.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Inthisstudyweconstructedanddeployedcrustaceancollectorsat3differentsitesandusedthreedifferentcollectingmethods.AllmaterialswerebuildanddeployedbetweentheAprilandSeptember2015.

Collectors used for the study

Wood

Sixty(60)cmwoodsticksmadeof local ‘rotproof’hardwoodwereused.Theyweredrilledoneachof their4sides, fora totalof50holesofapproximatelya7mmdiameter(Fig.1).Atin‐fullofcementwasusedatoneendtoallowforthewoodto initiallysink(Fig.2).Weconstructedanddeployedatotalof35woodcollectors.This type of collector is renowned to provide good results in many differentplaces,suchasVietnam,mostlywhenusedforlobstercollection.Ithasalsobeenused indifferentpartsof thePacific suchas in theSolomon Islands (Hairetal2002)andNewCaledonia(Ducroqetal2013).


Figure1:Preparingwoodcollectors Figure2:CasperDakoaddingweightsto woodcollector

Shadecloth

Twopiecesofshadeclothwereplacedontopofeachotherandwrappedarounda rock to avoid floatation (Fig. 3). This typeof collector iswidelyused inAsia(Faoetal2009)andhasbeentrialled inotherpartsofthePacificsuchasNewCaledoniawhere itwas successfully usedwithP.ornatus (Ducroq etal 2013).Theseare fast tomake, the requiredmaterialwas readily available inKaviengandtheyareeasytohandle.Thirtyfive(35)piecesweremadeforthestudy.

Figure3:Shadeclothormaiden‐dresscollectors

Onion bags

Regularonionbagswerefilledwithcoconutleavesandweighedwitharock(Fig.4).Thesecollectorsareverycheapandfasttomake.Whiletheyarenottypicallydeployedforthecollectionof lobstersandshrimps, theiruseiswidespreadforbivalve spat collection.We felt that itwasworth having those included in the


experiment incasesomeornamental shellorotherorganismof interest to theaquariumtradewouldsettleonthem.Again,35piecesweremadeforthestudy.

Figure4:Peksyfillingonionbagcollectorswithcoconutfronds

Lobsters and shrimps in Kavieng

AquickqualitativelocalsurveyamongstworkersandlocalpeopleinNagoandKaviengallowedustodeterminethemaincrustaceanspeciesinthearea.Thesewerethefollowing:

1. Lobsters:‐ Panuliruspenicillatus:Kavienghasabigfisherytargetingthisspecies

forfood.Thisspeciesisprobablyofleastinteresttotheaquariumtrade.Localpricerangefrom$10‐20PNGkinaperkg.

‐ Panulirusversicolor(Fig.5):thisspeciesisofmostinteresttotheaquariumtradeduetoitscoloration.Localpricerangefrom$10‐20PNGkinaperkg.

‐ OccasionalrecordsofPanulirusornatus(nointeresttothetrade).2. Shrimps:

‐ Stenopushispidus(Fig.6):verypopularintheaquariumtrade.Nocurrentlocalvalue.

‐ OccasionalreportsofLysmatasp.(Fig.7),alsoverypopularintheaquariumtrade.Nocurrentlocalvalue.

OurmaintargetspeciesforthisprojectwereP.versicolor(alsoreferredtoasornatedlobster)andS.hispidus(alsoreferredtoasbandedshrimp)asprevioustrialsconductedinSolomonIslandsdemonstratedreasonablerecruitmentratesofbothspecies.


Figure5:Panuliruslobsters(C.Hair)Figure6:StenopusshrimpFigure7:Lysmatashrimp

Site selection

Atotalofthreesiteswereselectedaccordingtothreekeycriteria:

‐ Literature:lobsterssupposedlysettleinnutrientrichareasthatcarrya lot of food andprovide ample shelter. InNewCaledonia, Vietnam,and Indonesia for example collectors are usually deployed in bayswith dirty water. We searched for similar sites in Kavieng withproximitytoreefsandmangroveswhenandwherepossible(Fig.8).

‐ Proximity to Nago: Since sites had to be monitored regularlyrequired,wedidnotwanttoselectlocationsthatwerefurtherthan30minutesawaybyboatfromtheresearchstation.Aslogisticsdictatedthatallsiteshadtobemonitoredwithin1day,theywereplacedinamangrove to reef gradient that allowed easy monitoring withoutimpacting the experiment’s design or the potential efficacy ofcollectors.

‐ Clues of lobster and crustacean settlement: Potential sites werecarefullyinspectedforcuesoflobsterorshrimpsettlementbeforethedeployment of longlines.However, at the timeof the trial,we had afeelingthatwewerelateintheseasonastheonlyobservedversicolorlobsterswereprobably2month‐oldalready.


Figure8:oneofthesiteswherelonglinesweredeployed,Kavina/river.Reefsontheforefrontwithmangrovesincloseproximityareasignthatthisshouldbeagoodcollectingarea.

Deployment

Alltrapsweredeployedwiththeassistanceofaboat,adriverand2staff(Fig.9‐11)accordingtothefollowingprotocol:The first longline anchor is dropped from the boat after checking for depth(optimalbetween5and15m).Itisattachedtothe‘anchorline’withaslipknotthathastobetight.Theanchorline(thelengthofwhichdependsonthedepththelinewillbemooredat)isthenconnectedtothemainline(30mtotallength)usinganotherknot.Thefirstfloatisconnectedtothispoint(Fig.9).


Figure9:Diagramofalongline’spositioninthewatercolumn

1. The boat is set to drift downwind and collectors are attached to the

longline at 2meter intervals. A total of 15 collectors, five of each type,attachedinalternatingorder,weredeployedononelonglineateachsite.

2. Oncealltheequipmentisdeployedasecondanchorlineisattachedtothe

mainlineatoneendandtothesecondanchorattheotherend.Theboatis then used to stretch the line tight and the anchor dropped (Fig. 10).Both floatsandanchorsareadjusted, ifandwherenecessary,bydivers.Tostabilisethesetup,another(smaller)anchorandfloataredeployedinthemiddleoftheline(Fig.9).

Figure10:Deploymentteamreadytoputout2longlines

Figure11: Stretchingthelonglinesdownwindandplacingalternatelyallthreetypesofcollectingdevices.


Monitoring

Monitoringwasundertakenbylocalstafftwiceamonth.Thefirstvisitwasdoneadayor twobefore theNewMoon (NM),while the secondcheckwasdoneatNM+4/5days.Thiswastofindoutwhethertherewasmorerecruitmentbeforeorafterthenewmoon,thetimeatwhichcrustaceansusuallysettleonlonglines.Montioring of long lines began in May 2015 (roughly one month afterdeployment)andconcludedinSeptember2015.

Lobster growth trials

In order to kick‐start the survival and growth trials of lobsters/shrimps ofaquariuminterest,somespecimenofP.versicolorwerecaught(4to8cm)ononeofthepiersintown.Atotalof20lobsterswerecollectedwith18ofthemusedforthistrial.The specimens (Fig. 12) were placed individually into50L tanks and fed tosatiation once daily (5pm) over a period of 5 weeks. All lobsters were givenconstantaeration, flowthroughoffilteredseawater,andaflowerpothide.Thelobsters were fed a commercially used diet for shrimp aquaculture (INV‐NRDG8).Moltsandincidenceofmortalitieswererecordeddailywithgrowthratesbeingmeasuredweekly.

Figure12:Lobsterscollectedandusedforgrowthtrial

RESULTS

Sites

Description and location

We deployed a total of 7 collector lines, each with 15 collectors of the threematerial types,whichwereplaced in randomcombinationalong the line, fora


total of 105 collectors. The individual sites are described succinctly below,mappedinFig.12andinformationaboutthemsummarizedinTables2and3.River–Kavina:Thissiteisunderhighnutrientinfluenceduetotheproximityofa river. Thewaterwas turbid (visibility = 2m). Nevertheless, the area boastsreefs with live coral cover. There is a mangrove nearby. The bottom issilty/muddy. Two collector lineswere deployed in this areawith a total of 15collectorseachin6mofwaterandsubmergedto3m.Goldmine‐Lienpukatuk:This site isprotected fromthe tradewindsandhasamangrovenearby.Ithasmorereefsthantheprevioussitewithgreaterdiversity.Twolinesweredeployedwithatotalof15collectorseachin8mofwaterandsubmergedto4m.Visibilitywasabout4‐5m.Thebottomissilty.Hospital‐Paip:Thissiteisdeeper(10‐15m)thanthetwopreviousonesandhasmoreoceanicinfluence.It ismoreexposedtowindandswell. It isalsoincloseproximity tomangroves and reefs, andboasts greaterdiversity of reef speciesthaneitheroftheprevioussites.Twolinesweresubmergedto5mdepth(15x2collectors).Visibilityisabout10m.Nago–Nango:Thisisatestsitewherealonglinewasdeployed(15collectors)near the reef on the sand right in from of NIMRF (depth 7 m). It was verydifferenttotheothersitesasthereisnomangroveincloseproximity,visibilityisgreat and it is located near one of Kavieng’s lagoon entrances (strong oceanicinfluence).Thesiteswereselectedasperthedescriptionin“MaterialsandMethods”above.Table1:longlinenames,locationsandkeyinformation

SITENAME VISIBILITY SUBSTRATE DEPTH(m)KAVINA1 3 MUD/SILT 6KAVINA2 3 MUD/SILT 6LIENPUKATUK1 4 SILT 10LIENPUKATUK2 4 SILT 8PAIP1 10 SAND 15PAIP2 10 SAND 10NANGO1 15 SAND 7


Figure13:MapofKaviengandareaswherethelonglinesweredeployed.

Environmental data

Somekeyenvironmentaldatasuchastemperatureandsalinitywererecordedateachsitewhiledeployingthecollectors(Table3).Bothwerefoundtobegenerallystableamongstthesites,withtheexceptionoflowersalinityatKavina,demonstratingthestrongriverineinfluenceatthissite.Table2:EnvironmentaldatatakeninApril2015whiledeployingthelonglines.

SITE TEMP(°C) SALINITY(‰)KAVINA1 30.5° 32KAVINA2 31 34LIENPUKATUK1 30.5 34LIENPUKATUK2 31 34PAIP1 31 34PAIP2 31 34NANGO1 31 35


Thegrowthtrialswereundertakenon18lobstersoverthecourseof5weeks,withmortality,moltingandgrowthratesrecordedweekly.TableTable3summarizestheresultsofthistrial.


Table3:Growthratesofthelobstersduringtrial

Date Week Mean Size Std Error

20/04/15 0 18,22 0,76

27/04/15 1 17,83 0,65

04/05/15 2 18,27 0,70

11/05/15 3 18,58 0,69

18/05/15 4 18,29 0,67

25/01/00 5 18,31 0,67

Figure14:growthofthelobstersduringthe5weekstudyperiod

Duringthecourseofthetrial,therewasnosignificantdifferencebetweenthesizeoflobstersatthestartofthestudy(18.22±0.76mm)andtheendofthestudy(18.31±0.68mm)(T‐Test,T=‐0.09,P=0.93).Also,2lobstersdied(11%)and66%ofthelobstersmoultedoverthecourseofthestudy.

Collectors

Whilethepurposeofthisstudywastofocusonaquariumlobstersandshrimps,weseizedtheopportunityofregularmonitoringactivitiestocheckforandrecordotheraquariumanimalsofpotentialcommercialinterest(e.g.,fish,crabsandothershrimps).

Lobsters, shrimps and other crustaceans.

Overthe2‐monthmonitoringperiodwerecordednolobsterrecruitmentinanyofthecollectors.Wedidhoweverencountershrimpsespeciallyinthesecondmonth.OnlyfiveindividualsofthegenusStenopus(2)andLysmata(3)wereseen.ThemainspeciesencounteredwereofthegenusPericlimenes.Itwasrecordedatotalof457times(Table4).

y=0.0613x+18.102R²=0.2224

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 1 2 3 4 5

Size(mm)

Week


Table4:Recruitmentofcrustaceans

Species Total %

Saron sp. 1 0,2

Stenopus hispidus 2 0,4

Lysmata vittata 3 0,7

Periclimenes sp. 457 98,7

Total 463

ThemostefficientlonglineforcollectionwerethoseatPaip/hospital.Theonesinthebayandneartherivers(Kavina/Lienpukatuk)weren’tveryproductiveandneitherwastheNagotestlineinclearwaternearthestation.Table5summarizesthetotalnumberofshrimpsrecordedoncollectorsbylocationoverthecourseofthestudyperiod.Table5:Numberofshrimpsharvestedateachlongline

Figure15:Efficiencyofeachlongline

Out of the three typesof collectormaterials used, theonesmadeout of shadeclothyieldedthebestresultsforshrimps,accountingfor92%ofcatches(Table7). The onion bags proved difficult to inspect and fouling of the bags exteriorhinderedwatermovement insideof them, creating anoxic conditionsprobably

0

50

100

150

200

250

TotalIndividuals

Longline#

Location Total Number Encountered

KAVINA1 33

KAVINA2 22

LIENPUKATUK1 34

LIENPUKATUK2 29

PAIP1 219

PAIP2 107

NAGO 22


unsuitable to shrimp recruitment. All shrimp observed on the onion bagcollectorswerefoundonthebagsexteriorsurface.Table6:Numberofshrimpsharvestedforeachtypeofcollector

Collector Total %

Wood 7 1.5

Onion Bag 29 6.3

Shadecloth 345 92.2

Of theshrimpsspottedonthecollectors,98.7%were foundtobeglassshrimp(Periclimenes spp.) with species of commercial value to ornamental trade(LysmatavittataandStenopushispidus)comprisingonly1.1%ofindividuals.All individualswere initiallydetectedas juvenileswithspecimensbelonging tothePericlimenesgenusobservedtogrowandresideonlonglinesovertime.Lysmata vittata and Stenopus hispidus were only observed on longlines asjuvenilesandwerenotfoundagainonsubsequentmonitoringvisits,suggestingthesemighthavemigratedtonearbyreefs.MostshrimpobservedwereatPaip1,thislinealsohadthe2Stenopushispidusand2oftheLysmatavittataobserved.

Figure16:Pictureofashrimpsettledinsideashadeclothcollector.

A by‐product of the study: presence of fish

Fishwerenotinitiallytargetedbythisstudybuttheoccurrenceofoneaquariumspeciesoffangblennyisworthyofreportinghere.The longlineswere effective at attracting a single species of fish,Meiacanthusgrammistes,a species traded for aquariums (see description in annexes). This


wasalwaysthemostprevalentfishspeciesassociatedwithlonglines.Similarlytoshrimps,thefishweremostcommonlyassociatedwithshadeclothcollectors.Figure17summarizesthenumberofstripedblennies(Meiacanthusgrammistes)encounteredonthelonglinesoverthefirsttwomonthsofthestudy.Theywerefound to aggregate consistently along the rope of the anchor and longlinesthemselves(Fig.18).

Figure17:Numberofblenniesrecordedduringthefirsttwomonthsofthestudy

ThisfindingbringstolightthepotentialforminiFADstoattractfishindemandbytheornamentaltradeand/orlighttrappingdevices.However,itisworthytonotethatinitiativesdevelopedonsuchprinciplesfocusingsolelyonfishspecieshaveproventobenoteconomicallyviable(e.g.,FrenchPolynesia,Vanuatu,Cookislands, Mauritius), mostly owing to irregular recruitment patterns of diversespeciesandthefactthatthespeciesrecruitinginhighestnumbersaretypicallynotworthverymuchontheaquariumtrademarket.For this species, like for the shrimps, there was a clear site impact oneffectiveness, with the deepest site near reef habitat being the most effective(Line9=Paip1)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 1 2

Individuals

Time(month)

Line1

Line3

Line5

Line7

Line9

Line11

Line13

Figure18:Meiacanthusgrammistes onthelonglines


CONCLUSIONS

Lobsters

The lack of lobster recruitment observed over the course of the studymay beduetothefactthat:‐ The longlines were deployed outside of recruitment season and it wouldrequireafewmoremonthsbeforetheystartsettlingin;‐ The density of lobsters in Kavieng is too low and collectors are not theappropriate tool for them or if they do recruit in the area, they may only bepresentinverylownumbers;‐ The longlines were placed at the wrong spots or the collectors were notappropriate. Givenexperienceinotherpartsoftheworldandcluesobservedon

the reefs of Kavieng, we hypothesize that lobster recruitment isseasonal(probablyNovember‐February).Moreover, it is likely thatPanulirusversicoloralsoonlyrecruitsinsmallnumbers.

Shrimps

Thenumberofglassshrimpsandothershrimpspecies foundonthecollectorsindicates there is potential for collecting crustaceans in the area, although thespeciesmaynotbeofparticularinteresttotheaquariumtradeandtheymaynotbeavailableincommercialquantities. The longlines should be left for a full year cycle to examine

seasonality/densityandspeciesmorethoroughly.Thesampleistoosmalltodrawdefiniteconclusionssofar.

Fish

Thefactthatfangblennieswerearoundingoodnumbersandrecruitedfairlyrapidlytothecollectorsatsomesitesshowsthattheremaybepotentialoftrappingsomecommercialaquariumspeciesusingalternativemethodssuchasmini‐fadsorlighttrapsonsite;thoughthiswouldhavetobetestedmorethoroughlyandwouldneedtoincludethetriallingofothercollectionmethods. Fangblenniesofthetypeencounteredareoflowvalueandone

wouldnotbeabletoshiplargequantities.Assuchtheywouldnotconstitutethebackboneofanexportbusiness,butcouldpotentiallybeincludedwithinastocklist,ifanaquariumexportbusinesswastodevelopinthefuturebasedonothermorelucrativespecies.

Impact of the equipment used

Therewasaclearimpactoftwofactorsduringthisstudysofar:theshadeclothcollectorswerebyfarthemostefficientandtheonionbagcollectorwasnotappropriate,mostlikelyduetoit’sanoxicstateafterafewweeksinthewater.


Whilethewoodcollectorshasworkedbestforlobstersinotherstudiesitwouldneedtobetrialledduringrecruitmentseasonfortherelevantspecies.Further,onesiteyieldedbetterresultandwewouldrecommendthatthistypeofareabefocusedonforfuturetrials(hospital). Trialsdemonstratedaclearimpactoftypeofcollectorandsite


Thelobstergrowthtrialshowedthattherewasnosignificantgrowthduringa5weekstudyperiod. Tanktrialsshowedthatlobsterscouldsurviveandbefedon

commercialshrimpdiets,indicatingthatlagoongrowouttrialsinlowtechseacagescouldbeasuccessfulnextstep.

Sincetherewereonly4aquariumshrimpscollectedduringthestudy,nogrowthtrialswerecarriedoutonthoseindividuals.Itwasobservedthattheygrewonthelonglinetoadultsizes.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Monitoringofthedeployedlonglineswouldneedtocontinueforanother6‐12monthstobetterassessrecruitmentseasonality.Sincewedidnotobserveanylobstersonthelonglines,wehypothesizethatthelinesweredeployedoutsideofrecruitmentseason.Shrimps,althoughpresentonthelines,weren’toftherightspecies,exceptfor4individuals.Deployingmorelinesataseriesofdifferentnewsitesmightyieldinterestingresults,buttheireffectmightnotbeasrelevantasseasonality.Althoughlarvae/spat/juvenilecollectionforgrow‐outisofcommercialinterestinmanydifferentindustries(milkfish,mussels,edibleandpearloysters,etc.)successdependsexclusivelyonthesuitabilityofthesite(itcansometimebeaverysmallareaofalagoonormangrove).Inthecaseoflobsters,puerulicollectionhasprovencommerciallyviableinafewdifferentareasofthetropicssuchasVietnam,Indonesiaandotherisolatedsites.InNewCaledonia,onlyonesitewasfoundtobecommerciallysuitableoutofmanytrials.Anextsteptogrowingoutlobsteriscagetrials.Itwastrialedindifferentareasofthepacific(inhapanetsinNCorinmeshedcoveredbucketsinSolomon).ShallthereberecruitmentofP.versicolorinthefutureinKavieng,thenamethodofinsitugrowoutshouldbedevelopedusinglocallyavailableequipments.Unlessthetrialweretocontinueforanother8monthsandleadtosignificantlydifferentresults(i.e.,highrecruitmentinspeciesofinterestfortheaquariumtrade)atthisstagewerecommendthatthisactivitynotbetransferredtotheprivatesectorandremainwithinthescopeofresearchonly.


ANNEX

Allreferencematerialincludedbelowwasobtainedfromwww.liveaquaria.com

Banded coral shrimp (Stenopus hispidus)

TheBandedCoralShrimphasstrikingredandwhitebandsacrossitsbodywithfairlylongpinchersandextralongwhiteantennae.Combinedwithitsprickly

bodytexture,thispeacefulmemberoftheStenopodidaefamilybringsinteresttoanymarineaquarium.However,mosthobbyistspraiseStenopushispidusforitsactivenatureasitscampersaroundtheaquariuminsearchoffood.Interestingly, members of the Stenopodidaefamilyareknownas"BoxingShrimp"becauseofthelargepinchersontheirthirdsetoflegs.ThesepinchersareoftenhelderectandgivetheBandedCoralShrimptheappearanceofaboxer ready to fight. Though the Banded

CoralShrimpcanbeaggressivetowardsotherBandedCoralShrimpandsmallershrimp of different species, most are peaceful towards fish, corals, andinvertebrates within your aquarium. Because of its aggressive dispositiontowardsotherBandedCoralShrimp,theBandedCoralShrimpshouldbehousedindividuallyorkeptasatruematedpair.Nativetotheoceansof Indonesia,Stenopushispidusisperhapsthemostwidelydistributedshrimpinthesea.Itusuallyhangsupside‐downincavesorcrevices,withonlyitsantennaeemergingfromthehole.Whilemolting,theBandedCoralShrimpwill often hide from sight for 1‐2 days in the rocks of the reef. In thehomeaquarium,providesufficientroomfor theBandedCoralShrimpso itcanmove about freely without its long antennae touching neighboring corals oranemones.The Banded Coral Shrimp is relatively hardy and boasts an aquarium‐suitedlengththatrarelyexceeds3inches,6incheswiththeantennae.ThemaleBandedCoralShrimpisusuallysmaller.BreedingtheBandedCoralShrimpisusuallynotsuccessful.Larvaegenerallysuccumbtofiltrationandskimming.Likeotherinvertebrates,theBandedCoralShrimpisintolerantofhighnitrateorcopper levels.Besuretomaintainproperiodine levels intheaquariumtohelpensurepropermolting.TheBandedCoralShrimpmustbeacclimatedslowlytoavoidanysalinityand/orpHshock.In thewild, theBandedCoral Shrimp is a scavenger. In thehomeaquarium, itwillacceptmostflakedandfrozenfoods.


Painted lobster (Panulirus versicolor)

Panulirusvesicolorisknownbymanynamesusingacombinationoftheadjectives,"blue","spiny",and"painted";forinstance,PaintedSpinyLobsterorSpinyBlueLobster.TheBlueSpinyLobsterorPaintedCrayfish,hasdistinctivemarkingsofazurebluestripesonitslegs.The carapace is greenish‐blue, and the dorsal surface is darker blue with a

reticulatedpattern.Thetailfinisalsoblue.Theabdominalsegmentshavewhitebandsandtheantennae is very long. It lacks the large clawsfoundonmostotherlobsters.It is peaceful and multiple specimens may bekeptinalargetank.Itgenerallywillnotbotherother inhabitants of the aquarium, except forsessile or otherbottomdwelling animals. Liverock with multiple crevices and hiding placeswouldprovide a good environment. Itmaybeshywhenfirstintroduced,butonceacclimated,willbemorevisible.

It is capableofmakinga sound that isverysimilar toa cicada (locust). Itmayperform a dance‐like maneuver, whipping its long, split white antennae as itmovesaboutthetank.Itwill eatmost all types ofmeaty foods that are placed in the aquarium. It issensitive tohigh levelsof copper‐basedmedications. It isextremelydifficult tobreedinanaquarium.

Striped blenny (Meiacanthus grammistes)

TheStripedBlennyisalsoreferredtoasGammistesBlenny,StripedFangBlenny,or StripedPoison‐FangBlenny. It has alternatingblackandyellowstripes thatruntheentirelengthofthebody.It tends todowell inanaquarium ifhoused ina30gallonor largeraquariumwith live rock. The live rock provides places to hunt and feed on smallcrustaceansaswellasplacestohide.

Itisnotusuallyaggressiveunlessthetankmatesappear to have a similar shape as it does. Itsfangsaremoreofadefensemechanismusedforbitinganaggressivefishback.The Striped Blenny diet consists of choppedcrustaceans,vitamin‐enrichedbrineshrimp,and


frozenfoodpreparationsforherbivores.


REFERENCE LIST

Ducrocq M., Pierrot T., Sephar N., Wapotro B. (2013) PROJET PILOTE DECAPTAGEETDEGROSSISSEMENTDELANGOUSTES.RapportZONECO(33PP)

Ducroq E., Sephar N., (2014) Compte rendu de mission Lombok Indonesie(rapportADECALCPS)12pp)

EcoEZ(2007)SURVEYREPORT(SEASMART)TheMarineAquariumFisheryOfPapuaNewGuineaResourceAssessmentSurveyDecember2007pp117

Fao B., Requillart T., Coutures E., (2008) mission Vietnam, etude de la filièrelangouste.RapportDDR45pp

Hair C., Johann Bell & Peter Doherty (2002) Development of new artisanalfisheries based on the capture and culture of postlarval coral reef fish. FinalReport for theACIARRestrictedProject Grant toWorldFish Center ProjectNoFIS/98/13.62pp

Hair C., R. Warren, A. Tewaki, C. Haro and W. Phillips (2004) Catching andrearing postlarval cleaner shrimp for the aquarium trade: results from aWorldFishCenterprojectinSolomonIslands.NAGA,WorldFishCenterQuarterlyVol.27No.1&2Jan‐Jun2004

TeitelbaumA.andKinchJ.(2011)MaricultureinPapuaNewGuinea:Theroleofthe Nago Island Marine Research Station. Report prepared for the NationalFisheries Authority and the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPCpublication15pp)

Teitelbaum A., Nahacky T., and Kinch J. (2013) A Commercial Survey ofAquariumFishSpeciesintheKaviengLagoon,NewIrelandProvince,PapuaNewGuineapp21

TeitelbaumA.,PeterMinimulu,CasperDako,PaulSouthgate, JeffKinch, (2012)Aquariumcoralfarmingcapacitybuildingprojectinnagoislandresearchstation,newirelandprovince,PNG21P(NFA,JCUandACIARReport)

WabnitzC,MichelleTaylor,EdmundGreenandTriesRazak(2003)fromoceanto aquarium: The global trade in marine ornamental species. UNEP WorldConservationMonitoringCentre2003(65pp)

post larval capture collection (pcc) and rearing of ... · worldfish center (hair et al 2002)....

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