In the wake ofPlessy v. Ferguson

Black America in the late 19th and early 20th Century

Post-Reconstruction Backlash

Jim Crow segregation laws

Exodusters to Kansas

“Talented Tenth” move northward (NY, Chicago)

Plessy v. Ferguson

“separate but equal”

The Great Migration

Movement from rural South to urban North

Response to segregation and violence

Rise of urban ghettos

Violence in the North

Increased with the Great Migration

Spread of the KKK

Lynchings

The 1920s – Disillusionment

How to respond to segregation?

Booker T. Washington

Economic equality, social separation (aka The Atlanta Compromise)

Former slave

His advice to blacks: be the “most patient, faithful, law-abiding and unresentful people that the world has seen”

Confidential advisor to Theodore Roosevelt

Successes – 1904 – fought against exclusion of blacks from

juries 1911 – Supreme Court ruling banning peonage

(involuntary servitude for debt)

W.E.B. DuBois

Black nationalism and immediate equality

Harvard educated

Professor of economics, history & sociology at Atlanta University

1905 – founded the Niagara Movement

1909 – founded the NAACP

Editor of The Crisis

Pan-Africanist

Joined the Communist Party in 1957 and in 1960 renounced his American citizenship and moved to Ghana

Marcus Garvey

Black nationalism

Self-pride, self-motivation, self-sufficiency

Racial separation – rejected assimilation & integration

Called for whites to leave Africa and for many Blacks to move to Africa

Died without ever going to Africa

UNIA

Encourage commercial & industrial pursuits

By the mid 1920s – 700 branches in 38 states

The Negro World (Garvey’s paper)

Liberty Hall

Black Star Line of Ships

Foreshadowing…