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Posttranslational Modifications of Biologics: Impact on clinical safety and efficacy Narendra Chirmule, PhD Senior Vice President Head of R&D Biocon, Bangalore, India 1

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Page 1: Post translational Modifications of Biologics: Impact on ...€¦ · Particle images of were captured on a liquid‐borne particle Micro‐Flow Imaging (MFI) System DPA4100. Representative

Post‐translational Modifications of Biologics:Impact on clinical safety and efficacy

Narendra Chirmule, PhD

Senior Vice PresidentHead of R&D

Biocon, Bangalore, India

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Page 2: Post translational Modifications of Biologics: Impact on ...€¦ · Particle images of were captured on a liquid‐borne particle Micro‐Flow Imaging (MFI) System DPA4100. Representative

Extensive post‐translational modifications in mAbs

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Glycosylation of FcOxidation (Met, Trp)

Deamidation (NG)

Cleavage (Asp‐Pro)C‐terminal Lys of HC

Truncation des ES of LC

Hot Spots:

Cyclizing of N‐terminal E

Deamidation (NS)

Product Attribute Profile

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2 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 2 4 0 0 2 6 0 0 2 8 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 2 0 0 3 4 0 0m / z , a m u

2 7 2 9 . 4 8 3

2 6 3 2 . 2 7 6 2 7 8 0 . 9 6 02 8 3 4 . 6 3 3

2 5 8 5 . 9 3 3

2 5 4 1 . 3 9 92 8 9 0 . 1 8 82 6 7 9 . 7 2 9

2 9 4 7 . 9 4 9

2 6 8 5 . 8 6 02 4 5 6 . 6 8 42 4 1 6 . 5 4 0

2 6 3 7 . 1 4 1 2 8 4 0 . 6 1 92 5 0 2 . 4 9 62 7 8 7 . 5 8 2

2 3 0 3 . 2 3 2 3 0 0 8 . 3 5 7 3 0 7 0 . 6 0 22 5 9 2 . 0 7 12 3 3 9 . 9 0 8 2 7 3 7 . 4 5 52 3 7 7 . 8 2 3 2 9 5 4 . 3 8 02 5 0 6 . 6 5 8 3 0 1 5 . 0 7 92 6 4 5 . 1 3 02 2 3 3 . 5 1 0

Intact molecule by Mass spectrometry

Glycosylation analysis by MALDI, NPHPL

Functional and higher order structure

Heterogeneity due to charge, size

IEX-HPLC for monitoring charge variant

Lys-0Lys-1 Lys-2

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Time [min]0

1

2

3

7x10Intens.Peptide Mass fingerprinting

Size by SEC

-20

20

-10

0

10

CD [mdeg]

MALDI-MS of Glycan

NP-HPLC of Glycan

Product Characterization

in vitro Potency assayin vitro Binding assayFc potency assayBinding to FcRnBinding to FcgR1Binding to FcgR2aBinding to FcgR2bBinding to FcgR3aBinding to FcgR3bBinding to C1q 

List of Bioassays

Circular Dichroism

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Example of Risk Assessment and Mitigation Plan (QbD perspective)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

A gg reg at e ( HM W )Iso - A sp ( LC 9 2 )

gal- a- g alN G- HC

Oxid ized SpeciesD imer

So lub il i t y/ Precip it at io nN o n- main Peaks/ F ragment s ( p er C E- SD S)

Ot her IsoA sp p o t ent ial sit esGlycat io n

Sub - visib le Part iclesC yst ine A d duct

Pre- mono merFree cyst eine

Ext ent o f High Sialylat io n Ext ent o f High M anno se

Ext ent o f F uco sylat io nD eamidat ed SpeciesExt ent o f g allact ose

F ree l ight chainPrimary Seq uence

3 D St ruct ure U nf o lded / Pert urbed ( co nf ormat io n)D isulf id e M od if icat io n/ R earrangement

N - t erminal M od if icat io n ( Glut amine t o pE)C - t erminal Lysine

Severity x Likelihood

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• Aggregates• Glycosylation

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Questions

• Do aggregates of protein therapeutic (mAbs) induce immunogenicity in humans?

• Do all aggregated mAbs induce a reactive immune response irrespective of sequence?

• Does size of particles matter?

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mAb1 ‐ IgG2 mAb2 ‐ IgG2 mAb3 ‐ IgG1 IVIG ‐ intravenous IgG

mAb1 65C/pH 8.5≥ 90 µm

mAb3 65C/pH 8.5≥ 90 µm

mAb2 65C/pH 8.5≥ 90 µm

IVIG 65C/pH 8.5≥ 90 µm

mAb2 untreated ≥ 10 µm

mAb3 untreated ≥ 10 µm

IVIG untreated ≥ 10 µm

mAb1 untreated≥ 10 µm

mAb1stir‐3d≥ 80 µm

IVIG stir‐3d ≥ 80 µm

mAb3 stir‐3d ≥ 80 µm

mAb2 stir‐3d ≥ 80 µm

mAb1stir‐20h≥ 25 µm

mAb3 stir‐20h ≥ 25 µm

mAb2 stir‐20h ≥ 25 µm

IVIG stir‐20h≥ 25 µm

mAb1 syringe‐so+≥ 40 µm

mAb3 syringe‐so+≥ 40 µm

mAb2 syringe‐so+≥ 40 µm

IVIG syringe‐so+≥ 40 µm

Particle images of were captured on a liquid‐borne particle Micro‐Flow Imaging (MFI) System DPA4100.  Representative images of the largest particles detected are shown.  The size threshold indicates the lower size limit of the particles that were used for comparison. 

The Morphology of Aggregates from Distinct IgG Molecules

MK Joubert, Q Luo, Y Nashed‐Samuel, J Wypych, and LO Narhi ”Classification and characterization of therapeutic antibody aggregates” J Biol Chem 2011; advanced online publication (doi:10.1074/jbc.M110.160457).

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MHC‐II

MHC‐IIM

HC‐II

IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐10, MCP‐1, MIP‐1α, MIP‐1β, MMP‐2 

and TNF‐α

IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐10, MCP‐1, MIP‐1α, MIP‐1β, MMP‐2 and TNF‐α

AggregatedmAb1

AggregatedmAb2

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mAb WITHOUTa non tolerantEpitope (n=6)

mAb WITHa non‐tolerantEpitope (n=10)

Joubert et al, J Biol Chem. 2012; 287:25266-79

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Gene Transcription

IL‐1….TNF

CostimulatoryMolecules, e.g. CD86

Fos‐JunNFB

TLR

TRAF6

MyD88

IRAK

TABTAK

ECSIT/MEKMEKK

ERK/JNK/p38

src/shc

PLC1PI

IP3 Ca++ DAGCN PKC

NFATc/n  NFB

IRF3,7

CD4+

 T cell

mAb2 (non‐tolerant epitope)

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in vivo induction of B cell responses the aggregated therapeutic protein in the Xeno x WT mouse model

• XenoHet mice:– 95% mouse BCR+; 2.5% human BCR+– Secrete human IgM and IgG (10 fold less than WT Xenomice)

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2 weeks 8 weeks 16 weeks

ADA T ADA T ADA T ASC

Monomer mAb ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐

TCE‐KLH‐mab +++ + +++ + +++ + +

Stir 20h, Stir 3 day ++ + + + ‐ ‐ +

mAb – 20 um (microspheres)

+ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐

mAb – 5 um(nanospheres)

‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐

Bi et al, J Pharm Sci. 2013; 102:3545‐55

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Summary of Results

• Aggregated mAbs, with non‐tolerant epitopes, induce a quantifiable response:– in vitro cytokine signature (from PBMC [~30% of the donors] and THP‐1 cell line)

– in vitro T cell cytokine (IL2/IFN) and proliferative response [30% of the donors]

– in vivo induction of transient B cell responses the aggregated therapeutic protein in the Xeno x WT

mouse model

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No T cell epitope

Aggregated  No T cell epitope

T cell epitope

Aggregated  T cell epitope

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM MAKES DIFFERENT TYPES OF RESPONSESTO DIFFERENT TYPES OF AGGREGATES

Innate response Adaptive responsePolyclonal CD4+ T cell                     Oligoclonal CD4+ T cell

Primary B cell                                   Mature B cell

Inflammation at site of injection Infusion reaction Delayed type HSR Immune 

complex disease

Immune complex disease

Allergic response (IgE)

Cytokine signature

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Next steps

• Determine potential role of TLR and aggregates interactions

• Understand mechanism of aggregate‐induced immunogenicity– Transient B cell response– Potential polyclonal T cell responses

• Correlation of clinical immunogenicity and adverse events with lot# (2‐10 um)

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Glycosylation

• Glycosylation is an intrinsic PTM that is required for the function of proteins

• The mechanism of regulation of immune responses to glysocyl residues have not been extensively studies– The role of non‐classical antigen processing and presentation (CD1, Qa)

– Induction of tolerance and immune responses

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Glycosylation analysis by MALDI, NPHPL

Functional and higher order structure

MALDI-MS of Glycan

NP-HPLC of Glycan

Glycosylation

in vitro Potency assayin vitro Binding assayFc potency assayBinding to FcRnBinding to FcgR1Binding to FcgR2aBinding to FcgR2bBinding to FcgR3aBinding to FcgR3bBinding to C1q 

List of Bioassays

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CD1

1

2-m

2

3

MHC class I

12

2-m

3

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Examples of immune responses to glycosyl residues in biologics

• Immune Responses– Different glycosylation's on 

EPO biosimilars

– Anti‐IgE responses to (non‐human) GalC residues in cetuzimab

– Mannosylated mAb results in increased clearance through mannose receptors

• Immune Tolerance– Lack of observed immune 

responses to glycosylresidues on EPO (AraNESP)

– Observation that increased mannosylated mAbs does not induce increased immunogenicity (despite inducing increased clearance)

17Glycosyl residues may either induce an adaptive immune response or immune tolerance

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Summary• All proteins undergo extensive PTM

• Not all PTM induce immune responses

• Mechanisms of PTM mediated immune response to proteins can include:i. induction T and/or B cell activation, ORii. immune tolerance

Future studies

• development of sensitive diagnostics that can…• predict immunogenicity mediated adverse events…• in subjects that develop clinically relevant anti‐drug antibodies

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