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Post‐translational Modifications of Biologics:Impact on clinical safety and efficacy
Narendra Chirmule, PhD
Senior Vice PresidentHead of R&D
Biocon, Bangalore, India
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Extensive post‐translational modifications in mAbs
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Glycosylation of FcOxidation (Met, Trp)
Deamidation (NG)
Cleavage (Asp‐Pro)C‐terminal Lys of HC
Truncation des ES of LC
Hot Spots:
Cyclizing of N‐terminal E
Deamidation (NS)
Product Attribute Profile
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2 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 2 4 0 0 2 6 0 0 2 8 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 2 0 0 3 4 0 0m / z , a m u
2 7 2 9 . 4 8 3
2 6 3 2 . 2 7 6 2 7 8 0 . 9 6 02 8 3 4 . 6 3 3
2 5 8 5 . 9 3 3
2 5 4 1 . 3 9 92 8 9 0 . 1 8 82 6 7 9 . 7 2 9
2 9 4 7 . 9 4 9
2 6 8 5 . 8 6 02 4 5 6 . 6 8 42 4 1 6 . 5 4 0
2 6 3 7 . 1 4 1 2 8 4 0 . 6 1 92 5 0 2 . 4 9 62 7 8 7 . 5 8 2
2 3 0 3 . 2 3 2 3 0 0 8 . 3 5 7 3 0 7 0 . 6 0 22 5 9 2 . 0 7 12 3 3 9 . 9 0 8 2 7 3 7 . 4 5 52 3 7 7 . 8 2 3 2 9 5 4 . 3 8 02 5 0 6 . 6 5 8 3 0 1 5 . 0 7 92 6 4 5 . 1 3 02 2 3 3 . 5 1 0
Intact molecule by Mass spectrometry
Glycosylation analysis by MALDI, NPHPL
Functional and higher order structure
Heterogeneity due to charge, size
IEX-HPLC for monitoring charge variant
Lys-0Lys-1 Lys-2
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Time [min]0
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2
3
7x10Intens.Peptide Mass fingerprinting
Size by SEC
-20
20
-10
0
10
CD [mdeg]
MALDI-MS of Glycan
NP-HPLC of Glycan
Product Characterization
in vitro Potency assayin vitro Binding assayFc potency assayBinding to FcRnBinding to FcgR1Binding to FcgR2aBinding to FcgR2bBinding to FcgR3aBinding to FcgR3bBinding to C1q
List of Bioassays
Circular Dichroism
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Example of Risk Assessment and Mitigation Plan (QbD perspective)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
A gg reg at e ( HM W )Iso - A sp ( LC 9 2 )
gal- a- g alN G- HC
Oxid ized SpeciesD imer
So lub il i t y/ Precip it at io nN o n- main Peaks/ F ragment s ( p er C E- SD S)
Ot her IsoA sp p o t ent ial sit esGlycat io n
Sub - visib le Part iclesC yst ine A d duct
Pre- mono merFree cyst eine
Ext ent o f High Sialylat io n Ext ent o f High M anno se
Ext ent o f F uco sylat io nD eamidat ed SpeciesExt ent o f g allact ose
F ree l ight chainPrimary Seq uence
3 D St ruct ure U nf o lded / Pert urbed ( co nf ormat io n)D isulf id e M od if icat io n/ R earrangement
N - t erminal M od if icat io n ( Glut amine t o pE)C - t erminal Lysine
Severity x Likelihood
• Aggregates• Glycosylation
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Questions
• Do aggregates of protein therapeutic (mAbs) induce immunogenicity in humans?
• Do all aggregated mAbs induce a reactive immune response irrespective of sequence?
• Does size of particles matter?
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mAb1 ‐ IgG2 mAb2 ‐ IgG2 mAb3 ‐ IgG1 IVIG ‐ intravenous IgG
mAb1 65C/pH 8.5≥ 90 µm
mAb3 65C/pH 8.5≥ 90 µm
mAb2 65C/pH 8.5≥ 90 µm
IVIG 65C/pH 8.5≥ 90 µm
mAb2 untreated ≥ 10 µm
mAb3 untreated ≥ 10 µm
IVIG untreated ≥ 10 µm
mAb1 untreated≥ 10 µm
mAb1stir‐3d≥ 80 µm
IVIG stir‐3d ≥ 80 µm
mAb3 stir‐3d ≥ 80 µm
mAb2 stir‐3d ≥ 80 µm
mAb1stir‐20h≥ 25 µm
mAb3 stir‐20h ≥ 25 µm
mAb2 stir‐20h ≥ 25 µm
IVIG stir‐20h≥ 25 µm
mAb1 syringe‐so+≥ 40 µm
mAb3 syringe‐so+≥ 40 µm
mAb2 syringe‐so+≥ 40 µm
IVIG syringe‐so+≥ 40 µm
Particle images of were captured on a liquid‐borne particle Micro‐Flow Imaging (MFI) System DPA4100. Representative images of the largest particles detected are shown. The size threshold indicates the lower size limit of the particles that were used for comparison.
The Morphology of Aggregates from Distinct IgG Molecules
MK Joubert, Q Luo, Y Nashed‐Samuel, J Wypych, and LO Narhi ”Classification and characterization of therapeutic antibody aggregates” J Biol Chem 2011; advanced online publication (doi:10.1074/jbc.M110.160457).
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MHC‐II
MHC‐IIM
HC‐II
IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐10, MCP‐1, MIP‐1α, MIP‐1β, MMP‐2
and TNF‐α
IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐10, MCP‐1, MIP‐1α, MIP‐1β, MMP‐2 and TNF‐α
AggregatedmAb1
AggregatedmAb2
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mAb WITHOUTa non tolerantEpitope (n=6)
mAb WITHa non‐tolerantEpitope (n=10)
Joubert et al, J Biol Chem. 2012; 287:25266-79
Gene Transcription
IL‐1….TNF
CostimulatoryMolecules, e.g. CD86
Fos‐JunNFB
TLR
TRAF6
MyD88
IRAK
TABTAK
ECSIT/MEKMEKK
ERK/JNK/p38
src/shc
PLC1PI
IP3 Ca++ DAGCN PKC
NFATc/n NFB
IRF3,7
CD4+
T cell
mAb2 (non‐tolerant epitope)
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in vivo induction of B cell responses the aggregated therapeutic protein in the Xeno x WT mouse model
• XenoHet mice:– 95% mouse BCR+; 2.5% human BCR+– Secrete human IgM and IgG (10 fold less than WT Xenomice)
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2 weeks 8 weeks 16 weeks
ADA T ADA T ADA T ASC
Monomer mAb ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
TCE‐KLH‐mab +++ + +++ + +++ + +
Stir 20h, Stir 3 day ++ + + + ‐ ‐ +
mAb – 20 um (microspheres)
+ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
mAb – 5 um(nanospheres)
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐
Bi et al, J Pharm Sci. 2013; 102:3545‐55
Summary of Results
• Aggregated mAbs, with non‐tolerant epitopes, induce a quantifiable response:– in vitro cytokine signature (from PBMC [~30% of the donors] and THP‐1 cell line)
– in vitro T cell cytokine (IL2/IFN) and proliferative response [30% of the donors]
– in vivo induction of transient B cell responses the aggregated therapeutic protein in the Xeno x WT
mouse model
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No T cell epitope
Aggregated No T cell epitope
T cell epitope
Aggregated T cell epitope
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM MAKES DIFFERENT TYPES OF RESPONSESTO DIFFERENT TYPES OF AGGREGATES
Innate response Adaptive responsePolyclonal CD4+ T cell Oligoclonal CD4+ T cell
Primary B cell Mature B cell
Inflammation at site of injection Infusion reaction Delayed type HSR Immune
complex disease
Immune complex disease
Allergic response (IgE)
Cytokine signature
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Next steps
• Determine potential role of TLR and aggregates interactions
• Understand mechanism of aggregate‐induced immunogenicity– Transient B cell response– Potential polyclonal T cell responses
• Correlation of clinical immunogenicity and adverse events with lot# (2‐10 um)
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Glycosylation
• Glycosylation is an intrinsic PTM that is required for the function of proteins
• The mechanism of regulation of immune responses to glysocyl residues have not been extensively studies– The role of non‐classical antigen processing and presentation (CD1, Qa)
– Induction of tolerance and immune responses
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Glycosylation analysis by MALDI, NPHPL
Functional and higher order structure
MALDI-MS of Glycan
NP-HPLC of Glycan
Glycosylation
in vitro Potency assayin vitro Binding assayFc potency assayBinding to FcRnBinding to FcgR1Binding to FcgR2aBinding to FcgR2bBinding to FcgR3aBinding to FcgR3bBinding to C1q
List of Bioassays
CD1
1
2-m
2
3
MHC class I
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2-m
3
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Examples of immune responses to glycosyl residues in biologics
• Immune Responses– Different glycosylation's on
EPO biosimilars
– Anti‐IgE responses to (non‐human) GalC residues in cetuzimab
– Mannosylated mAb results in increased clearance through mannose receptors
• Immune Tolerance– Lack of observed immune
responses to glycosylresidues on EPO (AraNESP)
– Observation that increased mannosylated mAbs does not induce increased immunogenicity (despite inducing increased clearance)
17Glycosyl residues may either induce an adaptive immune response or immune tolerance
Summary• All proteins undergo extensive PTM
• Not all PTM induce immune responses
• Mechanisms of PTM mediated immune response to proteins can include:i. induction T and/or B cell activation, ORii. immune tolerance
Future studies
• development of sensitive diagnostics that can…• predict immunogenicity mediated adverse events…• in subjects that develop clinically relevant anti‐drug antibodies
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