*Policy Report, IEA-OES, 2006 +IEA Statistics for 2004

FORM OF OCEAN ENERGY ESTIMATED GLOBAL RESOURCES* (TWH/YEAR)

PRESENT GLOBAL ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION (TWH/YEAR)+

TidesWavesTidal (Marine) CurrentThermal GradientSalinity Gradient

300+ 80 000 800+ 10 000 2 000

17 400

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY | IMPLEMENTING AGREEMENT ON OCEAN ENERGY SYSTEMS

OCEAN ENERGYOPPORTUNITY, PRESENT STATUS AND CHALLENGESGLOBAL RESOURCE Available global Ocean Energy resource is in the same order of magnitude of the present electricity production worldwide.

Five basic forms for Ocean Energy can be harvested to generate electricity and fresh water by various means.

EXAMPLES OF SELECTIVE CONVERSION TECHNOLOGIES& DEMONSTRATION PROJECTS WORLD-WIDE

OE BuoyFloating OWC systemSea testing in Galway Bay Test Site, Ireland(Ocean Energy Ltd, Ireland)

PelamisFloating, articulated device Assembling of the first offshore wave farm off Northern Portugal (Ocean Power Delivery, UK)

Wave Dragon Slack-moored overtoppingSea testing in Nissum Bredning, Denmark(Wave Dragon ApS, Denmark)

Limpet Shore-based OWC plant in Islay, Scotland(Wavegen, UK)

WAVE ENERGY

AWS Submerged deviceSea testing off Northern Portugal(AWS II BV, Netherlands)

PowerBuoy Free-floating point absorber Sea testing in Hawaii(Ocean Power Technologies, USA)

Demonstration of 1 MW OTEC Device (Saga University, Japan)

Experimental 30 kW OTEC system (Saga University, Japan)

Experimental set-up for membrane development for harnessing salinity gradiente energy (Statkraft SF, Norway)

SALINITY GRADIENT

THERMAL GRADIENT

BARRIERS & CHALLENGESInsufficient number of governments having national research & innovation, market deployment, and market-based energy policies that are open to ocean energy.

Lack of experience from a larger number of full-scale sea-trials on performance & environmental impacts.

Lack of streamlining of licensing & permitting process for projects.

Absence of internationally recognized performance assessment guidelines and standards.

Electrical grid connection and capacity constraint challenges.

MISSION OF THE IEA-OES To facilitate and coordinate ocean energy research, development and demonstration through international cooperation and information exchange, leading to the deployment and commercialization of sustainable, efficient, reliable, cost-competitive and environmentally sound ocean energy technologies.

STRATEGIC ACTIONS OF THE IEA-OES Encourage development of networks of researchers and technology developers.

Provide objective authoritative information to stakeholders and policymakers.

Support collaboration in addressing barriers and opportunities for development and deployment of OES.

Promote policies and procedures consistent with sustainable development.

Promote harmonisation of terminologies, methodologies, procedures, and development of guidelines & standards.

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT STATUSTechnologies for harnessing energy from tides by building barrage across estuary are well developed, but this type of conversion process could have significant impact on local ecosystem.

Significant number of technologies for harnessing energy from ocean waves & tidal current are being developed worldwide. Some of these technologies are at or near full-scale development and undergoing sea trials.

Technology for harnessing ocean thermal energy using Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Systems is at advanced stage of R&D.

Technology for harnessing Salinity Power is at early stage of development.

(Ref: Policy Report, IEA-OES, 2006)

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Kinetic Hydro Power Systems (KHPS) Turbine tested in East River, USA(Verdant Power, USA)

TIDAL CURRENT ENERGY

The Blue Concept Sea testing in Norwegian Strait of Kvalsundet, Norway(Hammerfest Strom AS, Norway)

Seaflow Sea testing off Lynmouth, Devon, UK(Marine Current Turbines Ldt, UK)

Enermar system Sea testing in the Strait of Messina, Italy (Ponte di Archimede, Italy)

Open-Centre Turbine Installation in Orkney, Scotland (OpenHydro, Ireland)

Submerged Ducted Rim Sea testing at Race Rocks, BC, Canada (Clean Current Power Systems Incorporated, Canada)

www.iea-oceans.org

DISTRIBUTION OF CONVERSION TECHNOLOGIES BEING DEVELOPED WORLDWIDE

Osmotic Power

Thermo-dynamic Rankine cycle