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Copyright © 2015 NTT DATA INTELLILINK Corporation July 25 th , 2015 NTT DATA INTELLILINK Corporation Koichi Suzuki Postgres Conference HangZhou, China Postgres-XC/XL Scale-out Approach in PostgreSQL

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Page 1: Postgres-XC/XL Scale-out Approach in PostgreSQL...– A kind of Postres-XC shell – Builtin commands – Can invoke any bash commands Does not expand $(variable). Simple configuration

Copyright © 2015 NTT DATA INTELLILINK Corporation

July 25th, 2015NTT DATA INTELLILINK CorporationKoichi Suzuki

Postgres Conference

HangZhou, China

Postgres-XC/XL Scale-out Approach in PostgreSQL

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2Copyright © 2015 NTT DATA INTELLILINK Corporation

Introduction

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3Copyright © 2015 NTT DATA INTELLILINK Corporation

● Fellow at NTT DATA Intellilink Corporation● Principal, Technology Professionals at NTT DATA Group

In Charge Of

● General Database Technology● Database in huge data warehouse and its design● PostgreSQL and its cluster technology

In The Past

● Character Set Standard (Extended Unix Code, Unicode, etc)● Heisei-font development (Technical Committee)● Oracle Porting● Object-Relational Database

About the Speaker

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4Copyright © 2015 NTT DATA INTELLILINK Corporation

● Growing Database Workload both in OLTP (OnLine Transaction Processing)and OLAP (OnLine Analytical Processing) applications.

● Shared-Nothing Approach● Performance with commodity hardware/software

● Extension to existing PostgreSQL

● Transparent API● Internal API could be different

● Transparent libpq Interface

● No significant restriction to transaction ACID properties and SQLlanguage.

Motivation

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5Copyright © 2015 NTT DATA INTELLILINK Corporation

● Distribution/Replication of table rows among different database “nodes”● Parallelism

● Local join operation

● SQL planning for row distribution/replication

● Consistent and synchronous transaction management among “nodes”

● Performance with commodity hardware/software

Scale-out approach

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6Copyright © 2015 NTT DATA INTELLILINK Corporation

Read Scale-out in PostgreSQL Master/Slave

Slave

Master

WAL (or Redo Log)

Read/WriteTransactions Read-only Transactions

Possible time delay

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7Copyright © 2015 NTT DATA INTELLILINK Corporation

Scaling Out in Postgres XL/XC

Backend Transaction Synchronization

LocalDisk

LocalDisk

LocalDisk

LocalDisk

Read/Write Transactions

No Delay in Update Visibility

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8Copyright © 2015 NTT DATA INTELLILINK Corporation

OLTP Workload Scalability and Table Design

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9Copyright © 2015 NTT DATA INTELLILINK Corporation

DBT-1 Workload Scalability

DBT-1 (Rev)

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10Copyright © 2015 NTT DATA INTELLILINK Corporation

Table Design in DBT-1 Benchmark

C_IDC_UNAMEC_PASSWDC_FNAMEC_LNAMEC_ADDR_IDC_PHONEC_EMAILC_SINCEC_LAST_VISITC_LOGINC_EXPIRATIONC_DISCOUNTC_BALANCEC_YTD_PMTC_BIRTHDATEC_DATA

ADDR_IDADDR_STREET1ADDR_STREET2ADDR_CITYADDR_STATEADDR_ZIPADDR_CO_IDADDR_C_ID

O_IDO_C_IDO_DATEO_SUB_TOTALO_TAXO_TOTALO_SHIP_TYPEO_BILL_ADDR_IDO_SHIP_ADDR_IDO_STATUS

CUSTOMER

ADDRESS

ORDERS

OL_IDOL_O_IDOL_I_IDOL_QTYOL_DISCOUNTOL_COMMENTSOL_C_ID

ORDER_LINE

I_IDI_TITLEI_A_IDI_PUB_DATEI_PUBLISHERI_SUBJECTI_DESCI_RELATED1I_RELATED2I_RELATED3I_RELATED4I_RELATED5I_THUMBNAILI_IMAGEI_SRPI_COSTI_AVAILI_ISBNI_PAGEI_BACKINGI_DIMENASIONS

ITEM

CX_I_IDCX_TYPECX_NUMCX_NAMECX_EXPIRYCX_AUTH_IDCX_XACT_AMTCX_XACT_DATECX_CO_IDCX_C_ID

CC_XACTS

OL_IDOL_O_IDOL_I_IDOL_QTYOL_DISCOUNTOL_COMMENTSOL_C_ID

AUTHOR

ST_I_IDST_STOCK

STOCK

SC_IDSC_C_IDSC_DATESC_SUB_TOTALSC_TAXSC_SHIPPING_COSTSC_TOTALSC_C_FNAMESC_C_LNAMESC_C>DISCOUNT

SHOPPING_CART

SCL_SC_IDSCL_I_IDSCL_QTYSCL_COSTSCL_SRPSCL_TITLESCL_BACKINGSCL_C_ID

SHOPPING_CART_LINE

CO_IDCO_NAMECO_EXCHANGECO_CURRENCY

COUNTRY

Distributed withCustomer ID

Replicated

Distributed withItemID

Distributed withShopping Cart ID

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11Copyright © 2015 NTT DATA INTELLILINK Corporation

MPP Performance – DBT-3 (TPC-H)

By courtesy of Mason Sharp, Postgres-XL leader

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12Copyright © 2015 NTT DATA INTELLILINK Corporation

Categorize tables into two groups:

Large and frequently-updated tables

→ Distribute rows among nodes (Distributed Tables)→ Based on a column value (distribution key)→ Hash, modulo or round-robin

→ Parallelism among transactions (OLTP) or in SQL processing (OLAP)

Smaller and stable tables

→ Replicate among nodes (Replicated Tables)

→ Join Pushdown

Avoid joins between Distributed Tables with join keys different from distributionkey as possible.

Scale Out Approach (1): Table Distribution/Replication

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13Copyright © 2015 NTT DATA INTELLILINK Corporation

Three distribution keys:

● Customer ID

● Shopping Cart ID

● Item ID

Some transactions involve joins across distributed tables with non-distributionjoin keys.

Scale Out Table Design in DBT-1

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14Copyright © 2015 NTT DATA INTELLILINK Corporation

Some More in XL/XC Node Configuration

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15Copyright © 2015 NTT DATA INTELLILINK Corporation

Coordinator:

● Maintains global catalog information

● Build global SQL plan and SQL statements for datanodes

● Interact with datanode to execute local SQL statements and accumulatethe result

Datanode

● Maintains actual data (local data)

● Run local SQL statement from Coordinator(In XL, datanode may ask other datanodes for their local data)

Node Configuration: Two-Tier Approach

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16Copyright © 2015 NTT DATA INTELLILINK Corporation

Coordinator and Datanode

Coordinator

Datanode

Read/Write Transactions

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17Copyright © 2015 NTT DATA INTELLILINK Corporation

GTM: Global Transaction Manager

Synchronizes each node's transaction status

Node Configuration: Yet Another Node: GTM

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18Copyright © 2015 NTT DATA INTELLILINK Corporation

Two-Phase Commit Protocol Does:

● Maintain database consistency in transactions updating more than onenode.

Two-Phase Commit Protocol Doesn't:

● Maintain Atomic Visibility of Updates to other transactions (next slide)

Why GTM? Two-Phase Commit Protocol doesn't work?

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19Copyright © 2015 NTT DATA INTELLILINK Corporation

Atomic Visibility and GTM

Node A Node B

Updates Aand B

Prepares Aand B

Commits Aand B

TXN 1

TXN 2

Reads B andgets old value

Reads A andgets new value

InconsistentRead!

GTM monitors TXNactivity and makenew value availableat this timing.

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20Copyright © 2015 NTT DATA INTELLILINK Corporation

Final Configuration: GTM, Coordinator and Datanode

Coordinator

Datanode

Read/Write Transactions

GTM

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21Copyright © 2015 NTT DATA INTELLILINK Corporation

Just like configuring many database servers to talk each other

● Many pitfalls

● Pgxc_ctl provides simpler way to configure the whole cluster

● Provide only needed parameters

● Pgxc_ctl will do the rest to issue needed commands and SQLstatements.

– Visit http://sourceforge.net/p/postgres-xc/xc-wiki/PGOpen2013_Postgres_Open_2013/

Configuration in Practice

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22Copyright © 2015 NTT DATA INTELLILINK Corporation

Scalability in OLTP Workloads

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23Copyright © 2015 NTT DATA INTELLILINK Corporation

Number of Transactions: ManyNumber of Involved Table Rows: SmallLocality of Row Allocation: HighUpdate Frequency: High

OLTP Workload Characteristics

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24Copyright © 2015 NTT DATA INTELLILINK Corporation

Scaling Out OLTP Workload

Coordinator

Datanode

Read/Write Transactions

GTM

Run Transactions in Parallel

High workload

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25Copyright © 2015 NTT DATA INTELLILINK Corporation

Scalability in OLAP (Analytic) Workloads

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26Copyright © 2015 NTT DATA INTELLILINK Corporation

Number of Transactions: SmallNumber of Involved Table Rows: HugeLocality of Row Allocation: LowUpdate Frequency: Low

OLAP Workload Characteristics

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27Copyright © 2015 NTT DATA INTELLILINK Corporation

Scaling Out OLAP Workload

Coordinator

Datanode

GTM

SQL

Run Small Local SQLs for eachDatanode in Parallel

Low workload

May need lesscoordinatorsTop level

aggregation

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28Copyright © 2015 NTT DATA INTELLILINK Corporation

Join Offloading

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29Copyright © 2015 NTT DATA INTELLILINK Corporation

Join Offloading: When row allocation is available

● Replicated Table and Partitioned Table– Can determine which datanode to go from WHERE clause

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30Copyright © 2015 NTT DATA INTELLILINK Corporation

Join Offloading: When row allocation is available

● Replicated Table and Partitioned Table– When the coordinator cannot determine which datanode to go from WHERE clause

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31Copyright © 2015 NTT DATA INTELLILINK Corporation

Parallel Aggregation

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32Copyright © 2015 NTT DATA INTELLILINK Corporation

Aggregate Functions in PostgreSQL

Finalize Function State TransitionFunction

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33Copyright © 2015 NTT DATA INTELLILINK Corporation

Aggregate Functions in Postgres-XC/XL

Finalize FunctionState Transition

FunctionState Transition

FunctionState Transition

FunctionCollector Function

DatanodeCoordinator

(Sum, Count)AVG ← (Sum, Count)

Similar to Map Reduce!

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34Copyright © 2015 NTT DATA INTELLILINK Corporation

● CREATE BARRIER– Synchronize all node's WAL for restoration.

● CREATE|ALTER|DROP NODE– Maintenance of cluster node

● Caution! – not automatically propagated. Issue to each coordinator.

● CREATE/DROP NODE GROUP– Alias for group of node

● EXECUTE DIRECT

– Run SQL locally

– Read operation only

● If you are superuser, turn xc_maitenance_mode to on by setstatement to allow write operations.

● You must be responsible to any inconsistencies and side effects!

Specific statements

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35Copyright © 2015 NTT DATA INTELLILINK Corporation

● pgxc_class– Definition of table distribution

● pgxc_node– Postgres-XC node information

● pgxc_group

– Node group

Specific catalogs

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36Copyright © 2015 NTT DATA INTELLILINK Corporation

● pgxc_version()– Show version

● pgxc_pool_check()– Check if connection pooler is consistent with pgxc_node catalog.

● pgxc_pool_reload

– Reload cached connection data and synchronize pooler connectioninformation with pgxc_node.

● pgxc_lock_for_backup

– Only for adding new nodes.

– Locks DDL execution to make catalog stable for backup and copy to newnode.

Specific functions

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37Copyright © 2015 NTT DATA INTELLILINK Corporation

Specific statements, catalogues, functions andparameters

http://postgres-x2.github.io/reference/1.2/html/sql-commands.html for details

http://postgres-x2.github.io/reference/1.2/html/sql-commands.html
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38Copyright © 2015 NTT DATA INTELLILINK Corporation

● gtm_backup_barrier (bool)– Enable CREATE BARRIER statement.

● persistent_datanode_connections (bool)– If “true”, session never releases connections.

● xc_maintenance_mode

– Enable write operation in “EXECUTE DIRECT” statement.

– Only allowed to root users.

● min_pool_size

– Threashold for pooler to create new connection.

● max_pool_size

– Max pooled connection size.

● pooler_port

– Port number for the pooler (pgxc_ctl takes care of it)

● gtm_port

– GTM port number (pgxc_ctl takes care of it)

Specific parameters (planner parameters not included)

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39Copyright © 2015 NTT DATA INTELLILINK Corporation

● max_datanodes● max_coordinators● pgxcnode_cancel_delay

– Timeout to wait cancel operation in millisconds.

– Mainly for automatic test.

● gtm_host

– GTM host name/IP address. Pgxc_ctl takes care of this.

● pgxc_node_name

– Node name of the self. Pgxc_ctl takes care of this.

Specific parameters (cont.)

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40Copyright © 2015 NTT DATA INTELLILINK Corporation

Community status and future

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41Copyright © 2015 NTT DATA INTELLILINK Corporation

● CREATE/DROP NODE GROUP– Alias for group of node

● Unified again?

Specific statements

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42Copyright © 2015 NTT DATA INTELLILINK Corporation

● Postgres-XC is the original community– Based upon PostgreSQL 9.3

– Tested more for OLPT workload

– Now community activity as Postgres-X2

– Stabilization

● Participated by many Chinese engineers

● Next minor release are planned in this August

● Postgres-XL was became separate community for more product-oriented and betterstability– Based upon PostgreSQL 9.2

– Shares most of XC code base

– Tested more for OLAP workload

● Direct data capture between datanodes

– Provide many fixes. Most of them apply to XL as well

– Just finished merge with Postgres 9.5 alfa

● Unified again?

XC and XL community

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43Copyright © 2015 NTT DATA INTELLILINK Corporation

● Source code inherits all the PostgreSQL repository (at some point)

● Fundamental features are all available

– Global transaction management

– SQL statements

– Utilities

● Further challenges

– Subtransaction (needed for full function support)

– Catching up PostgreSQL (needed?)

–

Product status

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44Copyright © 2015 NTT DATA INTELLILINK Corporation

● Both communities need much more resource to move forward

– Developer

– Tester

– Real workload

● Now several Chinese farms are working together.

– Much more active members are welcome!

XC and XL community

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45Copyright © 2015 NTT DATA INTELLILINK Corporation

● Both communities need much more resource to move forward

– Developer

– Tester

– Real workload

● Now several Chinese farms are working together.

– Much more active members are welcome!

XC and XL community

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46Copyright © 2015 NTT DATA INTELLILINK Corporation

Postgres-XC

https://github.com/postgres-x2

https://postgres-x2.github.io

https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/postgres-x2-dev

https://groups.google.com/forum/#!forum/postgres-x2-general

[email protected]

[email protected]

Postgres-XL

http://www.postgres-xl.org/

XC and XL community sites

mailto:[email protected]
http://www.postgres-xl.org/
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47Copyright © 2015 NTT DATA INTELLILINK Corporation

Configuring Postgres-XC

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48Copyright © 2015 NTT DATA INTELLILINK Corporation

● Postgres-XC contrib module● Postgers-XC configuration and operation tool

– A kind of Postres-XC shell

– Builtin commands

– Can invoke any bash commands

● Does not expand $(variable).

● Simple configuration● Avoid many pitfalls in manual configuration and operation● Bash-based configuration file● You can write your favorite bash-script for your configuration

Pgxc_ctl

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49Copyright © 2015 NTT DATA INTELLILINK Corporation

● prepare– Creates configuration file template

● deploy– Deploys postgres-xc binaries to necessary nodes

● Init [all]

– Initialize postgres-xc cluster

● Run initdb and initgtm at necessary nodes

● Do additional configuration

● Initialize node configuration

● Start/stop– Cluster and node start/stop

● Clean– Cleanup existing resource

● Monitor– See what node is running

Pgxc_ctl builtin commands (major ones)

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50Copyright © 2015 NTT DATA INTELLILINK Corporation

● Createdb– Similar to createdb but select one coordinator to do it.

● Psql

– Similar to psql but select one coordinator or specify coordinatorname to connect to.

● Add

– Add gtm_proxy, coordinator and datanode (master and slave)

● Remove

– Remove gtm_proxy, coordinator and datanode (master andslave)

Pgxc_ctl builtin commands (major ones)

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51Copyright © 2015 NTT DATA INTELLILINK Corporation

Demonstration

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Copyright © 2015 NTT DATA INTELLILINK Corporation


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