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Chen lili Women’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University

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Page 1: Postpartrum care and complicationsA case A healthy 42 year old G6 Ab1 has just had a spontaneous delivery of her 5 th child, a 4200G male following a labor lasting 1.5hrs. Delivery

Chen liliWomen’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University

Page 2: Postpartrum care and complicationsA case A healthy 42 year old G6 Ab1 has just had a spontaneous delivery of her 5 th child, a 4200G male following a labor lasting 1.5hrs. Delivery

Main topics in this section

Postpartum complications 

Routine postpartum care (study by self)

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Page 3: Postpartrum care and complicationsA case A healthy 42 year old G6 Ab1 has just had a spontaneous delivery of her 5 th child, a 4200G male following a labor lasting 1.5hrs. Delivery

Postpartum complications

Postpartum hemorrage (PPH)Wound complicationMastitisEndomyometritisPostpartum depression

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Page 4: Postpartrum care and complicationsA case A healthy 42 year old G6 Ab1 has just had a spontaneous delivery of her 5 th child, a 4200G male following a labor lasting 1.5hrs. Delivery

A caseA healthy 42 year old G6 Ab1 has just had a   

spontaneous delivery of her 5th

child, a 4200G male  following a labor lasting 1.5hrs. Delivery of the baby  was followed almost immediately by the passage of  the placenta.  As the baby was being passed off to its  mother . There was a large gush of blood from the 

vagina, and the mother felt faint and began vomiting.

What is going on?What immediate steps would you take to help?

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Page 5: Postpartrum care and complicationsA case A healthy 42 year old G6 Ab1 has just had a spontaneous delivery of her 5 th child, a 4200G male following a labor lasting 1.5hrs. Delivery

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Presenter
Presentation Notes
The incidence of excessive blood loss following vaginal delivery is 5-8%. PPH is the most common cause of excessive blood loss in pregnancy. In less-developed countries, hemorrhage is among the leading obstetric causes of maternal death.
Page 6: Postpartrum care and complicationsA case A healthy 42 year old G6 Ab1 has just had a spontaneous delivery of her 5 th child, a 4200G male following a labor lasting 1.5hrs. Delivery

Postpartum hemorrhage(PPH)

1. Definition

Mode of delivery       blood loss      Vaginal   delivery       greater than 500cc Caesarean delivery    greater than 1000cc  

Page 7: Postpartrum care and complicationsA case A healthy 42 year old G6 Ab1 has just had a spontaneous delivery of her 5 th child, a 4200G male following a labor lasting 1.5hrs. Delivery

Definition

Time of onset of bleeding Early  within 24 hours: early or primary PPHLater   After 24 hours: late or secondary PPH

Presenter
Presentation Notes
If the hemorrhage occurs within the first 24 hours, it is early PPH. After 24 hours, it is considered late PPH.
Page 8: Postpartrum care and complicationsA case A healthy 42 year old G6 Ab1 has just had a spontaneous delivery of her 5 th child, a 4200G male following a labor lasting 1.5hrs. Delivery

2. Causes of postpartum  hemorrhage

(4“T”)Abnormal (absent) uterine “Tone”Retained products of conception ‐ “Tissue”Genital tract “Trauma”Abnormal coagulation – “Thrombin”

Part I: Primary PPH

Page 9: Postpartrum care and complicationsA case A healthy 42 year old G6 Ab1 has just had a spontaneous delivery of her 5 th child, a 4200G male following a labor lasting 1.5hrs. Delivery

1T

: TONE (uterine atony)

Uterine over distension:mutiple

gestation, hydramnios, macrosomic

fetus 

Uterine exhaustion:rapid or long labour, multiparity, oxytocin

or 

prostaglandin stimulation,Uterine relaxants: nifedipine, magnesium, nitric oxide donors

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Atony is the most common cause of pph(50% of cases).
Page 10: Postpartrum care and complicationsA case A healthy 42 year old G6 Ab1 has just had a spontaneous delivery of her 5 th child, a 4200G male following a labor lasting 1.5hrs. Delivery

TONE (uterine atony)

Infection:fever, prolonged ROM Anatomic / functional distortion:fibroids, anomaly, placenta praevia, 

uteroplacental

apoplexyUterine inversionfundal

implantation of the placenta, uterine 

atony, placenta accreta, excessive traction on  the cord during the third stage

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Uterine inversion: is most often associated with immediate life threatening hemorrhage. In the past, it was taught that shock was disproportionate to blood loss, possible mediated by parasympathetic stimulation caused by stretching of tissues. But the blood loss is usually massive and greatly underestimated. uteroplacental apoplexy: in placenta abruptio, the hemorrhage infiltrates the uterine wall. Extensive intramyometrial bleeding results in uteroplacental apoplexy. So call Couvelaire uterus, a purplish and copper- colored, ecchymotic ,indurated organ that loses its contractile power because of disruption of the muscle bundles.
Page 11: Postpartrum care and complicationsA case A healthy 42 year old G6 Ab1 has just had a spontaneous delivery of her 5 th child, a 4200G male following a labor lasting 1.5hrs. Delivery

Retained products of  conception –

2T

“Tissue”

Abnormal placenta: (accreta,  increta,    percreta)Parity, previous uterine surgery, uterine 

anomalies, placenta previa

Retained products: Incomplete placenta on inspection, retained 

clots, placenta retained in cavity, placenta  succenturiata

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Placeta accreta is defined as the abnormal invasion of the placenta into the uterine wall. An accreta is difined as the superficial invasion of the placenta into the uterine myometrium. An increta occurs when the placenta invades the myometrium. A percreta occurs when the placenta invades through the myometrium to the uterine serosa. previous uterine surgery: myomectomy, previous C-cection, Retained products: retained fetal membranes or small fragments of placental tissue pass in the lochia. Pera placenta,
Page 12: Postpartrum care and complicationsA case A healthy 42 year old G6 Ab1 has just had a spontaneous delivery of her 5 th child, a 4200G male following a labor lasting 1.5hrs. Delivery

3T:Trauma 

Vagina lacerations and hematomasCervical lacerationsRisk factors: Episiotomy, precipitate delivery, 

surgical deliveryRupture of uterine Previous uterine surgery, breech extraction, 

obstructed labor, high parity

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Cervical laceration: rapid dilation of cervix during 1 stage, or maternal explusive efforts before the full dilation of the cervix.
Page 13: Postpartrum care and complicationsA case A healthy 42 year old G6 Ab1 has just had a spontaneous delivery of her 5 th child, a 4200G male following a labor lasting 1.5hrs. Delivery

4T: Thrombin

Acquired during pregnancy: ITP, thrombocytopenia of HELLP syndrome, DIC (eclampsia,  intrauterine fetal death,  septicemia, 

placenta abruptio,  amniotic fluid embolism), Hereditary: Hemophilia,Von Willebrand’s diseaseAnticoagulant  therapy: valve replacement, patients on absolute bedrest

Presenter
Presentation Notes
von Willebrand disease (vWD) is the most common hereditary coagulation abnormality described in humans, although it can also be acquired as a result of other medical conditions. It arises from a qualitative or quantitative deficiency of von Willebrand factor (vWF), a multimeric protein that is required for platelet adhesion. Haemophilia A (also spelled hemophilia A) is the most common form of haemophilia and is also the most common genetic disorder associated with serious bleeding. It is caused by a reduction in the amount or activity of factor VIII. This protein serves as a cofactor for factor IX in the activation of factor X in the coagulation cascade. The lack of this section of the coagulation cascade results in the formation of fibrin deficient clots which makes coagulation much more prolonged, and the clot more unstable. ITP: idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura HELLP syndrome: hemolysis, elevated serum leve of liver enzymes, and low platelets.
Page 14: Postpartrum care and complicationsA case A healthy 42 year old G6 Ab1 has just had a spontaneous delivery of her 5 th child, a 4200G male following a labor lasting 1.5hrs. Delivery

3. Clinical Presentation

Different cause of vaginal bleeding has different signsConcealed bleedingImportance of ongoing assessment of all women in post partum period:pulse, bp, blood loss, fundal

height 

Systemic upset dependent on previous blood volume, presence of anaemia

Page 15: Postpartrum care and complicationsA case A healthy 42 year old G6 Ab1 has just had a spontaneous delivery of her 5 th child, a 4200G male following a labor lasting 1.5hrs. Delivery

Symptoms related to blood loss with postpartum hemorrhage

Adapted from Bonnar J. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin ObstetGynaecol 2000;14:1

Blood   

loss Blood pressure 

(mmHg)Signs and symptoms

% ml

10‐15 500‐1000 normal palpitations, dizziness, tachycardia

15‐25 1000‐1500 slightly low  weakness, sweating, tachycardia

25‐35 1500‐2000 70‐80 restlessness, pallor, oliguria

35‐45 2000‐3000 50‐70 collapse, air hunger, anuria

Page 16: Postpartrum care and complicationsA case A healthy 42 year old G6 Ab1 has just had a spontaneous delivery of her 5 th child, a 4200G male following a labor lasting 1.5hrs. Delivery

direct collection of blood in collection containergravimetric measurement of sponges (weighed before and after use)Measure the saturated size pads (10cm

* 10cm is about 10ml)

Measurement of blood loss during PPH

Presenter
Presentation Notes
The blood gravity is 1.05, so the weight is about equal to the volume.
Page 17: Postpartrum care and complicationsA case A healthy 42 year old G6 Ab1 has just had a spontaneous delivery of her 5 th child, a 4200G male following a labor lasting 1.5hrs. Delivery

Figure :  Soakage characteristics  of 10 × 10 cm  pads

Page 18: Postpartrum care and complicationsA case A healthy 42 year old G6 Ab1 has just had a spontaneous delivery of her 5 th child, a 4200G male following a labor lasting 1.5hrs. Delivery

Figure : Blood drained into a fixed collecting  container 

Page 19: Postpartrum care and complicationsA case A healthy 42 year old G6 Ab1 has just had a spontaneous delivery of her 5 th child, a 4200G male following a labor lasting 1.5hrs. Delivery

4.Treatment of PPH : Keys  

Early recognition

Preparation:Awareness, knowledge, skills,judgement, resources, team

Page 20: Postpartrum care and complicationsA case A healthy 42 year old G6 Ab1 has just had a spontaneous delivery of her 5 th child, a 4200G male following a labor lasting 1.5hrs. Delivery

All obstetric patients should have blood typed and screened on admission.Appropriate uterine massage

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Patients identified as being at risk for PPH should have their blood typed and cross-matched immediately. Spontaneous placental separation is impending if the uterus becomes round and firm, a sudden gush of blood comes from the vagina, the uterus seems to rise in the abdomen, and the umbilical cord moves down out of the vagina.
Page 21: Postpartrum care and complicationsA case A healthy 42 year old G6 Ab1 has just had a spontaneous delivery of her 5 th child, a 4200G male following a labor lasting 1.5hrs. Delivery

Initial

Assessment

Resuscitation Assess Cause Investigation

I/V infusion Uterus ? tone? tissue

CBC

O2 mask Examine genital tract

Coag. screen

Monitor : bp, u/o,pulse

history Group and screen

Page 22: Postpartrum care and complicationsA case A healthy 42 year old G6 Ab1 has just had a spontaneous delivery of her 5 th child, a 4200G male following a labor lasting 1.5hrs. Delivery

If it is not contracted firmly, the uterus shoule be massaged. If the signs of placental separation have appeared, expression of the placenta should be attemped by manual fundal pressure .If bleeding continues, manual removal of the placenta may be necessary.

Next 

Step

Page 23: Postpartrum care and complicationsA case A healthy 42 year old G6 Ab1 has just had a spontaneous delivery of her 5 th child, a 4200G male following a labor lasting 1.5hrs. Delivery

Procedures for Manual Removal of  the Placenta and Membranes

Indications1.

The sudden occurrence of hemorrhage but 

the placenta gives no indication of  delivering

2.

Hemorrhage after the birth of the placenta  AND examination of the placenta also 

shows evidence of missing placental  fragments, membranes or a cotyledon.

Page 24: Postpartrum care and complicationsA case A healthy 42 year old G6 Ab1 has just had a spontaneous delivery of her 5 th child, a 4200G male following a labor lasting 1.5hrs. Delivery

Technique1.

Trace the umbilical cord with your hand as you enter 

the uterus and move laterally to identify the edge of  the placenta. The membranes at the margin of the 

placenta are perforated by a stripping motion  downward with the edge of your fingers directed 

toward the placenta. Be careful not to push the tips  of your fingers against the wall of the uterus, as it is  very thin and easily ruptured. 

2.

Insert the side of your hand between the placenta  and the uterine wall. Gently use an up and down 

motion to establish a cleavage plane and then sweep  behind the placenta and separate it from the wall of 

the uterus. Move carefully and sequentially from one  side to the other around the back of the placenta, 

until it falls into your hand. 

Page 25: Postpartrum care and complicationsA case A healthy 42 year old G6 Ab1 has just had a spontaneous delivery of her 5 th child, a 4200G male following a labor lasting 1.5hrs. Delivery
Page 26: Postpartrum care and complicationsA case A healthy 42 year old G6 Ab1 has just had a spontaneous delivery of her 5 th child, a 4200G male following a labor lasting 1.5hrs. Delivery

Management after placental  delivery

Confirm the  uterus is well contraced.If it is not firm:oxytocinVigorous uterus massage

Presenter
Presentation Notes
The fundus should always be palpated following either spontaneous or manual placental delivery .
Page 27: Postpartrum care and complicationsA case A healthy 42 year old G6 Ab1 has just had a spontaneous delivery of her 5 th child, a 4200G male following a labor lasting 1.5hrs. Delivery

Bleeding unresponsive to  oxytocin

1. Uterine massage2. Call for help3. Add a second large‐bore intravenous catheter so that crytalloid with oxytocin may be continued at the same time blood is given4. blood transfusion5. explore the uterine cavity manully for retained placental fragments or lacerations

Page 28: Postpartrum care and complicationsA case A healthy 42 year old G6 Ab1 has just had a spontaneous delivery of her 5 th child, a 4200G male following a labor lasting 1.5hrs. Delivery

6. thoroughly inspect the cervix and vaginal for lacerations after adequate exposure7. Insert a Forley catheter to monitor urine output, which is a good measure of renal perfusion.

Page 29: Postpartrum care and complicationsA case A healthy 42 year old G6 Ab1 has just had a spontaneous delivery of her 5 th child, a 4200G male following a labor lasting 1.5hrs. Delivery

Deal

with Uterine tone 

1. IV oxytocin2. Uterine massage/compression

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Atony is initially treated with IV oxytocin, which is usually given prophylactically after delivery of the infant. The most important step in controlling atonic PPH is immediate bimanual uterine compression,which may have to be continued for 20-30 minutes or more. Technique: place a hand on the patients abdomen and grasp the uterine fundus; bring it down over the symphysis pubis. Insert the other hand into the vagina and push the uterus anteriorly. Massage the uterus with both hands.
Page 30: Postpartrum care and complicationsA case A healthy 42 year old G6 Ab1 has just had a spontaneous delivery of her 5 th child, a 4200G male following a labor lasting 1.5hrs. Delivery

3. Stepwise administration of other uterotonic drugs

Methylergometrin (contraindicated in hypertension)prostaglandine derivates: Prostin or PGF2α(Hemabate)Contraindicated in asthmatics

Page 31: Postpartrum care and complicationsA case A healthy 42 year old G6 Ab1 has just had a spontaneous delivery of her 5 th child, a 4200G male following a labor lasting 1.5hrs. Delivery

4. Uterine tamponade

using an intrauterine  balloon

Page 32: Postpartrum care and complicationsA case A healthy 42 year old G6 Ab1 has just had a spontaneous delivery of her 5 th child, a 4200G male following a labor lasting 1.5hrs. Delivery

5. Uterine artery embolization

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Embolization of pelvic and uterine vessels by angiographic techniques is increasingly common and has success rates from 85-95% in experienced hands. With the patient under local anesthesia, a catheter is placed in the aorta and fluoroscopy is used to identify the bleeding vessel.Pieces of absorbable gelatin sponge (Gelfoam) are injected into the damaged vessel, or into the internal iliac vessels if no specific site of bleeding can be identified. This technique has the advantage of being effective even when the cause of hemorrhage is extrauterine and in the presence or absence of uterine atony.
Page 33: Postpartrum care and complicationsA case A healthy 42 year old G6 Ab1 has just had a spontaneous delivery of her 5 th child, a 4200G male following a labor lasting 1.5hrs. Delivery

6. surgical treatment: Pressure  occlusion of the aortaUterine  artery  ligationInternal iliac artery ligationB‐Lynch brace suture

Page 34: Postpartrum care and complicationsA case A healthy 42 year old G6 Ab1 has just had a spontaneous delivery of her 5 th child, a 4200G male following a labor lasting 1.5hrs. Delivery
Page 35: Postpartrum care and complicationsA case A healthy 42 year old G6 Ab1 has just had a spontaneous delivery of her 5 th child, a 4200G male following a labor lasting 1.5hrs. Delivery
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Step 1. beginning below the incision, the needle pierces the lower uterine segment to enter the uterine cavity. Step 2. the needle exits the cavity above the incision. The suture then loops up and around the fundus to the posterior uterine surface. Step 3. the needle pierces the posterior uterine wall to reenter the uterine cavity. The suture then traverses from left to right within the cavity. Step4. the needle exits the uterine cavity through the posterior uterine wall. From the back of the uterus, the suture loops up and around the fundus to the front of the uterus. Step 5. the needle pierces the myometrium above the incision to reenter the uterine cavity. Step 6. the needle exits below the incision. Finallly, the sutures at points 1 and 6 are tied below the incision.
Page 36: Postpartrum care and complicationsA case A healthy 42 year old G6 Ab1 has just had a spontaneous delivery of her 5 th child, a 4200G male following a labor lasting 1.5hrs. Delivery
Page 37: Postpartrum care and complicationsA case A healthy 42 year old G6 Ab1 has just had a spontaneous delivery of her 5 th child, a 4200G male following a labor lasting 1.5hrs. Delivery
Page 38: Postpartrum care and complicationsA case A healthy 42 year old G6 Ab1 has just had a spontaneous delivery of her 5 th child, a 4200G male following a labor lasting 1.5hrs. Delivery

To replace the uterus, the  palm is placed on the 

center of the inverted  fundus, while fingers 

identify the cervical  margins. Upward pressure 

by the palm restores the  uterus and elevates it past 

the level of the cervix.

How to  deal with  uterine Inversion

Presenter
Presentation Notes
uterine Inversion replacement shoule be done with the aid of an anesthesiologist. Uterine relaxants such as nitroglycerin or general anesthesia may e given to aid uterine relaxation. If it is unsuccessful, laparotomy is required.
Page 39: Postpartrum care and complicationsA case A healthy 42 year old G6 Ab1 has just had a spontaneous delivery of her 5 th child, a 4200G male following a labor lasting 1.5hrs. Delivery

Repair of lacerations

The vagina and cervix  should be carefully inspected. The episiotomy is quickly repaired after massage has produced a firm, tightly contracted uterus. Begin the repair above the highest extent of the laceration.If the laceration extended into the broad ligament, it should be repaired by laparotomy or hysterectomy is required.

Presenter
Presentation Notes
The tendency of bleeding vessels to retract from the laceration site is the reason for one of the cardinal principles of repair. The highest suture is also used to provide gentle traction to bring the laceration site closer to the introitus. Hysterectomy is the definitive method of controlling postpartum hemorrhage. The procedure is undoubtedly lifesaving
Page 40: Postpartrum care and complicationsA case A healthy 42 year old G6 Ab1 has just had a spontaneous delivery of her 5 th child, a 4200G male following a labor lasting 1.5hrs. Delivery

Repair of lacerations

Page 41: Postpartrum care and complicationsA case A healthy 42 year old G6 Ab1 has just had a spontaneous delivery of her 5 th child, a 4200G male following a labor lasting 1.5hrs. Delivery

Vaginal Hematoma

The blood vessel was injured without disrupting the epithelium above it. It can be managed expectantly unless it is tense or expanding. Or it should be opened , and the bleeding vessel should be ligated.

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Rupture of the uterus

Laparotomy and repaire of ruptured uterushysterectomy

Page 43: Postpartrum care and complicationsA case A healthy 42 year old G6 Ab1 has just had a spontaneous delivery of her 5 th child, a 4200G male following a labor lasting 1.5hrs. Delivery

Management of RPC

Careful inspection  of the placenta (placenta succenturiata)If the suspicion is high for retained POCsexplore the uterus manuallyexamine the uterus by ultrasoundD & C for both diagnostic and therapeutic methods

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Management of RPC

Placenta  accreta should be suspected if hemorrhage continues once no further POCs.Conservative treatmentHysterectomy

Presenter
Presentation Notes
Conservative treatment: The placenta (or portions of it )is left in situ if bleeding is minimal and will later slough off.
Page 45: Postpartrum care and complicationsA case A healthy 42 year old G6 Ab1 has just had a spontaneous delivery of her 5 th child, a 4200G male following a labor lasting 1.5hrs. Delivery

FIGO / ICM Joint Policy Statement on PPH

November 2003

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FIGO / ICM JOINT STATEMENT on PPH

Page 47: Postpartrum care and complicationsA case A healthy 42 year old G6 Ab1 has just had a spontaneous delivery of her 5 th child, a 4200G male following a labor lasting 1.5hrs. Delivery

FIGO / ICM JOINT STATEMENT on PPH

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The sum up of Primary  PPHTo explain the definition and the four main 

causes of postpartum hemorrhage To explain and emphasize the various clinical manifestations of postpartum hemorrhage with different causes To explain principles in emergency treatment in detail for postpartum hemorrhage caused by various etiological factors and rescue approaches for hemorrhagic shock 

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Part. II Secondary  PPH

Excessive bleeding

occurring 24hrs or greater after delivery,

but within 6 weeks

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Secondary PPH : causes

Subinvolution of the placental bedInfectionRetained products of conceptionOther genital tract pathology (Rare)Ca cervix, Trophoblastic

disease

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Secondary PPH: Diagnosis

Based on clinical situationCondition and history of patientTime since deliveryCharacter of bleeding

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Secondary PPH : Treatment

Evaluate overall clinical condition?systemic sepsis?amount of blood lossspeculum examination ?tissuedigital exam ?cervix and uterus

Antibiotic coverRestPossible uterine evacuation

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Reference Book

Obstetrics & Gynecology    Written by Tamara L. Callahan and Aaron B. Caughey

Williams Obstetrics, 23rd Edition.Current Obstetric & Gynecologic Diagnosis & Treatment   Written  by Alan H. DeCherney and Lauren Nathan