potential application of natural products in … · melaleuca alternifolia (maiden & betche)...

J. Indian bot. Soc. e-ISSN:2455-7218, ISSN:0019 - 4468 Vol. 97 (1&2) 2018 :79-88

Received on Feruary 16, 2018 Accepted on Feruary 20, 2018www.indianbotsoc.org

POTENTIAL APPLICATION OF NATURAL PRODUCTS IN PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF ORAL DISEASES: A

REVIEW

PRATIMA VISHWAKARMADepartment of Microbiology, Purvanchal Institute of Dental Sciences, GIDA,

Gorakhpur-273209, Uttar [email protected] of online publication: 3oth June 2018

Microbial populations colonizing the teeth and gums are the major group of pathogens responsible for oral and dental infections, including periodontal diseases, gingivitis, pericoronitis, endodontitis, peri-implantitis, and post extraction infections (Tanner and Stillman 1993). Dental caries is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases of people worldwide. The disease process may involve enamel , dent in and cement , caus ing deca lc i f ica t ion of these t i s sues and d i s i n t eg ra t i on o f i t (Ka rp in sk i and Szkaradkiewicz 2013). The elimination of microorganisms is one of the most important steps in endodontic therapy because bacteria and their metabolic products are considered to be the primary etiologic agents of pulpar and periradicular disease of more than 750 species of bacteria that inhabit the oral cavity, a few numbers is implicated in oral diseases. The development of dental caries involves acidogenic and aciduric Gram-positive bacteria (mutans Streptococci, Lactobacilli and Actinomycetes). Periodontal diseases have been linked to anaerobic Gram-negative bacter ia (Porphyromonas gingival is , Actinobacillus, Prevotella and Fusobacterium) (Palombo 2011, Martos et al. 2013).

Dental biofilms are produced by bacterial communities with large biodiversity and high

11densities (near about 10 cell/g of wet weight). During the first 24 h of colonization, oral

streptococci compose 60% to 90% of the supragingival plaque biomass (Ogawa et al. 2011). Mutans Streptococci are biofilm-forming bacteria and are considered to be the primary etiologic agents of human dental caries.

GOOD BACTERIA AND BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH YOUNG ONES

Healthy mouths contains Streptococcus, Actinomyces, Veillonella, Fusobacterium, Porphromonas, Prevotella, Treponema, N i s ser ia , Haemoph i l i s , Eubac te r ia , Lactobacterium, Capnocytophaga, Eikenella, L e p t o t r i c h i a , P e p t o s t re p t o c o c c u s , Staphylococcus, and Propionibacterium in high quantity (Avila et al. 2009). The oral cavity of new born is free from bacteria but rapidly normal flora will be colonized such as Streptococcus salivarius within 8 hrs. As these microorganisms colonise the dental surface and gingiva, colonization of Streptococcus sanguis and Streptococcus mutans are formed on the teeth. Other strains of Streptococci adhere strongly to the cheeks and gums but not to the teeth (Sowmya 2016).

BACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH ORAL PROBLEMS

Anaerobic bacteria in the oral cavity include: Actinomyces , Arachnia , Bacteroides , B i f i d o b a c t e r i u m , E u b a c t e r i u m , Fusobacterium, Lactobacillus, Leptotrichia,

Oral disease is one of the major problems throughout the world affecting about all ages, either children or old age peoples. Now a days excess use of chemicals and drugs for treatment of various microbial diseases results in drug resistance among them. Essential oils possesses different medicinal application viz., antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antioxidant and many more. The main aim of this review is to highlight the effect of essential oil on harmful oral bacteria which causes various oral infections.

Keywords: Bacteria, Dental Caries, Essential Oil, Oral Care, Secondary Metabolites

P e p t o c o c c u s , P e p t o s t re p t o c o c c u s , Propionibacterium, Selenomonas, Treponema and Veillonella (Sutter 1984). Bacteria accumulate on both the hard and soft oral tissues in biofilms. The bacteria associated with periodontal diseases are predominantly Gram-negative anaerobic bacteria and may include A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, B. forsythus, C. rectus, E. nodatum, P. micros, S. intermedius and Treponema sp (Lovegrove 2004).

Streptococcus mutans is the main bacteria which initiates dental caries while different genera of Lactobacillus help in further caries development. Caries can also be caused by other bacteria, including members of the Viridans Streptococci, Streptococcus mutans, S.mitis, S. sanguis, S. milleri, S. salivarius. Enterococci (Enterococcus faecal is ) Staphylococcus (S.aureus, S.epidermidis, S. asaccharolyticus) Lactobacilli (L. acidophilus, L. salivarius, L. casei, L. plantarum, L. fermentum, L. cellobiosus, L. brevis and L. buchneri), Diptheroids (Corynebacterium, Propionobacterium), Neisseria (N. sicca, N. subflava), Haemophilus (H. aphrophilus, H. parainfluenzae, H. paraprophilus, H. haemolyticus and H. segnis), Actinobacillus actinomyce-temcomitan and Helicobacter pylori (Khan and Khan 2007, Karpinski and Szkaradkiewicz 2013)

R E A S O N F O R S E L E C T I O N O F ALTERNATIVE THERAPY

Antibiotic resistance is documented to be a serious problem that affects the choice of appropriate antibiotic therapy and increases the probability of unfavorable infection outcome. One of the proposed methods to cope with multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria is the use of alternative antibacterial treatments, which include natural antimicrobial substances such as plant essential oils (Kon and Rai 2012).

NATURAL PRODUCTS FOR DENTAL CARES

Herbal products have recently undergone more thorough investigation for their potential in

preventing oral diseases, particularly plaque-related diseases, such as dental caries. It is well known that Streptococcus mutans and other cariogenic bacteria are the major etiological agents in dental caries. Insoluble glucans synthesized by S. mutans increase the pathogenicity of oral biofilm by promoting the adherence and accumulation of cariogenic bacteria on tooth surface (Da Silva et al. 2012, Hays 2006).

Essential oils are complex volatile compounds, naturally synthesized by various parts of the plant during the secondary metabolism of plants (Akthar et al. 2014). Essential oil-containing mouth rinse demonstrates a significant reduction in dental plaque, gingivitis and enhances overall gingival health (Feng et al. 2009). Essential oil-containing mouth rinses can be beneficial , safe components of daily oral health routines, representing an efficient and without side effect alternative to prevent and control oral infections (Cecchini et al. 2012).

Several studies have been done to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of natural products against oral microorganisms. Shapiro et al. (1994) evaluated the antimicrobial activity of some botanical oils, against facultative anaerobic oral bacteria and stated that Australian tea tree oil, peppermint oil and sage oil are the most potent essential oils and also found thymol and eugenol as potent essential oil components. Takarada et al. (2004) investigated the antibacterial effects of various essential oils viz., manuka oil, tea tree oil, eucalyptus oil, lavandula oil and romarinus oil against fol lowing oral bacter ia viz . , Porphyromonas gingivalis, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum , Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus. Among the essential oils tested, manuka oil and tea tree oil in particular had strong antibacterial activity against periodontopathic and cariogenic bacteria. Hammer et al. (2003) evaluated the ant icar iogenic act ivi ty of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil against 161 isolates of

J. Indian bot. Soc. 97 (1&2) 2018 :80Natural products in prevention and treatment of Oral diseases

S.No. Plant Family Bacteria MIC/MBC Reference

1. Aloysia gratissima (Gillies

& Hook) Troncoso

Verbenaceae Streptococcus mutans 125–250 µg/ml(MIC),

250–500 µg/ml (MBC)

Galvão et al.(2012)

2. Aloysia triphylla (L’H´

er.) Britton

Verbenaceae Streptococcus mutans 125–250 µg/ml (MIC),

125–250 µg/ml (MBC)


3. Alpinia speciosa (Pers.)

Burtt &

Smith

Zingiberaceae Streptococcus mutans 125–250 µg/ml (MIC),

250–500 µg/ml (MBC)


4. Baccharis

dracunculifolia DC

Asteraceae Streptococcus mutans 62.5–125 µg/ml (MIC),

250–500 µg/ml (MBC)


5. Baccharis

dracunculifolia DC

Asteraceae Streptococcus mutans 6% (MIC) Pereira et al. (2016)

6. Bidens sulphurea (Cav.)

Sch. Bip

Asteraceae Streptococcus mutans

Streptococcus mitis

250 µg /ml and

31.25 µg /ml (MIC)

respectively

Aguair et al.(2013)

7. Cinnamomum

osmophloeum Kaneh.

Lauraceae E. coli, P. aeruginosa, E.

faecalis, S. aureus, S.

epidermidis, MRSA, K.

pneumoniae, Salmonella sp., and

V. parahemolyticus

500, 1000, 250, 250,

250, 250, 1000, 500,

and 250 microg/ml,

respectively

Chang et al. (2001)

8. Cinnamomum

zeylanicum Blume

Lauraceae Streptococcus mutans 250–500 µg/ml (MIC),

500–1000 µg/ml (MBC)


9. Citrus hystrix DC. Rutaceae S. mutans 2.12 mg/ml Wongsariya et al.

(2014)

10. Citrus hystrix DC. Rutaceae P. gingivalis 1.06 mg/ml Wongsariya et al.

(2014)

11. Coriandrum

sativum L.

Apiaceae Streptococcus mutans 31.2–62.5 µg/ml (MIC),

62.5–125 µg/ml (MBC)


12. Cymbopogon

citratus (DC)

Poaceae Streptococcus mutans 125–250 µg/ml (MIC),

250–500 µg/ml (MBC)


13. Cymbopogon

martini (Roxb.)


250–500 µg/ml (MBC)


14. Cymbopogon

winterianus Jowitt


250–500 µg/ml (MBC)


15. Cyperus articulatus

Vahl

Cyperaceae Streptococcus mutans 125–250 µg/ml (MIC),

250–500 µg/ml (MBC)


16. Dracocephalum foetidum

Bunge

Lamiaceae methicillin-resistant

Staphylococcus aureus strain

26-2592 µg/ml (MIC) Lee et al. (2007)

17. Elyonurus muticus

Spreng


125–250 µg/ml (MBC)


18. Eucalyptus camaldulensis

Dehnh.

Myrtaceae Streptococcus mutans and

Streptococcus pyogenes

2 mg/ml (MBC) Rasooli et al. (2009)

19. Eugenia florida

DC.

Myrtaceae Streptococcus mutans 125–250 µg/ml (MIC),

250–500 µg/ml (MBC)


20. Eugenia uniflora L. Myrtaceae Streptococcus mutans 125–250 µg/ml (MIC),

250–500 µg/ml (MBC)


21. Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Fabaceae Streptococcus mutans,

Actinomyces viscosus and

Enterococcus faecalis

12.5 mg/ml (MIC) Sedighinia et al.

(2012)

22. Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Fabaceae Escherishia coli and

Staphylococcus aureus

35 mg/ml (MIC) Sedighinia et al.

(2012)

23. Glycyrrhiza glabra L. Fabaceae Streptococcus sanguis 30 mg/ml (MIC) Sedighinia et al.

(2012)

24. Lavandula spica L. Lamiaceae Enterococcus fecalis,

Escherichia coli Staphylococcus

aureus, and Candida albicans

32, 128, 32, 8 (MIC)

respectively

Thosar et al. (2013)

25. Lippia alba (Mill.)

N.E. Brown

Verbenaceae Streptococcus mutans 125–250 µg/ml (MIC),

250–500 µg/ml (MBC)


26. Lippia sidoides

Cham.

Verbenaceae Streptococcus mutans 62.5–125 µg/ml (MIC),

125–250 µg/ml (MBC)

Galvão et al. (2012)

Table 1: Antimicrobial activity of some essential oil against oral bacteria

Pratima Vishwakarma J. Indian bot. Soc. 97 (1&2) 2018 :81

oral bacteria. MIC90 values were found to be 1.0% (v/v) for Actinomyces spp., Lactobacillus spp., Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus sanguis and 0.1% (v/v) for Prevotella spp. Isolates of Porphyromonas, Prevotella and Veillonella had the lowest MICs and MBCs w h i l e i s o l a t e s o f S t r e p t o c o c c u s , Fusobacterium and Lactobacillus had the highest. Shayegh et al. (2008) evaluated the

antimicrobial activity of Mentha piperita and Cuminum cyminum essential oils against microbes associated with supragingival dental plaque and found that M. piperita was more effective followed by C. cyminum. Prabhakar et al. (2009) had evaluated anti microbial efficacy of Curry leaves, Garlic and Tea tree oil mouthwashes against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus and found that these three

J. Indian bot. Soc. 97 (1&2) 2018 :82

27.

a � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �

(Maiden & Betche)

Cheel

Myrtaceae Enterobacter aerogenes,

Escherichia coli, Klebsiella

pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis,

Salmonella choleraesuis, Shigella

flexneri, Bacillus subtilis, Listeria

monocytogenes, Staphylococcus

aureus, S. saprophyticus and S.

xylosus

0.25 % (MIC) Harkenthal et al.

(1999)

28. Melaleuca alternifolia

(Maiden & Betche)

Cheel

Myrtaceae Enterococcus fecalis, Escherichia

coli Staphylococcus aureus and

Candida albicans

64, 2, 1, 0.5 µg /ml

(MIC) respectively

Thosar et al.

(2013)

29. Mentha piperita L. Lamiaceae Streptococcus mutans 250–500 µg/ml (MIC),

250–500 µg/ml (MBC)

Galvão et

al.(2012)

30. Mentha piperita L. Lamiaceae Enterococcus fecalis, Escherichia

coliÆ { � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � and

Candida albicans

32,1,2, 0.5(MIC)

respectively

Thosar et al.

(2013)

31. Mentha spicata L. Lamiaceae Streptococcus mutans and


4 mg/ml (MBC) Rasooli et al.

(2009)

32. Mikania glomerata

Spreng.

Asteraceae Streptococcus mutans 62.5–125 µg/ml

Streptococcus mutans

(MIC), 125–250 µg/ml

(MBC)

Galvão et

al.(2012)

33. Ocimum americanum

L.

Lamiaceae Streptococcus mutans,

Lactobacillus casei and Candida

albicans

0.04% (MIC),

Thaweboon and

Thaweboon

(2009)

34. Rosmarinus officinalis

L.

Lamiaceae Streptococcus mutans and


2000 ppm and 4000

ppm respectively

Rasooli et al.

(2008)

35. Salvia rosifolia SM. Lamiaceae methicillin-resistant

Staphylococcus aureus strain

125 µg /ml Ozek et al.

(2010)

36. Siparuna

guianenses Aubl.

Monimiaceae Streptococcus mutans 62.5–125 µg/ml (MIC),

125–250 µg/ml (MBC)

Galvão et

al.(2012)

37. Syzygium

aromaticum (L.)

Merr. & L. M. Perry

Myrtaceae Streptococcus mutans 62.5–125 µg/ml (MIC),

125–250 µg/ml (MBC)

Galvão et

al.(2012)

38. Thymus eriocalyx

(Ronniger) Jalas,

Rech.f.

Lamiaceae Streptococcus mutans and


2000 ppm and 4000

ppm respectively

Rasooli et al.

(2008)

39. Thymus vulgaris L. Lamiaceae Enterococcus fecalis, Escherichia

coli Staphylococcus aureus, and

Candida albicans

32, 2, 32, 16 (MIC)

respectively

Thosar et al.

(2013)

40. Vitex agnus-castus L. Lamiaceae Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus casei

15.6 µg /ml (MIC) Gonçalves et al.

(2017)

41. Vitex agnus-castus L. Lamiaceae Streptococcus mitis 31.2 µg /ml(MIC) Gonçalves et al.

(2017)

42. Ziziphus joazeiro

Mart.

Rhamnaceae Streptococcus mutans 250–500 µg/ml (MBC),

500-1000 µg/ml (MBC)

Galvão et

al.(2012)

Natural products in prevention and treatment of Oral diseases

botanicals possesses good antimicrobial activity against the tested microbes in children. Antimicrobial activity is one of the important medicinal properties associated with garlic which makes it a potential anticariogenic agent in protecting against Streptococcus mutans, which is acidogenic, aciduric and cariogenic in the oral cavity (Kudva et al. 2012). Ocimum

americanum can also be used as oral health care products for reducing the pathogenic microorganisms in the oral cavity. Thaweboon and Thaweboon (2009) evaluated MCC (minimum cida concentrat ion) of O. americanum against three oral bacteria viz., Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus casei and Candida albicans and found it to be 0.08%,

J. Indian bot. Soc. 97 (1&2) 2018 :83

S.No. Plants Active constituents Reference

1. Achillea ligustica All. linalool, viridiflorol, � � pinene, 1,8-cineole and

terpinen-4-ol

Maggi et al. (2009)

2. Bidens sulphurea (Cav.)

Sch. Bip

Germacrene D, trans-caryophyllene, � � elemene and

bicyclogermacrene

Aguair et al.(2013)

3. Cinnamomum

osmophloeum Kaneh.

Cinnamaldehyde Chang et al. (2001)

4. Cinnamomum

pubescens Kochummen

1,6-octadien-3-ol,3,7-dimethyl, cinnamaldehyde

and 1-phenyl-propane-2,2-diol diethanoate

Abdelwahab et al.

(2010)

5. Citrus hystrix DC. Citronellal Wongsariya et al. (2014)

6. Cocos nucifera L. Monolaurin and monoglycerides Naseem et al. (2017)

7. Cymbopogon citratus

(DC.)

Geraniol and Citral Tofiño-Rivera et al.

(2016)

8. Dracocephalum foetidum

Bunge

n-Mentha-1,8-dien-10-al, limonene, geranial, and

neral

Lee et al. (2007)

9. Etlingera elatior (Jack)

R.M.Sm.

� � pinene and 1-dodecene Abdelwahab et al.

(2010)

10. Eucalyptus camaldulensis

Dehnh.

1,8-Cineole, � � Pinene, iso-Leptospermone and (E)-

Caryophyllene

Gakuubi (2016)

11. Eucalyptus citriodora

Hook.

Citronellal and citronellol

Mulyaningsih et al.

(2011)

12. Eucalyptus globules

Labill.

Aromadendrene, 1,8-cineole and

globulol

Mulyaningsih et al.

(2010), Mulyaningsih et

al. (2011)

13. Lavandula

Stoechas L.

alpha-fenchone, 1,8-cineole, camphor and

viridiflorol in the leaves; and alpha-fenchone,

myrtenyl acetate, a-pinene,

camphor and 1,8-cineole in flowers

Kirmizibekmez et al.

(2009)

14. Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E.

Brown

Geraniol and Citral Tofiño-Rivera et al.

(2016)


(Maiden & Betche) Cheel

Terpinen-4-ol Loughlin et al. (2008),

LaPlante (2007)


(Maiden & Betche) Cheel

terpinol-4 and 1,8-cineol Salvatori et al. (2017)

17. Mentha spicata L. Carvone and limonene Snoussi et al. (2015)

18. Salvia rosifolia SM. a-pinene, 1,8-cineole, b-pinene, b-caryophyllene

and caryophyllene oxide

Ozek et al. (2010)

19. Sesamum indicum L. sesamin, sesamolin and sesaminol Naseem et al. (2017)

20. Thymus vulgaris L. Thymol, rho-cymene and g-terpinene Tohidpour et al. (2010)

21. Vitex agnus-castus L. 1,8-cineole, (E)-� � farnesene, (E) caryophyllene,

sabinene and � � terpinyl acetate

Gonçalves et al. (2017)

Table 2: List of active compounds of plants responsible for antimicrobial activity against oral bacteria

Pratima Vishwakarma

0.3% and 0.08% v/v, respectively. Maggi et al. (2009) evaluated the antimicrobial activity of Achillea ligustica on 6 microbial strains and showed that it is quite strong against the cariogenic Gram-positive Streptococcus mutans, suggesting that it can be a valid candidate for anti-cariogenic formulations. Chaudhari et al. (2012) evaluated nine pure essential oils viz., wintergreen oil, lime oil, cinnamon oil, spearmint oil, peppermint oil, lemongrass oil, cedarwood oil, clove oil and eucalyptus oil against Streptococcus mutans and stated that Cinnamon oil showed highest activity against Streptococcus mutans followed by lemongrass oil and cedarwood oil. Wintergreen oil, lime oil, peppermint oil and spearmint oil showed no antibacterial activity. D i f f e r e n t p l a n t s p e c i e s p o s s e s s i n g antimicrobial activity are presented in Table 1.

Essential oils are aromatic in nature because of a mixture of multifarious chemical substances that belong to different chemical families, including terpenes, aldehydes, alcohols, esters, phenolic, ethers and ketones. Essential oils generally have 2-3 major components at fairly high concentrations (20-70%) compared to other components present in trace amount. Most essential oils are composed of terpenes, terpenoids and other aromatic and aliphatic constituents with low molecular weights. Terpenes or terpenoids are synthesized within the cytoplasm of the cell through the mevalonic acid pathway (Akthar et al. 2014, Swamy et al. 2016). List of different active constituents isolated from different plant species possessing antimicrobial activity are given in Table 2.

M E C H A N I S M O F A C T I O N O F ESSENTIAL OILS

There are fewer reports on the mechanisms of action of essential oils or their purified components on microorganisms. It results in sequential inhibition of a common biochemical pathway, inhibition of protective enzymes and use of cell wall active agents to enhance the uptake of other antimicrobials (Bassolé and Juliani 2012). Essential oils primarily

destabilize the cellular architecture, leading to the breakdown of membrane integrity and increased permeability, which disrupts many cellular activities, including energy production (membrane-coupled), membrane transport, and other metabolic regulatory functions. The disruption of the cell membrane by essential oils may assist various vital processes such as energy conversion processes, nutrient processing, the synthesis of structural macromolecules and the secretion of growth regulators (Nazzaro et al. 2013). It can affect both the external envelope of the cell and the cytoplasm. The hydrophobicity of the major antibacterial compositions of essential oil enables them partition in the lipids of the cell membranes and mitochondria, disturbing their structures, changing their functions and rendering them permeably. Subsequently, the active components can lead to disrupt the synthesis of some macromolecules, such as DNA, RNA, protein or polysaccharides and then cause the death of the cells (Zhang et al. 2017). Changes in the hydrophobicity, surface charge and membrane integrity with the

+subsequent K leakage from E. coli and S. aureus were observed after exposure to essential oils (Lopez-Romero et al. 2015).

CONCLUSION

Poor oral health imparts profound effect on general health of peoples. Peoples having oral issues experiences several problems viz., problem during eating and chewing, severe pain and also bad odor. Increasing resistance of microorganism to drugs and chemicals is becoming a serious problem throughout the world which increases the interest of researcher towards some alternative remedies which are cost effective and also possesses no adverse effects on people's health. Essential oils are plant volatiles which contains various secondary metabolites which have many medicinal importance. It also possesses antimicrobial activity against oral microbes and works on cell membrane. It disrupt the cell structure which results in leakage of the contents of cell and finally leads to cell death. It


also checks the cell membrane synthesis pathway and blocks its growth process.

The author wish to thank the Principal, Purvanchal Institute of Dental Sciences for providing necessary lab facilities to carry out this work. I am also thankful to Prof NN Tripathi, Dept of Botany, DDU Gorakhpur University for his appropriate guidance and support.

REFERENCES

Abdelwahab S I, Zaman F Q, Mariod A A, Yaacob M, Abdelmageed A H and Khamis S 2010 Chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of the essential oils of Etlingera elatior and Cinnamomum pubescens Kochummen. J. Sci. Food Agric. 90(15) 2682-2688.

Aguiar G P, Carvalho C E, Dias H J, Reis E B, Martins M H, Wakabayashi K A, Groppo M, Martins C H, Cunha W R and Crotti A E 2013 Antimicrobial activity of selected essential oils against cariogenic bacteria. Nat. Prod. Res 27 1668-1672.

Akthar M S, Degaga B and Azam T 2014 Antimicrobial activity of essential oils extracted from medicinal plants against the pathogenic microorganisms: A review. Issues in Biological Sciences and Pharmaceutical Research 2(1) 1-7.

Avila M, Ojcius DM and Yilmaz O 2009 The Oral Microbiota: Living with a Permanent Guest. DNA and Cell Biol 28(8) 405-411.

Bassolé I H N and Juliani H R 2012 Essential oils in combination and their antimicrobial properties. Molecules 17 3989-4006.

Cecchini C, Silvi S, Cresci A, Piciotti A, Caprioli G, Papa F, Sagratini G, Vittori S and Maggi F 2012 Antimicrobial efficacy of Achillea ligustica All (Asteraceae) essential oils against reference and isolated oral microorganisms. Chem. Biodivers 9 12–24.

Chang S T, Chen P F and Chang S C 2001Antibacterial activity of leaf essential oils

and their constituents from Cinnamomum osmophloeum. J. Ethnopharmacol 77(1) 123-127.

Chaudhari L K, Jawale B A, Sharma S, Sharma H, Kumar C D and Kulkarni P A 2012 Antimicrobial activity of commercially available essential oils against Streptococcus mutans. J Contemp Dent Pract 13(1) 71-74.

Da Silva N B, Alexandria A K F, De Lima A L, Claudino L V, Oliveira TFDE, Da Costa A C D, Valenca A M G, Cavalcanti A L 2012 In vitro antimicrobial activity of mouth washes and herbal products against dental biofilm- forming bacteria. Contemporary Clinical Dentistry 3(3) 302-305.

Feng Y, Li X, Fan X, Li K Z, Wei J H and Hu D Y 2009 Comparative effects of essential oil-containing mouthrinse on reduction of plaque and gingivitis. Shanghai Kou Qiang Yi Xue 18(2) 160-163. [Article in Chinese]

Gakuubi M M 2016 Steam distillation extractionand chemical composition of essential oils of Toddalia asiatica L. and Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 5(2) 99-104.

Galvão L C C, Furletti V F, Bersan S M F, Cunha M G, Ruiz A L T G, Carvalho J E, Sartoratto A, Rehder V L G, Figueira G M, Duarte M C T, Ikegaki M, Alencar SMde and Rosalen P L 2012 Antimicrobial activity of essential oils against Streptococcus mutans and their Antiproliferative Effects. Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med 12 1-12.

Gonçalves R, Ayres V FS, Carvalho C E, Souza M G M, Guimarães A C, Corrêa G M, Martins C H G, Takeara R, Silva E O and Crotti A E M 2017 Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of the essential oil of Vitex agnus-castus L. (Lamiaceae). Annals of the Brazilian Academy of Sciences 89(4) 2825-2832.

Hammer K A, Dry L, Johnson M, Michalak EM, Carson CF and Riley TV 2003 Susceptibility of oral bacteria to Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil in vitro. Oral Microbiol. Immunol 18 389-392.


Harkenthal M, Reichling J, Geiss H K and Saller R 1999 Comparative study on the in vitro antibacterial activity of Australian tea tree oil, cajuput oil, niaouli oil, manuka oil, kanuka oil, and eucalyptus oil. Pharmazie 54(6) 460-463.

Hays Clint J 2006 Bacteria in the oral flora: A study of antimicrobial agents in toothpastes on toothbrushes. Saint Martin's University Biology Journal 1 167-174.

Karpinski Tomasz M and Szkaradkiewicz Anna K 2013 Microbiology of dental caries. Journal of Biology and Earth Science 3(1) M21-M24.

Khan S S and Khan M 2007 Bacterial flora in and around teeth and gums of healthy and i n f e c t e d i n d i v i d u a l s . B i o s c i e n c e s , Biotechnology Research Asia 4(2) 699-704.

Kirmizibekmez H, Demirci B, Yesilada E, Baser K H and Demirci F 2009 Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of Lavandula stoechas L. ssp. stoechas growing wild in Turkey. Nat. Prod. Commun 4(7) 1001-1006.

Kon Kateryna Volodymyrivna and Rai M K 2012 Plant essential oils and their constituents in coping with multidrug-resistant bacteria. Expert Rev. Anti Infect. Ther 10(7) 775-790.

Kudva Shailesh, Prabhakar Shubha, Pai Vinitha and Tegginamani Anand 2012 Effects

of garlic extract on salivary pH: a clinical study. Arch Orofac Sci 7(1) 1-8.1

LaPlante K L 2007 In vitro activity of lysostaphin, mupirocin, and tea tree oil against clinical methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 57(4) 413-418.

Lee S B, Cha K H, Kim S N, Altantsetseg S, Shatar S, Sarangerel O and Nho C W 2007 The antimicrobial activity of essential oil from Dracocephalum foetidum against pathogenic microorganisms. J Microbiol 45(1) 53-57.

Lopez-Romero Julio Cesar, González-Ríos Humberto, Borges A, and Simões M,

Antibacterial effects and mode of action of selected essential oils components against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2015, Article ID 795435, 9 pages. doi:10.1155/2015/795435

Loughlin R, Gilmore B F, McCarron P A and Tunney M M 2008 Comparison of the cidal activity of tea tree oil and terpinen-4-ol against clinical bacterial skin isolates and human fibroblast cells. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 46(4), 428-433.

Lovegrove J M 2004 Dental plaque revisited: bacteria associated with periodontal disease. JNZ Soc Periodont 87 7-21.

Maggi F, Bramucci M, Cecchini C, Coman MM, Cresci A, Cristalli G, Lupidi G, Papa F, Quassinti L, Sagratini G and Vittori S 2009 Composition and biological activity of essential oil of Achillea ligustica All. (Asteraceae) naturalized in central Italy: Ideal candidate for anti-cariogenic formulations. Fitoterapia 80 313-319.

Martos J, Luque Carmen M F, González-Rodríguez M P, Arias-Moliz M T and Baca P 2013 Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and chloroform alone and combinated with cetrimide against Enterococcus faecalis biofilm. European Journal of Microbiology and Immunology 3(1) 44-48.

Mulyaningsih S, Sporer F, Reichling J and Wink M 2011 Antibacterial activity of essential oils from Eucalyptus and of selected components against multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens. Pharm. Biol 49(9) 893-899.

Mulyaningsih S, Sporer F, Zimmermann S, Reichling J and Wink M 2010 Synergistic properties of the terpenoids aromadendrene and 1,8-cineole from the essential oil of E u c a l y p t u s g l o b u l u s a g a i n s t antibioticsusceptible and antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Phytomedicine 17(13) 1061–1066.

Naseem M, Khiyani Muhammad F, Nauman H, Sohail Z M, Shah A H, Khalil H S 2017 Oil pulling and importance of traditional medicine


in oral health maintenance. International journal of health sciences 11 65-70.

Nazzaro F, Fratianni F, Martino L D, Coppola R and Feo V D. Effect of Essential Oils on Pathogenic Bacteria. Pharmaceuticals 2013, 6, 1451-1474.

Ogawa A, Furukawa S, Fujita S , Mitobe J, Kawarai T, Narisawa N, Sekizuka T, Kuroda M, Ochiai K, Ogihara H, Kosono S, Yoneda S, Watanabe H, Morinaga Y, Uematsu H and Senpuku H 2011 Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation by Streptococcus salivarius FruA. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77(5) 15721580.

Ozek G, Demirci F, Ozek T, Tabanca N, Wedge D E, Khan S I, Baser K H, Duran A and Hamzaoglu E 2010 Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of volatiles obtained by four different techniques from Salvia rosifolia Sm., and evaluation for biological activity. J. Chromatogr. A 1217(5):741-748.

Palombo E A 2011 Traditional medicinal plant extracts and natural products with activity against oral bacteria: potential application in the prevention and treatment of oral diseases. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Volume 2011, Article ID 680354, 15pages doi:10.1093/ecam/nep067.

Pereira C A, Costa A C B P, Liporoni P C S, Rego M A, Jorge A O C 2016 Antibacterial activity of Baccharis dracunculifolia in p l a n k t o n i c c u l t u r e s a n d b i o f i l m s o f Streptococcus mutans. Journal of Infection and Public Health 9 324-330

Prabhakar A R, Ahuja V and Basappa N 2009 Effect of curry leaves, garlic and tea tree oil on Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacilli in children: A clinical and microbiological study. Pesquisa Brasileira em Odontopediatria e Clínica Integrada 9(3) 259-263

Rasooli I, Shayegh S, Taghizadeh M and Astaneh SDA 2008 Rosemarinus officinalis and Thymus eriocalyx essential oils combat in vitro and in vivo dental biofilm formation.

Pharmacogn. Mag 14 65-74.

Rasooli I, Shayesh S and Astaneh S 2009 The effect of Mentha spicata and Eucalyptus camaldulensis essential oils on dental biofilm. Int J Dent Hyg 7(3) 196-203.

Salvatori C, Barchi L, Guzzo F and Gargari M 2017 A comparative study of antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects of mouthrinse containing tea tree oil. Oral & Implantology - Anno X - N. 1/2017 59-70

Sedighinia F, Afshar A S, Soleimanpour S, Zarif R, Asili J, Ghazvini K 2012 Antibacterial activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra against oral pathogens: an in vitro study. Avicenna Journal of Phytomedicine 2(3) 118-124.

Shapiro S, Meier A and Guggenheim B 1994 The antimicrobial activity of essential oils and essential oil components towards oral bacteria. Oral Microbiol Immunol 9(4) 202-208.

Shayegh S, Rasooli I, Taghizadeh M and Astaneh SD 2008 Phytotherapeutic inhibition of supragingival dental plaque. Nat. Prod. Res 22 428-439.

Snoussi M, Noumi E, Trabelsi N, Flamini G, Papetti A and Feo V De 2015 Mentha spicata essent ial oi l : chemical composi t ion, antioxidant and antibacterial activities against planktonic and biofilm cultures of Vibrio spp. strains. Molecules 20 14402-14424.

Sowmya 2016 A review on the human oral microflora. Research and Reviews: Journal of Dental Sciences 4(3) 1-5.

Sutter Vera L 1984 Anaerobes as normal oral flora. Reviews of Infectious Diseases 6(1) S62-S66.

Swamy M K, Akhtar M S, Sinniah U R 2016 Antimicrobial properties of plant essential oils against human pathogens and their mode of action: an updated review. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine: eCAM 2016 Article ID 3012462, 21 pages doi:10.1155/2016/3012462.

Takarada K, Kimizuka R, Takahashi N, Honma K, Okuda K and Kato T 2004 A comparison of


the antibacterial efficacies of essential oils against oral pathogens. Oral Microbiol Immunol 19(1) 61-64.

Tanner A and Stillman N 1993 Oral and dental infections with anaerobic bacteria: clinical features, predominant pathogens, and treatment. Clin Infect Dis 16(4) S304-S309.

Thaweboon S and Thaweboon B 2009 In vitro antimicrobial activity of Ocimum americanum L. essential oil against oral microorganisms. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 40(5) 1025-33.

Thosar N, Basak S, Bahadure R N and Rajurkar M 2013 Antimicrobial efficacy of five essential oils against oral pathogens: An in vitro study. European Journal of Dentistry 7(1) S71-S77.

Tofiño-Rivera A, Ortega-Cuadros M, Galvis-Pareja D, Jiménez-Rios H, Merini LJ, Martínez-Pabón MC 2016 Effect of Lippia alba and Cymbopogon citratus essential oils on biofilms of Streptococcus mutans and cytotoxicity in CHO cells. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 194 749-754.

Tohidpour A, Sattari M, Omidbaigi R, Yadegar A and Nazemi J 2010 Antibacterial effect of essential oils from two medicinal plants against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Phytomedicine 17(2) 142-145.

W o n g s a r i y a K , P h a n t h o n g P , Bunyap rapha t s a r a N ,S r i sukh V and Chomnawang M T 2014 Synerg is t ic interaction and mode of action of Citrus hystrix essential oil against bacteria causing periodontal diseases. Pharmaceutical Biology 52(3) 273-280.

Zhang J, Ye K P, Zhang X, Pan D D, Sun Y Y and Cao J X 2017 Antibacterial activity and mechanism of action of black pepper essential oil on meat-borne Escherichia coli. Front. Microbiol 7 2094.


potential application of natural products in … · melaleuca alternifolia (maiden & betche)...

Documents