potential assistance for nuclear infrastructure development akira izumo assistant director nuclear...
TRANSCRIPT
Potential Assistance for Nuclear Infrastructure Development
Akira Izumo
Assistant Director
Nuclear Energy Policy Division
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry
February 2010
2
Contents
1.1. Overview: Overview: Why Nuclear Power?Why Nuclear Power?
2.2. Nuclear Energy Policy: Nuclear Energy Policy: Challenges we face.Challenges we face.
3.3. International Cooperation: International Cooperation: What we can share.What we can share.
4.4. Conclusion: Conclusion: Lessons for new comers.Lessons for new comers.
3
1. Overview: 1. Overview: Why Nuclear Power?Why Nuclear Power?
4
☞ Global energy consumption will constantly increase, in particular, due to the rapid economic growth of the developing countries.
Increase of Global Energy Consumption
Source: International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis –World Energy Council Scenario
Portion of developing countries would exceed
a half of total global energy consumption in
2030.
5
☞New oil discoveries have continued to decline for the past 40 years. Furthermore, over the last 20 years, increases from newly discovered reserves have been below total production volume and there is concern that we may be reaching the limits of available oil resources.
Global Decline of New Oil Discovery
Since 1960, discovery of new oil fields has stagnated
Global production
Middle East
Former USSR
Europe/North America
AfricaCentral and South
America/Asia
(billions of barrels)
Source: World Energy Outlook 2004, IEA
Increase in known global oil reserves via discovery of new oil fields vs. total global oil production
6
Stability of Nuclear Fuel Supply
Uranium is not concentrated in any specific regions, ensuring a stable supply.
Abundance of Proven Natural Uranium Reserve Worldwide
Source: OECD/NEA&IAEA, Uranium 2007Source: B Ｐ ,Statistical Review of World Energy 2008
* The range of unit cost is depending on capacity utilization of each power sources.
Comparison of Cost Composition by Electricity Source （ Model Estimate ）
0 ％ 20 ％ 40 ％ 60 ％ 80 ％ 100 ％
Costs for reprocessing and disposing of nuclear waste, etc.
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
SourceUnit Cost(yen ／
kWh)
Hydroelectric
8.2 ～ 13.3 yen
Oil 10.0 ～ 17.3 yen
LNG 5.8 ～ 7.1 yen
Coal 5.0 ～ 6.5 yen
Nuclear 4.8 ～ 6.2 yen
Solar 46 yen
Wind 10 ～ 14 yen
Source: “The ninth meeting of Panel on Costs, etc. of Subcommittee on Electricity Utility Industry of Advisory Committee for Natural Resources and Energy” estimated by Federation of Electric Power Companies (January 2004)
Solar and Wind estimates; “Report by New Energy Subcommittee of the Advisory Committee for Natural Resources and Energy” (June 2001)
Natural uranium
Hydro
Oil Thermal
Gas Thermal
Coal Thermal
Nuclear
* Cost of nuclear power includes costs for reprocessing and disposing of nuclear waste.
Fuel CostCapital CostOperation and Maintenance Cost
Economic Advantage of Nuclear Energy
7
☞Unit cost of nuclear power generation is lower than other sources.
☞For its low portion of fuel cost, nuclear power generation is hardly affected by surge of resource prices.
Replacing an average thermal power plant with one 1,350 MW nuclear power plant can cut CO2 emissions by around 6 million tons a year.
6 million tons of CO2 is 0.5% of Japan’s total CO2 emissions in 1990 .
Replacing an average thermal power plant with one 1,350 MW nuclear power plant can cut CO2 emissions by around 6 million tons a year.
6 million tons of CO2 is 0.5% of Japan’s total CO2 emissions in 1990 .
8
No CO2 emissions in the power generation process.
Greenhouse gas emissions (CO2 equivalent) per power generated
Avg. thermal power plant 1,350 MW nuclear plant
Replacing with one nuclear power plant can cut Japan’s
total CO2 emissions by 0.5%.
CO2 reduction (example)
Less More
Environmental Advantage of Nuclear Energy
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Hydroelectric
Geothermal
Nuclear
Wind
Solar
Natural gas combined cycle
Natural gas combustion
Oil combustion
Coal combustion
Lifecycle volume of CO2 emissions [g-CO2/kWh (net supply)]
Volume of Emissions Green house effect gas per Unit of Electric Power by Various Power Sources (convert CO2)
From combustion of fuel for electric power
generation (direct)Other (indirect)
Sources: Central Research Institute of the Electric Power Industry
975
742
608
519
22～25
11
15
53
29
9
2. Nuclear Energy Policy: 2. Nuclear Energy Policy: Challenges we face.Challenges we face.
1963 First Nuclear Power Generation in Japan (Japan Power Demonstration Reactor: 12.5MW)
1966 First Commercial Nuclear Power Plants Started in Operation (Tokai NPP = Gas Cooled Reactor: 166MW)
1970s Strong recognition of the importance of nuclear energy after the two oil crises.10
Unified nationwide approach to nuclear power as “dream energy”
1954 POLITICAL COMMITMENT
The Diet approved the national budget for nuclear development program.
1955 LEGISLATIVE COMMITMENT
Atomic Energy Basic Act was legislated (into effect in 1956).
This act declares nuclear energy for peaceful purpose only.
1956 INTERNATIONAL COMMITMENT
Japan ratifies the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Statute
Initial Era of Nuclear Power in Japan
First NPP in Japan – TOKAI NPP (GCR, 166MW, decommissioning)
First BWR – TSURUGA unit 1 (357MW)
First PWR – MIHAMA unit 1 (340MW)
Strong commitment was made toward introduction of nuclear energy.
11
Oil Crisis Resistance
☞After the Oil Crisis in the 1970s, Japan varied its power sources; from heavily relying on oil to shifting other sources including nuclear energy.
Oil71.4%
Water Pump1.1%
LNG27.2%
Coal25.2%
NuclearEnergy25.4%
Oil12.1%
Renewable Energy,etc.
2.3%
NuclearEnergy2.6%
Coal4.7%
LNG2.4%
Water Pump1.2%
Renewable Energy,etc.
1.8%
Before the Oil Crisis (1973) Current (2007)
Global warming problems
Water6.8%
Water16.0%
Change in Share of Power Source
12
Basic role of nuclear power development in JapanBasic role of nuclear power development in Japan
Policy Making – GovernmentDevelopment – Private Companies
*MEXT: Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, NISA: Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency
*JAEA: Japan Atomic Energy Agency, JNES: Japan Nuclear Energy Safety Agency
Structure of Nuclear Energy Related Organization of Japan
Law of safety regulationLaw of safety regulation
Act for Regulation of Nuclear Source Material, Nuclear Fuel Material and Reactors
Act for Regulation of Nuclear Source Material, Nuclear Fuel Material and Reactors
Cabinet Order for the ActCabinet Order for the Act
Ordinance for Commercial ReactorsOrdinance for Commercial Reactors
Notifications / RulesNotifications / Rules
Ordinance for Research Reactors
Ordinance for Research Reactors
Electricity Business ActElectricity Business Act
Cabinet Order / Ordinance of MinistryCabinet Order / Ordinance of Ministry
RulesRules
Basic Law for EmergencyPreparednessBasic Law for EmergencyPreparedness
Special Law of EmergencyPreparedness for NuclearDisaster
Special Law of EmergencyPreparedness for NuclearDisaster
Law on Compensation forNuclear DamageLaw on Compensation forNuclear Damage
Industrial Safety andHealth LawIndustrial Safety andHealth Law
Law for Prevention ofRadiation Hazards due toRadioisotopes, etc./Law for TechnicalStandards of RadiationHazards Prevention
Law for Prevention ofRadiation Hazards due toRadioisotopes, etc./Law for TechnicalStandards of RadiationHazards Prevention
Law for EnvironmentalImpact AssessmentLaw for EnvironmentalImpact Assessment
Technical Guideline and Rules of the Japan Electric Association
Technical Guideline and Rules of the Japan Electric Association
Technical Standards of the Thermal and Nuclear Power Engineering Society of Japan
Technical Standards of the Thermal and Nuclear Power Engineering Society of Japan
Technical Standards of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineering
Technical Standards of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineering
Technical Standards of theAtomic Energy Society of Japan
Technical Standards of theAtomic Energy Society of Japan
Atomic Energy Basic Act
Notifications / RulesNotifications / Rules
13
Structure of Nuclear Energy Related Laws and Regulations of Japan
14
US and other Western countries withdraw from the nuclear fuel cycle and the construction of new nuclear power plants, whereas Japan consistently promoted nuclear power policy.
Beginning of strong backlash against nuclear power worldwide
1979 Accident at Three Mile Island in the US1986 Accident at Chernobyl in the former Soviet Union
In parallel with these developmentsThe worldwide supply-demand balance for energy eased, leading to stable low energy pricesLiberalization policies were aimed at making the energy sector more efficient
(*) Crude oil prices fell to between $10 and $20 per barrel and uranium prices fell below $7 per pound.
Winter of Nuclear Energy
Even in the period of the world-wide Winter of Nuclear Energy, Japan continued to promote nuclear power policy.
15
The world enters a phase of global competition for resources Sudden increase in global energy demand as a result of rapid economic growth
in developing countries (e.g., Asian region). Supply of crude oil remains flat; causing structural constraints in energy supply. (*) Crude oil prices rose above $145 per barrel (as of July, 2008).
Growing demand for measures to address global warming Re-recognition of the necessity of nuclear power, which does not emit carbon
dioxide in the electricity generation process
Re-recognition of the importance of energy security in industrialized nations Countries such as, the US, the UK, and Finland, which had been taking a
cautious stance toward nuclear power made a shift to policies returning to nuclear power.
Return to Nuclear Energy
To address the issues on energy security and climate change, nuclear energy is globally re-considered as a key power source.
It became imperative that Japan also needed to create a new national strategy. New National Energy Strategy was made in May 2006 emphasizing energy security. Nuclear Energy National Plan was made in August 2006 as the pillar of the New National
Energy Strategy, stipulating a solid policy framework for promoting nuclear energy along with specific plans (see pages 18 and 19).
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10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Fiscal year
Crude oil price
Electric price*
(Crude oil price: dollar/barrel
(electric price : yen/kWh)
<Change Of Crude Oil Price and Electric Price>
*Total of light and electricity. (FY 2006 exclude Okinawa Electric Power Company)
The maximum price at 2008 （ July. ）
$145.29 （ WTI Price ）
<Change of Crude Oil Price>
Maximum price atfirst oil crisis
(1973)$11.65/barrel
Maximum price atsecond oil crisis
(1979)$34/barrel
July., 2008（ The maximum
price ）$134.09/barrel
（ dollar／barrel）
Global Oil Price Surge
☞Crude oil price has been rising more rapidly than at the time of oil crisis.☞Electric price is stable in spite of jump of crude oil price.
17
The government: placing the priority on electricity market deregulation. → hesitate to take the leadership for introducing the long-term target and strategy.
Electric power utilities: fully occupied in dealing with immediate troubles and responding to deregulation.→ tended to delay in making high-risk long-term investment strategy.
Plant makers: reducing their investment in technology development and focusing on survival strategy in the situation where the government and electric power utilities failed to indicate the future strategies.
“Three-Way Standoff”
No one (i.e., government, utilities, plant makers) was taking the initiative for long term nuclear energy strategy.
It became critical that Japan needed to break the “Three-Way Standoff” situation. The government, utilities and plant makers need to frankly communicate and share
their visions regarding the long-term nuclear energy strategy. The government showed willingness to take the initiative, and clarified the policy
framework along with the specific actions toward realizing policy goals.
Basic targets under the Framework for Nuclear Energy Policy (Cabinet resolution adopted Oct. 2005)
(1) Have nuclear power continue to account for at least approximately 30 to 40% of total electricity generation even after the year 2030
(2) Promote the nuclear fuel cycle(3) Aim at the commercialization of fast-breeder reactors
As for policies to realize the basic targets, the Nuclear Energy Subcommittee of the Advisory Committee at Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) compiled the “Nuclear Energy National Plan” in August 2006.
The Nuclear Energy National Plan forms the main part of the revised Energy Basic Plan (Cabinet resolution) in March 2007.
Basic targets under the Framework for Nuclear Energy Policy (Cabinet resolution adopted Oct. 2005)
(1) Have nuclear power continue to account for at least approximately 30 to 40% of total electricity generation even after the year 2030
(2) Promote the nuclear fuel cycle(3) Aim at the commercialization of fast-breeder reactors
As for policies to realize the basic targets, the Nuclear Energy Subcommittee of the Advisory Committee at Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) compiled the “Nuclear Energy National Plan” in August 2006.
The Nuclear Energy National Plan forms the main part of the revised Energy Basic Plan (Cabinet resolution) in March 2007.
1. Further expansion of NPP in liberalization market2. Appropriate use of existing NPPs with assuring safety3. Deploying strategies for acquiring natural resources4. Promoting nuclear fuel cycle and strategically reinforcing of nuclear industries5. Early commercialisation of FBR cycle6. Assuring broaden technical and human resources to support the next generation
7. Supporting the international deployment of Japanese nuclear industry
8. Positive involvement in creating an international framework to uphold both nonproliferation and the expansion of nuclear power generation
9. Reinforcing trust between central government and local communities through highly detailed communication
10. Reinforcement of measures for radioactive waste disposal
10 Essential Points of Nuclear Energy National Plan
“Framework for Nuclear Energy Policy” and “Nuclear Energy National Plan”
Five Basic Guidelines for Nuclear Energy Policy
I. Establish a firm national strategy and policy framework that does not waver over time.
II. For individual policy measures and time frames, maintain a “strategic flexibility” to adjust to global realities and technology trends.
III. Break down the three-way standoff among government, electric power utilities, and plant makers, to achieve true communication and a shared vision among players. The government must take the first step by indicating the overall direction.
IV. Place importance on policy measures of individual regions along the lines of national strategy.
V. Ensure policy stability by basing strategy decisions on open and even-handed discussions.
I. Establish a firm national strategy and policy framework that does not waver over time.
II. For individual policy measures and time frames, maintain a “strategic flexibility” to adjust to global realities and technology trends.
III. Break down the three-way standoff among government, electric power utilities, and plant makers, to achieve true communication and a shared vision among players. The government must take the first step by indicating the overall direction.
IV. Place importance on policy measures of individual regions along the lines of national strategy.
V. Ensure policy stability by basing strategy decisions on open and even-handed discussions.
Development of Nuclear Energy Policy
18
19
I.I. Establish a firm national strategy and policy framework that does Establish a firm national strategy and policy framework that does not waver over time. not waver over time.
II.II. For individual policy measures and time frames, maintain a For individual policy measures and time frames, maintain a “strategic flexibility” to adjust to global realities and technology “strategic flexibility” to adjust to global realities and technology trends.trends.
III.III.Break down the three-way standoff among government, electric Break down the three-way standoff among government, electric power utilities, and plant makers, to achieve true communication power utilities, and plant makers, to achieve true communication and a shared vision among players. The government must take and a shared vision among players. The government must take the first step by indicating the overall direction. the first step by indicating the overall direction.
IV.IV.Place importance on policy measures of individual regions along Place importance on policy measures of individual regions along the lines of national strategy.the lines of national strategy.
V.V. Ensure policy stability by basing strategy decisions on open and Ensure policy stability by basing strategy decisions on open and even-handed discussions. even-handed discussions.
5 Basic Guidelines for Nuclear Energy Policy (August 2006, METI)
20
1. Further expansion of NPP in liberalization market.1. Further expansion of NPP in liberalization market.2. Appropriate use of existing NPPs with assuring safety.2. Appropriate use of existing NPPs with assuring safety.3. Deploying strategies for acquiring natural resources.3. Deploying strategies for acquiring natural resources.4. Promoting nuclear fuel cycle and strategically reinforcing of 4. Promoting nuclear fuel cycle and strategically reinforcing of nuclear industries.nuclear industries.5. Early commercialisation of FBR cycle.5. Early commercialisation of FBR cycle.6. Assuring broaden technical and human resources to support the 6. Assuring broaden technical and human resources to support the next generation.next generation.7. Supporting the international deployment of Japanese nuclear 7. Supporting the international deployment of Japanese nuclear industry.industry.8. Positive involvement in creating an international framework to 8. Positive involvement in creating an international framework to uphold both nonproliferation and the expansion of nuclear power uphold both nonproliferation and the expansion of nuclear power generation.generation. 9. Reinforcing trust between central government and local 9. Reinforcing trust between central government and local communities through highly detailed communication.communities through highly detailed communication.10. Reinforcement of measures for radioactive waste disposal.10. Reinforcement of measures for radioactive waste disposal.
10 Essential Points of National Nuclear Energy Plan (August 2006, METI)
Promoting peaceful use of nuclear energy is our basic policy to ensure stable energy supply and address the global warming issue.
Increase nuclear energy proportion of total electricity generation to at least 40% even after 2020.
~Necessary for realizing “▲ 15% compared to 2005”(June 2009)* Raise proportion of “zero-emission electricity generation” including nuclear energy
to over 50% by 2020.
Further Promotion of Nuclear Energy Policy
21
*Prime Minister Hatoyama stated that Japan will aim to reduce GHG by 25% compared to 1990 based on establishment of fair and effective international framework and consensus on ambitious target by all major economies.
1. Advanced use of existing reactors.1. Advanced use of existing reactors. ~Improving capacity factor (60% → 80%) ~Improving capacity factor (60% → 80%) 2. Facilitation of new construction and replacement.2. Facilitation of new construction and replacement. ~ New construction 9 reactors by 2018~ New construction 9 reactors by 20183. Promoting nuclear fuel cycle.3. Promoting nuclear fuel cycle.4. Promoting mutual understanding between government and national 4. Promoting mutual understanding between government and national citizens.citizens.5. Coexistence of nuclear power plants and local life.5. Coexistence of nuclear power plants and local life.6. Action to worldwide nuclear energy movements.6. Action to worldwide nuclear energy movements.
Nuclear Energy Promotion Reinforcement Policy (June 2009, METI)
GHG in Japan: record and prospect
1990 2005
（ million ton –CO2 equivalent ton ）
1261
1358
1486
1157
96 nuclear
200 energy conservation18 new energy
-15%
• Nuclear power supply: Same level as 2005
• No energy conservation measures
base line maximum improvement
2020
“Long-Term Outlook on Energy Supply and Demand” （ August, 2009 ）
“Long-Term Outlook on Energy Supply and Demand” （ August, 2009 ）
new construction : 9 reactorscapacity factor ： 60%→80%
Effect of reduction by measuresEffect of reduction by measuresEffect of reduction by measuresEffect of reduction by measures
15 control of CFC’s, etc.
+9%
22
＋８％
Reduction Goal
- 25% (315)
＋１８％
8 % reduction, compared to 1990
- ８％
Worldwide rate of capacity utilization
*The rate of operation in France is relatively low because of the load-based operation policy, whereby output is lowered when demand drops.
Kashiwazaki-Kariwa plant shut down due to July 2007 earthquake, etc.
23
Inspections were conducted ahead of schedule and for longer than normal due to falsifications in Aug. 2002.
Longer inspection for preventive safety Trouble and natural disaster, etc. 04: Mihama No. 3 secondary pipe break 05: Miyagi quake (Onagawa Nos. 1 to 3) 06: Shika No. 1 cover-up of criticality accident, steam turbine damage in Hamaoka No. 5 and Shika No. 2, etc.
☆How improved capacity utilization cuts CO2 emissions FY07 CO2 emissions (capacity factor 60.7%): 1,371 mil. t (1990 level +8.7%)
Assuming 1998 capacity factor (84.2%): 1,308 mil. t (1990 level +3.7%)
☆How improved capacity utilization cuts CO2 emissions FY07 CO2 emissions (capacity factor 60.7%): 1,371 mil. t (1990 level +8.7%)
Assuming 1998 capacity factor (84.2%): 1,308 mil. t (1990 level +3.7%)
5% improvement (63 mil. t)
The rate of capacity utilization in Japan has been lower recent years (58% in 08), due to such problems as falsified inspections, equipment troubles, and earthquake damages, making it harder for Japan to meet its Kyoto obligations.
With safety assurance as a major condition, the government and power companies must continue every effort to recover public trust and achieve mutual understanding.
Improving Capacity Factor
100
90
80
70
60
0
Source: IAEA Web site PRIS
Uti
lizati
on r
ate
(%
)
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08
*
58%
US
Germany
Russia
Currently 54 units (30 BWR, 24 PWR) are operating and 14 are scheduled to be built (including 2 under construction).
In Operation Under Construction Preparing for Construction
<500MW <1000MW
Output scale
6
≧1000MW
Nuclear Power Plants in Japan
24
3
Tokyo
Building New Nuclear Power Plants
Promote new 9 units which should be in operation by the end of 2018.With a view to replace in the future, promote further new units steadily.
CompanyName of Power
Plant
Power generation
(MW)
Year of Construction
Year of Operation
Progress
Hokkaido Electric Power Company
Tomari #3 912 Nov. 2003 Dec. 2009Under
Operation
TEPCO
Fukushima Daiichi #7
1380 April 2011 Oct. 2015
Fukushima Daiichi #8
1380 April 2011 Oct. 2016
Higashidori #1 1385 Dec. 2010 Mar. 2017
The Chugoku Electric Power
Shimane #3 1373 Dec. 2005 Dec. 2011Under
Construction
Kamizeki #1 1373 FY 2010 FY 2015
J Power Oma 1383 May 2008 Nov. 2014Under
Construction
The Japan Atomic Power Company
Tsuruga #3 1538 Oct. 2010 Mar. 2016
Tsuruga #4 1538 Oct. 2010 Mar. 2017
Nuclear power plant which will be in operation by the end of 2018Nuclear power plant which will be in operation by the end of 2018
25
Long Term Framework for Nuclear Energy in Japan（ Basic Projection as a Visual Image ）
FBRs
LWRs to be replaced(for 60 year-life plants)
Existing LWR plants(extend to 60 year-life)
Existing LWR plants(40 year-life)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100
（JFY）
Inst
alle
d C
apac
ity (
GW
e)
* The installed capacity is assumed to reach saturation at 58GW, for illustrative purpose.26
• Energy self-sufficiency ratio of Japan is 4% which is the lowest among the developed countries.
• To ensure the stable energy supply, Japan has a basic policy to develop nuclear energy, especially nuclear fuel cycle.
• Nuclear fuel cycle enables:
- Finite uranium resources to be used effectively, thus contributing to a stable supply of energy
- Amounts of high-level radioactive waste to be reduced.
• By recycling spent fuel, approximately 10% of natural uranium can be saved as a quasi-domestic source of energy .
• Once fast breeder reactors (FBRs) are introduced and a breeding cycle established, a semi-perpetual supply of domestic energy will be realized.
27
Closing Nuclear Fuel Cycle
LWR (53 in operation)
MOX Fuel
LWR Cycle[present]Spent Fuel
Reprocessing Plant@Rokkasho
Completion in Oct. 2010
MOX Fuel Fabrication Plant@Rokkasho
Completion in 2015
Pu, UHigh-level Radioactive Waste(HLW)
Final Disposal Site(inviting application)
FBR Spent Fuel
FBR*
MOX Fuel
MOX Fuel Fabrication Plant for FBR
Pu, U
Reprocessing Plant for FBR
FBR Cycle[future]
* Prototype FBR “MONJU”: under testing for restart DEMO FBR: introduction by around 2025 Commercial FBR: introduction by around 2050
28
Nuclear Fuel Cycle Image in Japan
3 Japanese NPP suppliers
[CONSTRUCTION] 3 NPP suppliers in Japan High standard major reactor systems; BWR/ABWR, PWR/APWR (Small-Medium sized reactor as well)Highly acclaimed the ability of construction “on schedule, on budget”
[SUPPLY CHAIN] A lot of high quality component and material suppliers in Japan. NPP suppliers have got the advantageous position because easily get the high quality component domestically.
Company A: Approx.80% share of large forging for pressure vessels and steam generator in international market
Company B: Approx.30% share of heat-transfer tube for steam generator in international market
Company C: Approx.40% share of completely leak-less Canned Motor Pumps in international market
Example of component suppliers for NPP
[NUCLEAR POWER GENERATION] 9 of 10 regional electricity utilities and 2 electricity producers have nuclear power plants.
Nuclear Industries of Japan
9 Regional Electricity Utilities• Hokkaido Electric Power Company• Tohoku Electric Power Company• Tokyo Electric Power Company• Chubu Electric Power Company• Hokuriku Electric Power Company• Kansai Electric Power Company• Chugoku Electric Power Company• Shikoku Electric Power Company• Kyushu Electric Power Company
2 Electricity Producers• Japan Atomic Power Company• J-Power (Electric Power Development Company)
29
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2025 2030 2035 [Year]
Number of nuclear power plants under construction# of reactors
[Source: Survey by the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy]
Period of scarce new construction
? Period of massive reactor
replacement
Maintenance of Technical Capacity and Human Resources
It is a critical issue whether Japan can maintain sufficient technical capability and human resources in its nuclear industry until around 2030, when many replacement reactors must be constructed.
Support for maintaining technical capability and human resources:Launching public/private united development project on the next-generation LWR.Supporting research and development on essential parts/ materials to be used for NPPs. Strengthening high-level nuclear-related human resources development at universities, laboratories, and nuclear industries. 30
31
＝
One Nuclear Power Reactor1000 MW class
(280 billion yen)
Photovoltaic Power GenerationAn area 0.9 times the size of Manhattan Island (approx. 58km2)
(3.9 trillion yen)
Wind Power GenerationAn area 3.4 times the size of
Manhattan Island (approx. 214km2)(870 billion yen)
Comparison of Each Type of Electricity Generation
* Under the present conditions, the power output of systems using natural energy such as solar power generation and wind power generation is prone to fluctuation, so backup power sources are essential.
＝
Renewable Energy and Nuclear Energy
☞Introducing solar, wind and other renewable energy sources is also an extremely efficient means of reducing CO2 emissions.
☞At present, however, these renewable energy sources still have issues of supply stability (energy cannot be generated on rainy days or when the wind does not blow), economic feasibility, etc.
32
The direction of energy policy is not
Nuclear energy “OR” Renewable energy
but
Nuclear energy “AND” Renewable energy
Direction of Energy Policy
Considering stable energy supply and addressing the issue of global warming, it is appropriate to expect that nuclear power generation will continue to account for at least 40% of Japan’s total power generation even after 2020.
33
Building trust between national government and local communitiesCreate a visible presence in communities where nuclear facilities are sited, dealing sincerely with their particular concerns in meetings at all levels. Enhance direct dialog with local residents (in small face-to-face meetings, etc.). Ultimately the responsible persons at the national level should make clear the
government’s thinking and policy.
Holding detailed hearings and promoting awareness Direct special attention at groups showing low interest. Make use of outside experts in nuclear energy, etc.
Supporting development of local communities Provide financial support for sustainable development of the prefectures where
nuclear power plants or nuclear fuel cycle facilities are located.
Enhancing public understanding and education Distribute educational materials for elementary school children and high school
students to enhance proper understanding of the necessity of nuclear energy.
Making use of warm water drained from NPPs for agriculture and fishery By making use of warm water drained from nuclear power plants, there are fish
nurseries or research institutes studying how to use warm water for agriculture and fishery.
To promote nuclear energy policy, it is indispensable to gain and keep the confidence of the national and local communities through open, timely and detailed communication.
Enhancing Public Acceptance
34
Tomari NPP and an sport event on the ocean
People on the beach near Mihama NPP
Mihama NPP and Fishery
Fishery, Tourism and Local Life near NPPs in Japan
35
Visitors on the top of the nuclear reactor in Kashiwazaki-Kariwa NPP
Top of the nuclear reactorVisitors to Kashiwazaki-Kariwa NPP
Visitors to operating NPPs in Japan
36Fish nursery near Takahama NPP
Using warm water drained from NPPs for fish nurseries in Japan
37
3. International Cooperation: 3. International Cooperation: What we can share.What we can share.
Countries newly introducing or planning NPPs
Countries currently introduced NPPs
Countries planning introduction of nuclear power are rapidly increasing,
Especially, concrete plans are under progress in South-East Asia and Middle-East countries.
USA ： （ Current ：１０４plants/ １０１ GW ）
No new plant construction after the 1970s.
New nuclear power plant construction starts after 30 year hiatus
China, India, Russia
（ Current ： China: 11plants ・９ＧW, India: 17pllants ・４ＧＷ , Russia: ３１ plants ・２２Ｇ W ）
20 〜 40 new nuclear power plants construction in each country
Europe: UK, Italy, Sweden etc.Leery of nuclear energy after Chernobyl accident (1986)
Policy change to new nuclear plant construction
38
World3.7 bil.kW（ April 2009 ）
Japan ： 54 plants, 0.5 bil. ｋＷ（ 12 ％）
Growing Number of Countries Planning Nuclear Power Plants
39
40% increase
100% increase
Capacity Utilization of World-wide Nuclear Power Plants in 2030 (IAEA Forecast)
Sources: IAEA
807 GW
511GW
372GW
GW
Global Spread of Nuclear Power Investment Plans
☞The IAEA forecasts that by 2030, the world’s nuclear power plant installed capacity will grow by anywhere from 40% to 100%. The number of reactors (1000 MW class) will grow by 100 to 380 (5 to 17 built per year).
☞The IAEA estimates that if the upper range is achieved, 23 countries will newly introduce nuclear energy by 2030.
☞East Asia, Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and South Asia will see major increases.
40
Importance of Non-proliferation, Safety and Security
☞Ensuring non-proliferation, safety and security is important in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy.☞Japan has a potential of contribution toward international expansion of nuclear energy based on Japan’s long experience of the peaceful nuclear use.
41
Potential Areas of Nuclear Energy Cooperation
Establishment of domestic structure, organization, and legislation Establishment of domestic structure, organization, and legislation necessary for ratification of nuclear-related treaties, conventions necessary for ratification of nuclear-related treaties, conventions and agreements.and agreements.
Establishment of nuclear power development program and Establishment of nuclear power development program and regulatory system.regulatory system.
Human Resources Development.Human Resources Development. Physical protection of nuclear installations.Physical protection of nuclear installations. Technical aspects, especially seismic and volcanic issue.Technical aspects, especially seismic and volcanic issue. Public Information and education. Public Information and education.
Japan is actively cooperating with countries which are newly planning nuclear power development, while ensuring non-proliferation, safety, and security. The following is the major areas where Japan provides cooperative activities to the new comers.
How to implement cooperative activities: Seminars and workshops for decision makers. Courses, seminars and workshops for governmental officials, on establishment
of nuclear development program, legal structure, and governmental organization. Practical training courses for engineers, using simulation console or mockup. Seminars and workshop for public information. Visit to nuclear power station or manufacturers.
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☞For effective and efficient implementation of international nuclear cooperation, new framework was established in Japan.
Framework for promoting nuclear energy cooperation
International Nuclear Energy Cooperation Council JAIF International Cooperation Center (JICC)
○Purpose For the purpose of providing effective and efficient cooperation, JAIF International Cooperation Center (JICC) was founded as a core institution of contact window vis-à-vis foreign counties as well as a connector among domestic nuclear-related organizations on March 18, 2009.
○Role of JICC ・ Operator of nuclear energy cooperation ・ Coordinator of related organizations ・ Provider of “one-stop” and “tailor-made” service to each country
※Major players of cooperation in Japan are in bracket.
○ Providing advanced plants with outstanding safety and economical efficiency (manufacturers) ○ Financing support including low interest rate loan etc. (government) ○ Providing guarantee of nuclear fuel supply (utilities, manufacturers) ○ Cooperating in the field of reprocessing and managing nuclear waste （ utilities, government) ○ Developing human resources in a wide variety of areas such as operation, safety regulations, laws and regulations, etc. （ utilities, government ） ○ Promoting public acceptance (PA) in the NPP site areas （ utilities, government ）
Typical needs of nuclear energy cooperation
○Purpose Considering the situations and needs of the recipient countries, in order to implement nuclear energy cooperation in an more effective and efficient manner, the International Nuclear Energy Cooperation Council was established as a forum where the relevant governmental authority and nuclear-related institutes share information and enhance their cooperation on June 18, 2009.
○ Participants- Industry (Manufacturers, Utilities, Nuclear-related Institutes)- Governmental Authorization (METI, MOFA, MEXT, Cabinet Office)
Japan’s Framework for International Nuclear Energy Cooperation
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International Nuclear Energy Cooperation Council
Strengthening collaboration and information sharing among the domestic nuclear related organisations to implement a
more effective and efficient cooperation
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Nuclear Material Control Center
International Nuclear Energy Cooperation Council
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International Nuclear Energy Cooperation CouncilMETI, NISA, MEXT, MOFA, Cabinet Office,
Manufacturers, Utilities, Institutions
PORTAL of One Stop Service
JAIF International Cooperation Center (JICC)
NEW COMER COUNTRY NEW COMER
COUNTRY
NEW COMER COUNTRY
Structure for International Nuclear Energy Cooperation
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Approximately 1000 persons are necessary for Regulatory Body, R&D and Operation.
A ： Safety Regulation 150person
B ： R&D 225person
C ： Power Company 995person=120+75+400+400
NPP Site Organization
Total: 400 persons
General Affairs 75General Affairs 75
Site ManagerSite Manager
Plant Management 20Plant Management 20
Training Center 15Training Center 15Quality Assurance 5Quality Assurance 5
(Coordination)
Operation Gr 125Operation Gr 125Engineering Gr 45Engineering Gr 45
Core & Fuel management 10 Chemical 10 Radwaste & RI 10 Radiation Protection and monitoring and others 15
Core & Fuel management 10 Chemical 10 Radwaste & RI 10 Radiation Protection and monitoring and others 15
Technology Center 55Technology Center 55
Fabrication 35 Repair 10 Safety 10
Fabrication 35 Repair 10 Safety 10
Maintenance Center 70Maintenance Center 70
Project management 10 Reactor 10 Turbine 10 Generator 10 Electric 10 Control 10 Inspection 10
Project management 10 Reactor 10 Turbine 10 Generator 10 Electric 10 Control 10 Inspection 10
Unit#1 Operation (Shift 50)Unit#1 Operation (Shift 50)
Unit#1 Operation (Shift 50)Unit#1 Operation (Shift 50)Unit#2 Operation (Shift 55)Unit#1 Operation (Shift 50)
Unit#1 Operation (Shift 50)
Unit#1 Operation (Shift 50)Unit#1 Operation (Shift 50)
Unit#1 Operation (Shift 50)Unit#1 Operation (Shift 50)
Unit#1 Operation (Shift 55)Unit#1 Operation (Shift 55)Operator management(15)
Operator management(15)
Nuclear Division Organization
Total: 995 persons
Head Quarter Office (HaNoi) 120Head Quarter Office (HaNoi) 120
Local Head Office 75Local Head Office 75
AdministrationAdministration PlanningPlanning Public Info.Public Info.
ConstructionConstruction
OperationOperation
ResearchResearch
SchoolSchool
ManagementManagement
Adm. & Commercial 53Adm. & Commercial 53
PA & Cooperation 22PA & Cooperation 22
22 38 60 NPP Unit# 1NPP Unit# 1
NPP Site-1 Office 400NPP Site-1 Office 400
NPP Unit# 2NPP Unit# 2
NPP Unit# 1NPP Unit# 1
NPP Site-2 Office 400NPP Site-2 Office 400
NPP Unit# 2NPP Unit# 2
site1
Local City
site2
Human Resources Development for NPPs in Vietnam
Based on Japan’s experience, Road Map of Human Resources Development was tailor for Vietnam.
Safety Law & Regulation 150 person
Research & Development 225 person
Power Company 995 person
20092005
(HRD Case-3 ： 2 Reactor Types, 2sites 4units, C/O ： 2019,2020 + 2020,2021)
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Roadmap of Human Resources Development for Vietnam
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
2000/3 ～ ( VAEI – JAIF )
“All Japan Cooperation in various activities ” (Technical Visit, Training, Law & Regulation, Seminar & Exhibition etc)
1997 ～ 1999 、 1999 ～ 2000 ( MOIT – JCI etc)
“Study on nuclear power plant in VN”
2002/8 ～ 2003 ( EVN/IE – JCI )
2005/5 ～ ( EVN/VAEI – JAIF/JETRO )
Approved Long Term Strategy ▽
Pre-FS
Ratified CTBT ▽Started Nuclear Power WG ▽
MOIT, MOST Preliminary Study
2006/4 ～ ( MOIT/EVN/VAEI – JETRO )
EVN Gr1,2,3MOIT/IE/VAEI
Gr4,5,6 Gr7,8 Gr9,10MOIT/IE/VAEI
VAEI-JAIF Cooperation (MOIT/EVN/IE/MOST/VAEI)
2000/5 ～ ( VAEI – JAIF/JEPIC/JETRO )
Approved Nuc.Law ▽
Pre-FS Study
Human Resource Develop
Nuclear Law / Related Regulation
△Memorandum Of Cooperation
FS
Japan has implemented various cooperative activities through various organizations.
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2000/9 ～ ( VAEI – JAEA )
2009/7 ～ ( MOST/VARANS –JAEA )
Long-term Cooperation by Various Organizations
2010 2015 2020 2025
Feasibility Study
Basic Design
Topography Inspection
Environmental Assessment and Investigation
NPP ConstructionSite and Harbor Development
Safety Examination
Establishment Permit Application
Law & Regulation and Regulatory Body Establishment
△
Commercial Operation
Construction Permit& Inspection
Detail Design Manufacturing
Pre-FSApproval
Japan continues comprehensive cooperation with Vietnam on the basis of safety, reliable and long year experience with state-of-the-art technologies
to realize the 1st Nuclear Power Plant in Vietnam.
Feasibility Study, NPP Construction & Management, Safety Operation & Maintenance, Safety Laws & Regulations, Safety Examination, Environment Assessment, Construction Inspection, Human Resources Developing,
Finance & Insurance, Public Understanding, Exhibition, Seminar, Consultation, Facility visit, VIP dialog and so on.
△
△△
MOC△
MOC
Vietnam and Japan continue various cooperation to enhance strategic mutually-beneficial relationship.
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Future Cooperation for NPPs in Vietnam
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4. Conclusion: 4. Conclusion: Lessons for new comers.Lessons for new comers.
Strong and stable governmental / political Strong and stable governmental / political commitment:commitment:
Placing priority on non-proliferation, safety and security.Taking a strong initiative to lead the domestic utilities and industries.
Making stable commitment to cover the entire life of NPPs.
Solid plans for developing infrastructure:Solid plans for developing infrastructure:Establishing solid plans to realize its nuclear power program.Drawing concrete milestones to achieve timely development of infrastructure.
*referring to “Milestones in the Development of a National Infrastructure for Nuclear Power” by IAEA.
Firm strategies for human resources Firm strategies for human resources development:development:
Evaluating educational capability in the full range of science and technology.
Developing concrete strategies and roadmap for educating, training, and managing personnel in policy-making authorities, regulatory bodies, and organizations relating to construction, operation, and maintenance of NPPs.
Realistic policies for industrial involvement:Realistic policies for industrial involvement:Assessing industrial capabilities at both national and local levels.Creating short-term and long-term policies for fostering domestic industry.
Public relations and stakeholders’ participation.Public relations and stakeholders’ participation.Enhancing public relations and assuring stakeholders’ participation with clear knowledge and understanding on nuclear power development.
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Lessons for Countries Newly Introducing NPPs
Thank you for your attention!