potential grey water quantification in newton residence...

FOREWORD

The 1st Young Scientist International Conference of Water Resources Development

and Environmental Protection 2015 (ICWRDEP 2015) Water Resources Engineering

Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Brawijaya was conducted on 5 - 7 June

2015. The Conference was organized by Faculty of Engineering and collaborated with

International University of Malaya (UM), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) and Universiti

Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM).

The participants of the Conference are about 60 participants come from more than 20

higher institutions, such as; Sepuluh Nopember Institute Of Technology, Surabaya (ITS),

Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB), Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), The University

of Lampung, Sriwijaya University, University of Muhammadiyah Malang (UMM),

University of Brawijaya (UB), Padjajaran University, State University of Malang (UM),

National Institute of Technology (ITENAS), Tidar university, State Polytechnic of Malang

(Politeknik Negeri Malang), Mulawarman University, State Polytechnic of Padang

(Politeknik Negeri Padang), Malang National Technology Institute (Institut Teknologi

Nasional Malang), BBWS Mesuji Sekampung, Bengkulu University, Diponegoro University

(UNDIP), Nusa Cendana University, Khairun University, Bantara University, University of

Jember, State Polytechnic of Samarinda (Politeknik Negeri Samarinda), UM (University of

Malaya), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM) and Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

(UTHM), and others, which reflect the importance water resources engineering development

and environmental protection.

The topics of conference are Environmental Engineering & Water Technology,

Integrated Water System & Governance and Water Science & Engineering. The conference

provide platform for researchers, engineers and academician to meet and share ideas,

achievement as well as experiences through the presentation of papers and discussion. These

events are important to promote and encourage the application of new concept of water

resources development and techniques to practitioners as well as enhancing the knowledge of

environmental protection with the current requirements of analysis, design and construction

of any engineering concept.

As Head of Water Resources Engineering Department, we would like to express our

deepest gratitude to the Rector University of Brawijaya, Keynote Speakers (Prof Satoru Oishi

& Prof Tsuyoshi Imai from Japan, Assoc. Prof Faridah Othman and Prof Amir Hamzah from

Malaysia), International Advisory Board members, organizing committee and also to all

participants.

We would like to express our deepest gratitude to the Faculty of Engineering

conducted such conference. This is the first International conference for the Department and

we expect that this is will become 2nd annual activity for our Department.

Malang, 5 June 2015

Ir. Mohammad Sholichin, MT., Ph.D

Head of Water Resources Engineering Department

Faculty of Engineering University of Brawijaya

Editorial Boards

Dr. Ery Suhartanto, ST.,MT. (University of Brawijaya)

Dr.Ir. Pitojo Tri Juwono, MT. (University of Brawijaya)

Anggara WWS, ST.,M.Tech. (University of Brawijaya)

Dr.Ir. Ussy Andawayanti, MS. (University of Brawijaya)

Fahmi Hidayat, ST.,MT. (Perum Jasa Tirta 1)

Gatot Eko Susilo, ST.,M.Eng.Env.,Ph.D (The University of Lampung)

Editorial Reviewers

Prof. Dr. Ir. Mohammad Bisri, MS. (University of Brawijaya)

Prof. Ir. Dr. Amir Hashim bin Mohd Kassim (UniversitiTun Hussein Onn Malaysia)

Prof. Tsuyoshi Imai (Yamaguchi University, Japan)

Prof. Dr. Ir. Suhardjono, M.Pd.Dipl.HE (University of Brawijaya)

Prof. Satoru Oishi (Kobe University, Japan)

Prof. Dr. Nor Azazi Zakaria (Universiti Sains Malaysia)

Dr.Ir. Rispiningtati, M.Eng. (University of Brawijaya)

Ir. Moh. Sholichin, MT.,Ph.D (University of Brawijaya)

Prof. Dr. Ir. Nadjaji Anwar, M.Sc (Sepuluh November Institute of Technology)

Ir. Dantje Kardana N, M.Sc.,Ph.D (Bandung Institute of Technology)

Dr.Eng. Tri Budi Prayogo, ST.,MT. (University of Brawijaya)

Dian Sisinggih,ST.,MT.,Ph.D (University of Brawijaya)

Ir. Abubakar Alwi, Ph.D (University of Tanjung Pura)

Dr. Eng. Andre Primantyo Hendrawan, ST.,MT. (University of Brawijaya)

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Faridahbinti Othman (Universiti Malaya)

Dr. Ir. Widandi Soetopo, M.Eng. (University of Brawijaya)

Dr. Eng. Donny Harisuseno, ST.,MT. (University of Brawijaya)

The 1st Young Scientist International Conference of Water Resources Development and

Environmental Protection, Malang, Indonesia, 5-7 June 2015

I

Table of Content

Page

Foreword............................................................................................................................... i

Editorial Boards ..................................................................................................................iii

Editorial Reviewers .............................................................................................................iii

THEME 1 Environmental Engineering & Water Technology

Circulation Effect Of Coffee Wastewater Flow In Water Hyacinth

Phytoremediation ........................................................................................................... A-1

Elida Novita, Sri Wahyuningsih, Siswoyo Soekarno, Betty Siska Rukmawati

Potential Greywater Quantification For Reuse In Newton Residence Apartment

Bandung, Indonesia........................................................................................................ A-8

Dyah Asri Handayani Taroepratjeka, Yulianti Pratama, Devi Ayu Putrianti

Analyzing Water Quality Changes Due To Agriculture Activities In Seputih

Irrigation Area, Lampung Province, Indonesia .......................................................... A-15

Eka Desmawati, Rusdi Effendi, Yudha Mediawan, Gatot E. Susilo

Evaluation of Environmentally Friendly Flushing in Wlingi and Lodoyo

Reservoirs ..................................................................................................................... A-23

Fahmi Hidayat

Dynamic of Dissolved Oxygen At Inlet Zone Of Fish Cage Area In Cirata Reservoir,

West Java, Indonesia.................................................................................................... A-30

Fanny Novia, Priana Sudjono, Arief Sudrajat

Intensive Agriculture of Peat Land Areas To Reduce Carbon Emission And Fire

Prevention (A Case Study In Tanjung Jabung Timur Tidal Lowland Reclamation

Jambi) ........................................................................................................................... A-38

Momon Sodik Imanudin1, and R.H Susanto



II

Mikro-Nano Activated Charcoal from Ricestraw as Adsorben Heavy Metals Leachate,

Case Studies on “TPA JATIBARANG”, Semarang Jawa Tengah ............................ A-49

Rizki Januarita, Anis Ulfa W.A, Azka Azizah, Hilma Muthi’ah

Determination of Water Quality Status at Karang Mumus River Samarinda,

Indonesia ...................................................................................................................... A-59

Sri lestari, Diana Arfiati, Aniek Masrevaniah, Moch. Sholichin

Efficiency Analysis of Cod And Bod Decline Wastewater Coffee On Phytoremediation

Process Using Water Hyacinth (Eichornia Crassipes (Mart.) Solms) ........................ A-62

Setyorini, Sri Wahyuningsih, Elida Novita

Green Roof: Vegetation Response towards Lead and Potassium............................... A-69

Khairul Rahmah Ayub, Aminuddin AB Ghani, Nor Azazi Zakaria

Water Content – Density Criteria of Bentonite – Fly Ash Mixtures for Compacted Soil

Liners ......................................................................................................................... A-77

Andre Primantyo Hendrawan, Dian Chandrasasi1, Runi Asmaranto, Anggara Wiyono Wit Saputra, Linda

Irnawati Gunawan, Zaenal Abidin

THEME 2 Integrated Water Systems & Governance

Experience in Rainwater Harvesting Application For Household Scale In Bandar

Lampung, Indonesia ...................................................................................................... B-1

Gatot Eko Susilo

Estimation of the Flood Using Data Modis to Support Integrated Water Resources

Management ................................................................................................................... B-9

Gusta Gunawan, Alex Surapati, Besperi

Alternative Selection for Water Resource Potential in Brantas Watershed

For The Development of Hydroelectric Power Plant .................................................. B-16

Deviany Kartika, Miftahul Arifin

Analysis Availability on the Clean Water Infrastructure at PDAM Ternate ............ B-23

Nani Nagu



III

Rainfall Estimation Using Weather Radar and the Flood Simulation at Ciliwung

River Indonesia Analysis ............................................................................................. B-30

Ratih Indri Hapsari, Agus Suhardono, Reni Sulistyowati

Integrated Coastal Zone Management with Watershed Management Based On

Co-Management: A Case Study Porong River Along Sidoardjo-Pasuruan

Coastal Area ................................................................................................................. B-37

Rudianto

The Evaluation of Song Bajul Springs Potency For Resident’s Clean Water Supply

In Desa Pucanglaban Kecamatan Pucanglaban Kabupaten Tulungagung In

2015-2030 ...................................................................................................................... B-46

Sam Yudi Susilo, Hendra Agus

Flow Analysis On Pipe Distribution Network Using Differential Evolution Algorithm

(DE)............................................................................................................................... B-54

Sulianto

Hydroinformatics In Volumetric And Real Time Irrigation Discharge

Monitoring .................................................................................................................... B-63

Susi Hidayah, Aditya Prihantoko, and Irfan Sudono

Multiple Stacked Rule Curves For Reservoir Operation Of Medium Reservoir ...... B-71

Widandi Soetopo, Lily Montarcih Limantara, Suhardjono, Ussy Andawayanti, Rahmah Dara Lufira

Water Balance Analysis Due To the Human Live Requirements............................... B-76

Agus Suharyanto, Very Dermawan, Mustika Anggraeni, Pudyono , Kurniawan Sigit Wicaksono,

Diah Susilowati

Optimization System Network Providing Water Study Blitar District Of Kademangan

East Java Indonesia...................................................................................................... B-84

Rahmah Dara Lufira, Suwanto Marsudi, Jadfan Sidqi F., Evi Nur Cahya

Safety Inspection of Prijetan Dam ............................................................................... B-89

Runi Asmaranto



IV

Analysis of Conditions Changes In Sumi Dam Hydrology Parameters

Design ......................................................................................................................... B-100

Anggara WW. Saputra

THEME 3 Water Science & Engineering

Investigation of Marine Debris In Kuta Beach, Bali..................................................... C-1

Adli Attamimi, Noir P. Purba, Santi R.Anggraini, Syawaludin A. Harahap

Design of Marine Propulsion System Based On Structural Vibration......................... C-8

Asep Andi, Radite Praeko Agus Setiawan

Transmission and Wave Reflection on Double Submerged Breakwater ................... C-16

Bambang Surendro

Calibration of Measurement on Modelling Stepped Spillway .................................... C-24

Denik Sri Krisnayanti, Soehardjono, Moch.Sholichin, Very Dermawan, Nina B.Rustiati

Estimates of Time of Concentration in Rainfall, Runoff and Infiltration

Application ................................................................................................................... C-33

Dian Noorvy, Lily Montarcih, Donny Harisuseno

Comparing the Calculation Method of the Manning Roughness Coefficient in Open

Channels ....................................................................................................................... C-42

Hari Wibowo

Grouping Watersheds Through Hierarchical Clustering Approach ......................... C-53

Judi K. Nasjono, Mohammad Bisri, Agus Suharyanto, Dian Sisinggih

Study on the Effectivity of Decreasing Permeability and Increasing Shear Strength of

Sandy Beach Soil And River Soil By Using Exoplysaccharide Biopolymer ............... C-62

Emma Yuliani, Maytri Handayani, Ariska Desy Haryani

Heat Effect on Fluid Free Convection Flow Past A Porosity Sphere ......................... C-70

Mohamad Tafrikan, Basuki Widodo, Chairul Imron



V

Incompressible and Steady Mixed Convection Flow Past Over a Sphere ................. C-78

Mohammad Ghani, Basuki Widodo, Chairul Imron

Viscoelastic Fluid Past a Flat Plate with the Effect of Magneto hydrodynamic ........ C-85

Putri Pradika Wanti, Basuki Widodo, Chairul Imron

Flow Measurement Under Sluice Gate Model ............................................................ C-94

Rustiati, N.B., Suhardjono, Rispiningtati, Dermawan, V., Krisnayanti, D.S

Kinetic Modeling of Domestic Wastewater (Greywater Type) Using Uasb

Reactor ........................................................................................................................ C-102

S. Syafrudin , P. Purwanto, S. Sudarno

An Imaging Technique for Identifying Flow Structure and Magnitude In

A Channel ................................................................................................................... C-113

Tommy E. Sutarto, Habir, S.S.N. Banjarsanti

The Numerical Solution Of Free Convection Flow of Visco-Elastic Fluid With Heat

Generation Past Over A Sphere ............................................................................... C-122

Wayan Rumite, Basuki Widodo, Chairul Imron

Assessment of Sedimentation Patterns and the Threat of Flooding due to Reclamation in

The Lamong Bay, Indonesia ...................................................................................... C-128

Mohammad Sholichin, Tri Budi Prayogo, Sebrian Mirdeklis Beselly Putra, Rini Wahyu Sayekti

Design Improvements To The Physical Model Test Spillway Of Mujur Dam In Lombok

Tengah Region............................................................................................................ C-145

Dian Chandrasasi , Dwi Priyantoro, Anggara WW. Saputra

Hydropower Plant using Pump storage at Cisokan Dam ......................................... C-151

Endang Purwati

Model Test of Physical Spillway In Lesti Dam, Malang District East Java ............. C-155

Heri Suprijanto, Janu Ismoyo, Sumiadi, Yuli Astuti



VI

A Network Rain Station in Reviewed of the Topography on Watershed Widas District

Nganjuk – East Java of Indonesia ............................................................................. C-163

Eri Prawati, Suhardjono, Lily Montarcih, Rispiningtati

Application of Design Charts for Determination of Landfill Liner’s Thickness ... C-170

Andre Primantyo Hendrawan, Anggara Wiyono Wit Saputra, Runi Asmaranto, Dian Chandrasasi, Hestina

Eviyanti, Zaenal Abidin

Environmental Engineering &

Water Technology

The 1st Young Scientist International Conference of Water Resources Development and Environmental Protection, Malang, Indonesia, 5-7 June 2015

1

Potential Greywater Quantification for Reuse in Newton

Residence Apartment Bandung, Indonesia

Dyah Asri Handayani TAROEPRATJEKA1*, Yulianti PRATAMA1, Devi Ayu PUTRIANTI1

1 Department of Environmental Engineering, Institut Teknologi Nasional (Itenas), Jl.

Penghulu K.H. Hasan Mustafa 23 Bandung, Indonesia *Corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Newton Residence Apartment is a 3-tower high-rise residential building located in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. With the total number of 915 units and 47,472 m2 building area, covering 5,349 m2 of land, each tower consists of 22 to 36 floors. Total population of the building (including residents, employees, and visitors) is approximately 3, 245 people. The objective of this study is to determine whether greywater generated in this building could contribute a significant amount of water to reuse, thus reducing the quantity of clean water pumped from the deep well as the main source. Preliminary identification found that water generated from washbasin, floor drains from showers and faucets used for ablution, and air-conditioning (AC) condensate, as suitable sources as they fall into light greywater category. The result showed that the high-rise residential building has sufficient greywater quantity potential for reuse to cover all of the 69.72 m3/day toilets and urinals flushing requirements. Greywater reuse could contribute up to 22% of the building’s clean water quantity requirement, thus reducing the amount taken from the current source of deep well pumping, and save approximately Rp. 275,219,453.- per year of the current ground water tariff in Bandung. KEYWORDS Greywater reuse, AC-condensate recovery, quantification, high-rise residential buildings. INTRODUCTION The diminishing supplies of the earth’s freshwater leave no other choices for humankind than to use it wisely. One of means of water conservation is through water reuse, which can be done through greywater reuse for toilet flushing and landscape irrigation in high-rise residential buildings. To measure out the possibility, a quantitative study was done in Newton Residence Apartment Bandung, Indonesia. Greywater is a term used for wastewater discharges from residential buildings, excluding excreta and kitchen sinks. Discharges containing excreta, usually from toilets and urinals, are called blackwater. In order to maximize the potential quantity of greywater, the plumbing lines should be strictly separated from blackwater lines. Grey-water also requires separate treatment process before being reused for toilet flushing and fire-protection system. Newton Residence Apartment is a 3-tower high-rise residential building located in Jalan Terusan Buah Batu no. 5 Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. As part of Newton The Hybrid Park, the apartment units are located in tower A and B, while tower C functions as a hotel. Each tower has its own basement and roof-top floor with 22 to 36 floors, sharing a podium up to the first four floors, and low rise apartment units in the 5th and 6th floor. There were four


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types of unit in those towers: the one bedroom, 2-bedroom, 3-bedroom and studio, with total number of 915 units and building area of 47,472 m2, covering 5,349 m2 of land. Facilities in the building include a main lobby, offices, meeting rooms, prayer rooms (musholla), gym, spa, restaurants, mini market, and parking area. Total population of the building (including residents, employees, and visitors) is approximately 3, 245 people.

Figure 1. Artist’s Depiction of Newton The Hybrid Park (Picture courtesy of Margahayu

Land, 2014)

The objective of this study is to determine whether greywater generated in this building could contribute a significant amount of water to reuse, thus reducing the quantity of clean water that should be pumped from the main source, which is the deep well. The scope of the study is to identify and quantify potential greywater generation from applicable sources for reuse – after subsequent treatments - for toilet flushing and landscape irrigation. METHODS In Newton Residence Apartment Bandung, potential sources of greywater were identified. Population numbers of the building was determined according to the area and functions of spaces in the building based on the building’s plans and Neufert Architect’s Data (Neufert, 2002). The population were comprised of the building’s residents, employees, and visitors using plumbing facilities in the building. The clean water quantity requirement for the building was first calculated by referring to SNI-03-7065-2005 Plumbing System Planning Procedures (Tata Cara Perencanaan Sistem Plambing) (Badan Standardisasi Nasional, 2005), according to the building’s function and number of population. Another calculation of water use according to water-conserving plumbing fixture types then followed, with each plumbing fixtures’ water use per minute, time duration and typical number of usage per day took into account to determine the specific number of water being generated by each type of plumbing fixtures.


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After the clean water quantity has been determined, it was assumed that total wastewater discharge was 90% of clean water quantity, while the greywater’s discharge was 80.65% of all wastewater discharge (Komala, Primasari, Kirana, & Sari, 2012). The quantity of greywater from AC condensate was determined by “Condensate Calculator” (Wilcut & Fry, 2010) due to limited study of AC condensate quantity in Indonesia. The Condensate Calculator put into account the outdoor and indoor temperatures and relative humidity, the AC’s tonnage of system, percentage of outside air and produces the condensate’s quantity in gallons per minute, gallons per hour, and gallons per day. The results are then compared to published literatures of greywater researches for discussions. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The identification of potential sources of greywater in Newton Residence Bandung found water generated from washbasin, floor drains from showers and faucets used for ablution, and air-conditioning (AC) condensate, as the suitable sources as they fall into light greywater category. Figure 2 shows the categories and sources of greywater.

Figure 2. Greywater sources and their constituents (Morel & Diener, 2005), (Noah, 2002), (Queensland Government, 2008) as cited in (Ghaitidak & Yadav, 2013). A study found that only buildings over approximately 9,280 m2 typically yield enough AC condensate to justify the expense of condensate recovery for either cooling towers or landscape (Guz, 2005). Based on that, Newton Residence Apartment with its 47,472 m2 building area was a suitable candidate for AC-condensate recovery. The clean water calculation, based on the population of 3,245 people, yielded a requirement of 691.92 m3/day. By comparison, clean water requirement calculation based on water-conserving plumbing fixtures gave the result of 157 m3/day, since this method doesn’t put into account the amount of water used for cooking, drinking, and other uses. The wastewater discharge calculated from water conserving plumbing fixtures was 141.30 m3/day, comprised of 113.96 m3/day greywater and 27.34 m3/day blackwater.

Greywater

Light Greywater Dark Greywater

Bathroom: Contains soaps,

shampoos, body care products, hair, body fats, lint, and traces

of urine.

Washbasin: Contains soaps,

toothpaste, body care products, shaving

waste, hair

Kitchen sinks: Contains food residues, high

amount of oil and fat, dish washing

detergents

Laundry: Contains soap,

bleaches, oils, paints, solvents, and non-

biodegradable fibers from clothing


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By using the assumption of outside air temperature of 32°C (89F) and relative humidity of 95%, indoor temperature of 25° (77F) and 58% relative humidity, tonnage of system based on 1 PK AC of 2.85 kW (0.8134 ton) and 17% outside air, the AC Condensate Calculator generated 4.75 gallons per day (17.98 L) for a single split Air Conditioner. There were 1,786 units of single split ACs in the building, thus producing 32.11 m3/day (5.89 GPM) of condensate. To ensure the calculation generated by the AC Condensate Calculator produced realistic results, field data was also obtained by collecting AC condensate from an operating single split AC in one of Newton Residence office buildings. The AC produced 40 L of condensate per day (Putrianti, 2015). In comparison, projects capturing air-conditioning condensate in San Antonio, USA, showed that 250 gallons (0. 946L) of condensate was generated each day by the downtown mall, and a central library produced 1GPM (0.06 L/s). Bahrain Airport Services in the Middle East uses 2.3 million gallons (8.7 million L) per year of condensate water for diverse purposes such as toilet flushing, washing, and landscape (Guz, 2005). The result of potential greywater discharge quantity and percentage according to the sources in Newton Residence Apartments is shown in Table 1.

Table 1. Potential Greywater Discharge and Percentage in Newton Residence Apartments

Source Greywater Discharge (m3/day) Percentage (%) Floor Drains (Showers) 93.99 62.33 Air-conditioning condensate 36.85 24.43 Washbasins 19.72 13.08 Floor Drains (Ablution Faucets) 0.25 0.17 Total 150.81 100

Figure 3. Distribution of Greywater Discharge Percentage


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The largest source of greywater discharge, according to Table 1 and Figure 3, was the shower floor drain, with 62.33% of total greywater discharge. Air-conditioning condensate was at the second place, with 24.43% of total discharge. The condensate was followed respectively by washbasins and floor drains from ablution faucets with 13.08% and 0.17% of total discharge. For comparison, a study in cities of Irbid, Rusaifa, and Zarqa in Jordan showed that the biggest contributors of greywater in those semi-arid climate cities were from sink water (50-64%), followed by shower water (22%-33%), and laundry water (15-20%) (Jamrah & Ayyash, 2008). Sink water in that study were coming from limited activities such as hand washing, ablution, tooth brushing, and hair washing, more related to activities being at washbasin in this study, instead of kitchen sink. These differences in greywater generation could be related to climate and customary differences. In Indonesia, due to the tropical climate, it is customary for each person to take showers twice a day. While in Jordan, with its semi-arid climate, people may not need to take showers as often as in Indonesia, and use the washbasin instead. In terms of water quality, air-conditioning condensate has favourable quality due the condensation process, where condensate-water is distilled, pure water when it forms on the condensate coils of an air handler. However, it can pick up bacterial contamination during formation and transport (Guz, 2005). The greywater, after being collected and treated, will be used for toilets and urinals flushing and for landscape irrigation. The quantity will reduce after treatment, although the lost amount still cannot be determined due to limited study on the subject. One of the recommended greywater treatment that has proven its effectiveness and suitability for over 10 years in multi-story buildings, was through a series of funnel-shaped sedimentation tanks with sludge-removing devices, followed by a vertical-flow sand filter with reed bed, or a multiple-stage rotary biological contactor (RBC), or alternatively a trickling filter, coupled to a clearing tank to remove the biomass. The treated water is then disinfected by UV before it stored in the service water tank. Similar to stormwater systems, light also has a negative effect on greywater system and therefore, service tanks should be protected against daylight (Nolde, 1999).

Table 2. Calculation of Toilet and Urinal Water Flushing Quantity Requirements in Newton Residence

Population Population Number

Toilet Flushing Water

Requirements (L/person/day)

Total (L/day)

Total Men Women Men Women Apartment residents 1.628 - 24 39.072 Hotel guests 910 - 24 21.840 Employee 257 129 128 12,4 14,4 3.442,8 Meeting Room visitors 362 181 181 12,4 14,4 4.850,8 Gym and Spa guests 40 20 20 4,8 9,6 288 Restaurant & Mini Market guests 48 24 24 4,8 4,8 230,4

Total Toilet and Urinal Water Flushing Quantity Requirement (Liter/day) 69.724 Total Toilet and Urinal Water Flushing Quantity Requirement (m3/day) 69,72

Source : (Putrianti, 2015)


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From calculation in Table 2, we could see that water quantity required for toilets and urinals flushing was 69.72 m3/day, or 46.23% from potential greywater generation. The remaining greywater discharge could serve as an alternative water supply for the building’s landscape irrigation, replacing the building’s main water source, in this case, a deep well. The greywater reuse will provide up to 22% of the 691.92 m3/day population-based clean water requirement. Greywater reuse will reduce the quantity of groundwater needed to be pumped out of the building’s deep well. This will be more beneficial for the environment, and with the current ground water tariff of Rp. 5,000/m3 in Bandung (Ramdani, 2014), greywater reuse in Newton Residences would save approximately Rp.754, 025. - per day or Rp. 275,219,453.- per year. The treated greywater quality should be periodically compared to applicable standards for regulatory compliance. Currently, there are still no standard that specifically addresses greywater quality for reuse in Indonesia. Up until then, PP 82/2001 on Water Quality Management and Pollution Control (Pemerintah Republik Indonesia, 2001) could fill in, with greywater falling into water quality standard Class IV (least stringent), referring to its application for plants irrigation. The greywater system should also be tested once under several different conditions (e.g. faecal contamination, application of household chemicals) before operation. Following installation, a qualified inspection should be made, in which a full compliance to standard-installation regulation takes place. The operation of non-registered and untested greywater systems is connected to a potential hygienic risk to the user and the drinking water network (Nolde, 1999). CONCLUSION The identification and quantification of greywater generation in Newton Residence Apartments has showed that:

• The high-rise residential building has sufficient greywater quantity potential for reuse to cover all of the 69.72 m3/day toilets and urinals flushing requirement, while the remaining discharge could further be used for landscape irrigation.

• Greywater reuse could contribute up to 22% of the building’s clean water quantity requirement, thus reducing the amount taken from the current source of deep well pumping and save approximately Rp. 275,219,453.- per year of the current ground water tariff in Bandung.

REFERENCES Badan Standardisasi Nasional. (2005). Tata Cara Perencanaan Sistem Plambing. SNI-03-

7065-2005. Ghaitidak, D. M., & Yadav, K. D. (2013). Characteristic and treatment of greywater-a

review. Environ Sci Pollut Res, 20:2795-2809. Guz, K. (2005). Condensate Water Recovery. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating,

and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., 54-56. Jamrah, A., & Ayyash, S. (2008). Greywater Generation and Characterization in Major Cities

in Jordan. Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering, 376-390. Komala, P. S., Primasari, B., Kirana, A., & Sari, F. (2012). Penentuan Kuantitas Air Buangan

Fasilitas Institusi Dan Komersil Kecamatan Padang Utara Kota Padang. Teknika, 26-36.


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Morel, A., & Diener, S. (2005). Greywater treatment on household level in developing countries- a state of the art review. Retrieved December 13, 2012, from http://www.susana.org/lang-en/ library?view=ccbktypeitem&type=2&id=1047.

Neufert, E. (2002). Data Arsitek. Jakarta: Erlangga. Noah, M. (2002). Greywater use still a gray area. J Environ Health 64(10), 22-25. Nolde, E. (1999). Greywater reuse system for toilet flushing in multi-storey buildings - over

ten year experience in Berlin. Urban Water 1, 275-284. Pemerintah Republik Indonesia. (2001). Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 82. Pengelolaan

Kualitas Air dan Pengendalian Pencemaran Air. Putrianti, D. A. (2015). Perencanaan Instalasi Plambing Air Buangan dan Identifikasi

Potensi Greywater Gedung Newton Residences. Bandung: Jurusan Teknik Lingkungan ITENAS.

Queensland Government. (2008). Greywater guidelines for councils. A guide to the use of greywater in Queensland. Retrieved September 29 , 2012, from http:// www.dsdip.qld.gov.au/resources/guideline/plumbing/greywaterguidelines-councils.pdf

Ramdani, D. (2014, October 12). Pusat Informasi Air Tanah. Retrieved May 6, 2015, from www.airtanah.com: http://www.airtanah.com/-berita/berita-jawa-barat/pengusahahoteldibandungkagettarifairtanahmeroket

Wilcut, E., & Fry, E. (2010). Air Conditioning Condensate Calculator. Retrieved February 11, 2015, from Building Green.com: http://www.buildinggreen.com/calc/calc_condensate.cfm

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