Potentials of Solar Systems in Vehicles for Air Conditioning

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The history

History

1987 – 1989 First developments of a „Swimming Encapsulation” of

solar cells for 3 dimensional-curved solar modules at

MWB in Bamberg

1989 – 1992 Based on this “Swimming encapsulation” - developments

of a solar sun roof started for AUDI at MWB

1993 – 1994 Based on AUDI’s nomination letter for a solar sun

roof for its Audi A8, WEBASTO took over the solar

business of MWB

1994 – 2000 Launch of solar sun roofs for AUDI (A8, A6, A4); VW

(Passat, Tuareg, Phaeton); SKODA (Superb); Mercedes

(E –Class), Maybach, Bentley Arnage - at WEBASTO

2001 Foundation of Automotive Solar System GmbH (based

on AUDI’s nomination letter for a “B6C” solar sun roof;

Automotive Solar System GmbH starts production of

standard solar modules in Erfurt, Germany

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The history

History

2002 – 2009 “B6C” was cancelled in 2002, but strong company growth with revenues up to 70 Mio., 270 employees and new production of 45MW capacity in 2009 2007 Automotive Solar Systems GmbH was renamed to asola – Advanced and Automotive Solar Systems 2009 Foundation of asola - Automotive Solar Deutschland GmbH and asola Solarpower GmbH (to separate the automotive business from asola Solarpower GmbH) Developments of a solar roof for FISKER KARMA started 2011 SoP of the largest, most powerful and most curved solar module for FISKER KARMA 2011 – 2013 Strong decline of “Standard Business” due to Asian dumping prices; asola Solarpower GmbH was driven into insolvency 2012 /2013 Insolvency of Fisker KARMA’s battery supplier caused FISKER’s insolvency forcing asola Automotive to announce insolvency as well August 2013 Foundation of a2 solar - Advanced and Automotive Solar Systems GmbH Asset deal to take over asola Automotive

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The history

Automotive Solar Applications in the Past

sunroof integrated solar modules started in 1994

parked ventilation with approximate 40W – effect: „Nice to have - feature“

vehicles with sunroof solar modules between 1994 till 2000:

Audi: A8, A6, A4

VW: Touareg, Phaeton, Passat

Mercedes: E class and Maybach

since 2005 – the first “Hybrids“ with „adequate chargeable“ batteries entering the global market’s

since 2007 / 2008 global changes in the automotive industry (CO2 – emissions / rising oil prices) to

electrical vehicles and “Plug-In-Hybrids“

Best example: the luxury hybrid sports car Fisker „Karma“ (manufacturer: Fisker

Automotive, Inc. from Irvine, CA) with a 120 W solar roof

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The history

The Fisker Karma solar roof

Key figures:

Biggest in size, most powerful and most curved

solar roof for cars

120 W generated by 80 mono crystalline solar

cells

Shadow-resistant cell array

Contributes significantly to the design

Fits perfectly into the vehicle concept

Allows up to 1000 km per year of solar powered

driving (given an average of 15.000 km p.a.,

this equals a CO2 reduction of 7%)

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The history

Potentials of solar systems

in the Automotive Industry

Photovoltaic Power Generation has shown significant efficiency increase and heavy cost reductions

Costs of fuels are continuously rising with trend to accelerate

Air pollution and CO2 - discussions are becoming stronger and stronger

Photovoltaic System have reached "Grid Parity" in all mobile applications (cars, busses, trucks,

boats etc.)

Big car batteries can now be charged by using big solar modules

On a car roof, 200 - 300W are possible

Since Dec ‘12 in the U.S and Jan ‘13 in Europe, the CO2 footprint of vehicles is reduced by

CO2 credits of 4 - 6 grams for a 200W solar roof system

Example:

VW Golf TDI Blue Motion -> CO2 Emission = 99 g/km = 5% CO2 credits

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The history

Solar cell – price & efficiency roadmap

Strong price decreases and higher power outputs extraordinarily increase the

market chances for automotive solar applications

Efficiency &

power increase

up to 30% until 2016

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2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

€/W

Jahr

Module price decrease Terrestrik vs Automotive [€/W]

Terrestrik

AutomotiveAudi

AutomotiveSmart

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

17,5 %

18,5 %

17 %

19 %

19,5%

16,5 %

18 %

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The history

Special adaption to AC systems for Busses

Due to high glass surfaces => high energy

demand for ventilation and climate control

Temperature increase due to sun irradiation

enable solar panels to produce additional

energy alongside

Solar energy extends parking climatisation

time – using the bus batteries

Fresh air supply possible via solar energy

while parking

In summer time, air conditioning

makes up 30 – 50 % of the entire

energy consumption

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20 – 50% of

total energy for heat control in busses

Central Europe

Requires heating and AC

Hybrid busses with ~ 50 kwh battery capacity

Southern Europe & Asia

Only AC

Hybrid or electric busses with ~ 50 - 150kWh

battery capacity

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10

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Jan Feb Mrz Apr Mai Jun Jul Aug Sep Okt Nov Dez

kW

h

month

daily kWh supply Europe with 3,5 kW module

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6

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10

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Jan Feb Mrz Apr Mai Jun Jul Aug Sep Okt Nov Dez

kW

h

month

daily kWh supply Asia with 3,8 kW module

With SCOP of 3-4, the AC demand is fully

covered by solar energy in summer time

With SCOP of 3-4, the AC demand is covered

for 70 – 80% by solar energy in summer time

for AC-System

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The history

Special a2-solar “Bubble Modules”

PV solar modules placed on the roof top

Slightly curved panel surface to avoid damages due to vibration

Directly glued onto the roof structure

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The history

Surface Area Estimation

Total (curved) Roof Area:

=> 2 x 13 = 26 m2 approx. Minus typical area for air conditioning of 4 m2

=> 26 – 4 = 22 m2

In total up to 3,5 kWp available = up to 80% of air conditioning power

= 10 – 15% reduction fuel consumption

in summer

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The history

Assumptions

Assumptions for a 22m2 PV solar system:

System power = 3,5 kw (based on conservative estimation)

Approx. weight = 200 kg for the solar modules

NOTE: The weight of conventional roofs needs to be deducted.

Depending on locations of use, average annual energy generated in European areas amounts to

3,300 kWh = 9 kWh / daily average (in summer 16 kWh average per day, in winter 3 kWh average per

day)

Special bus-top solar module price = €1.2/w incl. roof structural parts, or €4,000/ system (based on >

1000 systems p.a.)

Life time of solar bus-top system > 20 years = 200 € per year depreciation

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The history

Economics Calculation

In comparison:

Average energy consumption of a battery-driven busses: 1.5 kWh/km

Solar energy supplies for an average of 9/ 1.5 = 6 km in range;

Or else, this energy can supplement electric air-con systems during hot weather times.

Average electricity rate: 20ct/ kWh from public net.

Solar energy allows average daily savings: 9*0.2=> 1.8 €/per day => 650 € per year

Overall benefits:

Payback period = 4,000/365/1.8 => 6 years

Alternatively, the size of battery systems for the bus may reduce.

e.g. a battery reduced by 5 kwh, may avoid costs of up to €2,000

In invest.=> amortization is 2 years

CO2 emission reductions by 3.5 tons/year

Saving of 650 € per year versus 200 € per year depreciation

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The history

Solar Systems in Trucks

with 100W solar module

Battery charging via solar modules on trucks

with 4x125W solar modules

4-5 kW are possible on a container

Independent cooling containers are

possible

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The history

When Design meets Efficiency

© Proof Design

Integration of transparent solar cells, combining design and efficiency

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The history

R&D – Latest product developments

Transparent and energy solar roof systems

Laminated glass system: 2 x 2.1mm

PVB and EVA layer

Inner glass tinted => TL/TE ~ 30%

Transparent area approx. 800 x 1000 mm

60 Watt peak for pre-ventilation or

trickle battery charging

Laminated glass system: 2 x 2.1mm

PVB and EVA layer

Inner glass tinted

Transparent area between the cells

Up to 250W peak for range extension

and pre-air-conditioning

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The history

R&D – Latest product developments

Target:

Concept and prototypes in 2013

Technology release in 2014

Mass production ready for 2015

Outer skin (thin glass)

Ultra-low-energy solar roof systems

Extra-thin glass laminated to lower weight and stiffness substrate

Power output of 250 Watt and more

Solar module layer

Adhesive

Honeycomb-structure of

paper or carbon fibers

Inner layer

Inserts

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The history

a2-solar’s Lead in Technology

More than 20 years experience in automotive solar systems

Technological leadership confirmed by car builders in several pre-development projects

Skilled prototyping and production team

Strong and established relationships with European car manufacturers

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The history

Business model “Automotive”

With 20 years of experience, we know all the special requirements within the automotive industry.

Business in automotive could mean a 2 – 4 years period from order until due to:

Pre-development and technology release phases

Design and validation phase needed by car builders

Volume and revenue will increase significantly in steps according to program orders, i.e.

not continuously x% per year increase but related to programs confirmed/ rejected

Once a program is ordered, it´s easy to calculate the next 7-8 years for that program

Closest project management is needed – advertisement is very limited (e.g. BMW wants

to sell its BMW car - not a solar roof branding)

Highest German Quality and Experience

a2-solar Advanced and Automotive Solar Systems GmbH

Am Urbicher Kreuz 18

99099 Erfurt

Germany

Fon: +49 (0) 361- 518 049- 20

Fax: +49 (0) 361- 518 049- 29

www.a2-solar.com

info@a2-solar.com