power frequency optimisation - sintef · 2015. 2. 11. · dnv gl © 2014 27-11-2014 safer, smarter,...
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DNV GL © 2014 27-11-2014 SAFER, SMARTER, GREENER DNV GL © 2014
04-02-2015 Lars Hytten
ENERGY
Power Frequency Optimisation
1
For Offshore Wind Farms
EERA DeepWind Conference, Trondheim, 2015
DNV GL © 2014 27-11-2014
Introduction
Introduction
Wind energy export technologies
Frequency sensitivity study
Levelised Cost of Energy comparison
Conclusion
2
DNV GL © 2014 27-11-2014
Trends in offshore wind energy
Larger wind farms Further distance-to-shore Deeper waters Larger turbines
3
> 1GW
> 40 m
> 100 km
DNV GL © 2014 27-11-2014
CAPEX build-up
Foundations supply 15 %
Foundations installation
5 %
Turbine supply 34 %
Turbine installation
5 % Other 11 %
Decex 6 %
Array cables 4 % Substation
4 %
Export cable 16 %
4
DNV GL © 2014 27-11-2014 5
Offshore wind technology – 50 Hz Alternating Current - HV
5
DNV GL © 2014 27-11-2014
Power vs Distance
6
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Pow
er [
MW
]
Distance from shore [km]
DNV GL © 2014 27-11-2014
Offshore wind technology – High Voltage Direct Current
7
= ≈ = ≈
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Power vs Distance
8
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Pow
er [
MW
]
Distance from shore [km]
DNV GL © 2014 27-11-2014
9
Foto: Øyvind Sætre/Aibel
DNV GL © 2014 27-11-2014
Offshore wind technology – Low Frequency AC
10
≈ ≈
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Power vs Distance
11
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Pow
er [
MW
]
Distance from shore [km]
DNV GL © 2014 27-11-2014
Levelised Cost of Energy – Offshore wind farms
12
Simulation engine
Supporting data
Advanced DNV GL tools
LCOE Model
…and other design tools
Foundation Electrical O&M Energy Prod. Installation
O2M – Operations Planning Tool
O2C – Construction Planning tool
Windfarmer – Wind farm design software
DNV GL Cost Database Turbine Cost Design Model
LCOE
Finance
CAPEX OPEX AEP/YIELD DECEX
CAPEX data Cable data Installation
data OPEX data Turbine data Finance data Decomm. data
DEVEX
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Modelling – Export cables
13
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 8000
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Pm
ax (M
W)
Length (km)
220 kV
5 Hz16.7 Hz25 Hz50 Hz60 Hz400 Hz
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
0 100 200 300 400
Cu
rren
t R
atin
g [
A]
Frequency [Hz]
220 kV
1000
800
630
500
DNV GL © 2014 27-11-2014
Modelling - Transformers
14
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0 100 200 300 400
Mas
s [m
etri
c to
ns]
SizingMVA
Total site mass
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 100 200 300 400
No-
load
los
ses
[kW
]
SizingMVA
No-load losses
0.1
16.66
50
60
400
Hz Hz
Hz Hz Hz
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Modelling - Costs
Cost data base
Scaling as function of frequency
– Weight change
– Derating factors
15
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 50 100 150 200 250
Cos
t [E
UR
/MV
A]
Sizing [MVA]
Oil-immersed Transformer Cost
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Modelling – Shunt reactors
Same sizing function as transformer but…
– Size independent from frequency
– Size determined by cable capacitance
Losses same as no-load losses of transformer of same size
Weight is ½ of transformer of same size
Costs are 2/3 of transformer of same size
16
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Modelling - Switchgear
17
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
1,4
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
Der
atin
g f
acto
r
Frequency [Hz]
Derating factors Vacuum breakers
Inom
Isc
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Modelling - Converters
18
0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
1 11
21
31
41
51
61
71
81
91 101
Effi
cien
cy
Part loading [%]
Inverter efficiency
90%-100%
80%-90%
70%-80%
60%-70%
50%-60%
40%-50%
30%-40%
20%-30%
10%-20%
0%-10%
0 Hz
400 Hz
50 Hz
200 Hz
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Modelling - Substation
19
HV MV
Ntx Nsg,hv Nsg,mv
Stx
Nreactors
Nexport Narray
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Modelling - Substation
20
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Pow
er [
MW
]
Weight [metric tons]
OSS rated power over topside weight
Topside
50 Hz
16,7 Hz
200 Hz
400 Hz
DNV GL © 2014 27-11-2014
Modelling - Structural
21
y = 0,0229x + 10,046 R² = 0,4852
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Jack
et m
ass
per
un
it w
ater
dep
th [
ton
/m]
Topside Mass [metric tons]
Jacket foundation mass
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Modelling – Installation Vessels
Midterm Day Rate: 105 k€
Lifting max 30 m capacity 1000 t 525 t height above deck 105 m 92.5 m
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Modelling – Installation costs
23
€ 0
€ 5 000 000
€ 10 000 000
€ 15 000 000
€ 20 000 000
€ 25 000 000
€ 30 000 000
0 2 000 4 000 6 000 8 000 10 000 12 000
Inst
alla
tion
cos
ts [
EUR
]
Topside weight [metric tons]
10 m
20 m
30 m
40 m
50 m
DNV GL © 2014 27-11-2014
Modelling - Turbines
Direct-drive
Power curve
Frequency dependency
– Transformer cost
– Switchgear cost
– Converter efficiency
24
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Elec
tric
al p
ow
er o
utp
ut
[MW
]
Wind speed [m/s]
Turbine power curves Crown estate model
4MW
6MW
8MW
DNV GL © 2014 27-11-2014
Results – LFAC connected 600 MW wind farm - 160 km
25
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Leve
lised
cos
t of
en
erg
y (E
UR
/MW
h)
Frequency (Hz)
δ = 6,2 EUR/MWh
= 3,8 %
f ≈ 14 Hz
DNV GL © 2014 27-11-2014
Offshore wind technology – 50 Hz AC vs HVDC vs LFAC
26
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 50 100 150 200 250
Leve
lised
cos
t of
en
erg
y [€
/MW
h]
Distance from shore [km]
AC - 50 Hz
HVDC
LFAC - Optimised frequency
DNV GL © 2014 27-11-2014
Offshore wind technology – 50 Hz AC vs HVDC vs LFAC
27
140
145
150
155
160
165
170
175
180
100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
Leve
lised
cos
t of
en
erg
y [€
/MW
h]
Distance from shore [km]
AC - 50 Hz
HVDC
LFAC - Optimised frequency
δ = 4 €/MWh
= 2,6 %
DNV GL © 2014 27-11-2014
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 50 100 150 200 250
Freq
uen
cy [
Hz]
Distance from shore [km]
Optimal frequency for 600 MW offshore wind farm
28
DNV GL © 2014 27-11-2014
Results - Export technologies for 600 MW wind farm
29
100,00
110,00
120,00
130,00
140,00
150,00
160,00
170,00
180,00
190,00
200,00
0,00 50,00 100,00 150,00 200,00 250,00
Leve
lised
cos
t of
en
erg
y [E
UR
/MW
h]
Distance from shore [km]
AC - 50 Hz
HVDC
LFAC - Optimised frequency
LFAC - 16,7 Hz
140 km – 210 km
DNV GL © 2014 27-11-2014
Possible market share: 140 < km < 210
Wind farm Max Installed power [MW] Distance from shore [km] Concordia I 500 156 Concordia II 500 156 Dogger Bank Teesside A (Tranche B) 1200 196 Dogger Bank Teesside B (Tranche B) 1200 165 Dogger Bank Teesside C (Tranche C) 1200 157 Dogger Bank Teesside D (Tranche C) 1200 192 Dogger Bank Tranche D 2400 197.17 Euklas 1040 143 GAIA I 434 151 GAIA II 280 135 GAIA V 504 155 HTOD 1 486 205 HTOD 2 510 158 HTOD 3 504 190 HTOD 4 570 190 HTOD 5 476 170 HTOD 6 384 188 Jules Verne 480 174 Nemo 480 183 Sørlige Nordsjø I (Category A area) 1500 149 Sørlige Nordsjø II (Category A area) 1500 149 Sørlige Nordsjøen 1000 150.04 Ventotec Nord 1 150 137
Ægir Havvindpark 1000 171.23
19,5 GW
30
DNV GL © 2014 27-11-2014
Summary
Offshore wind energy trends
Export link technologies
Frequency sensitivity analysis
– Cables
– Substation
– Turbines
– Installation
Levelised cost of energy
Cost comparison
– 50 Hz for close to shore
– LFAC competitive in mid range distance
– HVDC for far from shore
31
DNV GL © 2014 27-11-2014
SAFER, SMARTER, GREENER
www.dnvgl.com
“If you want to find the secrets of the universe, think in terms of energy, frequency and vibration.”
Nikola Tesla
32
Lars Hytten [email protected] +47 98 41 92 63
Cornelis Plet Wolfgang Ebigt Magnus Ebbesen Ben Hendriks Mischa Vermeer Riaan Marshall
Team: