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TRANSCRIPT
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Human Anatomy, First EditionMcKinley & O'Loughlin
Chapter 1 Lecture Outline: AFirst Look at Anatomy
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A First Look at Anatomy Anatomy is the study ofstructure.
The word anatomy is derived fromGreek and means to cut up orto cut open. Anatomists examine the relationships
among parts of the body along withthe structure of individual organs.
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Introduction to Anatomy Physiology
The scientific discipline that studies
the function of body structures. Structure and function cannot be
completely separated.
Form is related to function.
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Levels of Organization in
the Human BodyThe simplest level of organization
within the body is the chemical
level, which is composed of atomsand molecules. Atoms are the smallest units of
matter.
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Levels of Organization in
the Human Body Large molecules join in specific ways
to form cells, the basic units of
structure and function in organisms.The cell is the smallest structural unit
that exhibits the characteristics ofliving things (organisms), and it is thesmallest living portion of the humanbody.
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Levels of Organization in
the Human BodyTissues
Groups of similar cells with a common
function form tissue.Tissues are precise organizations of
similar cells that perform specialized
functions.
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Levels of Organization in
the Human Body Organs
Different tissue types that work together
to perform specific, complex functionsform an organ. Organ Systems
The organ system level consists of relatedorgans that work together to coordinateactivities and achieve a common function.
There are 11 organ systems in the humanbody.
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Levels of Organization in
the Human Body Organism
All body systems function
interdependently in a single livinghuman being, the organism.
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The Four Types of Tissues in
the Human Body Are:
Epithelial tissue covers
exposed surfaces and linesbody cavities. Example: The inner lining of the
digestive system
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The Four Types of Tissues Connective tissue protects,
supports, and interconnects
body parts and organs. Can be solid (such as bone), liquid
(such as blood), or intermediate(such as cartilage).
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The Four Types of Tissues Muscle tissue produces
movement. Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle
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The Four Types of Tissues Nervous tissue conducts
impulses for internal
communication. Brain, spinal cord, and nerves
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Integumentary Provides protection
Regulates body
temperature Site of cutaneous
receptors
Synthesizes vitamin
D Prevents water loss
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Skeletal Provides support
and protection
Site ofhematopoeisis(blood cellproduction)
Stores calciumand phosphorus
Allows for bodymovement
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Muscular Produces body
movement
Generates heatwhen musclescontract
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Nervous
A regulatory systemthat controls bodymovement Responds to sensory
stimuli Helps control all other
systems of the body Also responsible for
consciousness,intelligence, memory
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Endocrine
Consists of glandsand cell clustersthat secretehormones, someof which regulate
body and cellulargrowth
chemical levels inthe body reproductive
functions
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Cardiovascular
Consists of a pump
(the heart) thatmoves bloodthrough bloodvessels in order todistribute
hormones,nutrients, gases,and pick up wasteproducts
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Lymphatic
Transports andfilters lymph
(interstitial fluid) Initiates an
immune responsewhen necessary
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Respiratory
Responsible forexchange of
gases (oxygenand carbondioxide) betweenblood and the air
in the lungs
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Digestive
Mechanically andchemically
digests foodmaterials Absorbs nutrients
Expels waste
products
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Urinary
Filters the bloodand removes
waste productsfrom the blood Concentrates
waste products in
the form of urine,and expels urinefrom the body
Male
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MaleReproductiveSystem
Produces malesex cells (sperm)and male
hormones (e.g.,testosterone) Transfers sperm
to the female
F l
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FemaleReproductiveSystem
Produces female sex cells(oocytes) and female hormones
(e.g., estrogen and progesterone) Receives sperm from male
Site of fertilization of oocyte
Site of growth and developmentof embryo and fetus
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AnatomicalTerminology
Anatomic position is aspecific body position inwhich an individual standsupright with the feet
parallel and flat on thefloor. The head is level, and the
eyes look forward towardthe observer.
The arms are at either
side of the body with thepalms facing forward andthe thumbs pointing awayfrom the body.
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Anatomical Terminology
A plane is an imaginary surfacethat slices the body into specific
sections.The three major anatomic planes
of reference are the coronal,
transverse, and sagittal planes.
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Sectionsand Planes
A coronal plane,
also called a frontalplane, is a verticalplane that dividesthe body into
anterior (front) andposterior (back)parts.
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Sectionsand Planes
A transverse plane,also called a cross-sectional plane or
horizontal plane, cutsperpendicularly alongthe long axis of thebody or organ
separating it into bothsuperior (upper) andinferior (lower) parts.
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Sectionsand Planes
A sagittal plane ormedian plane,
extends throughthe body or organvertically anddivides the
structure intoright and lefthalves.
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Sections and Planes
A sagittal plane in the body midline is amidsagittal plane.
A plane that is parallel to themidsagittal plane, but either to the leftor the right of it, is termed aparasagittal (or sagittal) plane.
A minor plane, called the oblique plane,passes through the specimen at anangle.
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Directional Terms of theBody
Directional terms are precise andbrief, and for most of them there is
a correlative term that meansjustthe opposite.
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Relative and DirectionalTerms of the Body
Relative to front (belly side)or back (back side) of thebody : Anterior = In front of; toward
the front surface Posterior = In back of; toward
the back surface
Dorsal =At the back side ofthe human body
Ventral = At the belly side ofthe human body
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Relative and DirectionalTerms of the Body
Relative to the heador tail of the body: Superior = Toward the
head or above Inferior = Toward feet
not head
Caudal = At the rear ortail end
Cranial = At the head end
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Relative and DirectionalTerms of the Body
Relative to the midline orcenter of the body: Medial = Toward the
midline of the body
Lateral = Away from themidline of the body
Deep = On the inside,underneath anotherstructure
Superficial = On theoutside
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Relative and DirectionalTerms of the Body
Relative to point ofattachment of theappendage: Proximal = Closest to
point of attachment totrunk
Distal = Furthest frompoint of attachment to
trunk
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Body Regions
The human body is partitioned intotwo main regions, called the axial
and appendicular regions. the axial region includes the head,
neck, and trunk which comprise themain vertical axis of our body
our limbs, or appendages, attach tothe bodys axis and make up theappendicular region
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Body Cavities
and Membranes
The posterior aspectof the body has twoenclosed cavities A cranial cavity is
formed by the craniumand houses the brain.
A vertebral canal isformed by the individualbones of the vertebralcolumn and contains thespinal cord.
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Body Cavities
Both the thoracic and abdominopelviccavities are lined with thin serousmembranes, which are composed of two
layers: A parietal layer lines the internal surface of the
body wall. A visceral layer covers the external surface of
organs (viscera) within the cavity. Between the parietal and visceral layers of the
serous membrane is a thin serous cavity,containing a lubricating film of serous fluid.
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Body Cavities andMembranes
Constant movement of the organscauses friction.
The serous fluid reduces frictionand helps the organs movesmoothly against both one another
and the body wall.
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Body Cavities and Membranes
The medianspace in thethoracic cavity iscalled themediastinum.
It contains theheart, thymus,esophagus,trachea, andmajor bloodvessels thatconnect to theheart.
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Membranes
Within the mediastinum, the heart isenclosed by a two-layered serousmembrane called thepericardium.
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Insert Fig1.9d
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The Thoracic Cavity
The right and left sides of the thoraciccavity contain the lungs; they are linedby a two-layered serousmembrane called the pleura. The outer layer is the parietal pleura; it lines
the internal surface of the thoracic wall The inner layer is the visceral pleura; it covers
the external surface of the lung The narrow, moist, potential space between
them is called the pleural cavity
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Abdominopelvic Cavity
The abdominopelvic cavity
consists of an abdominal cavityand a pelvic cavity.
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The AbdominopelvicCavity
The peritoneumis a moist, two-
layered serousmembrane thatlines theabdominopelvic
cavity.
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Insert figure1.9d
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Abd i l i R i
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Abdominopelvic Regions
The
abdominopelviccavity ispartitioned into 9
smaller,imaginarycompartments.